This document provides an overview of traditional and modern logic, including: 1) It describes categorical and conditional propositions, and explains the traditional forms of universal affirmative (A), universal negative (E), particular affirmative (I), and particular negative (O). 2) Key terms are identified to determine whether a proposition is universal, particular, affirmative, or negative. 3) Examples are provided of converting sentences into the proper logical form using key terms to identify subject and predicate. 4) Special cases and exceptions for converting certain types of propositions are explained, such as with quantity words or interrogative sentences. 5) The concept of distribution is introduced, which refers to whether the subject and predicate

1. MADE EASY

2. DIVISION OF LOGIC
LOGIC
TRADITIONAL/
ARISTOTELIAN
MODERN/
SYMBOLIC
SIMPLE/
CATEGORICAL
COMPOUND/
CONDITIONAL
SIMPLE COMPOUND GENERAL
Let us see it in detail

3. Traditional compound
Conditional
Proposition
Hypothetical
proposition
Disjunctive
proposition
If- then Either-or
If (antecedent) then (consequent)
In these we have no problems, just objectives

4. Categorical Proposition
Categorical
Universal and affirmative
Universal and negative
Particular and affirmative
Particular and Negative
Traditional logician says any proposition
must be converted to the following form

5. Any sentence will have following
words only
A- All (subject) is (Predicate)
E- No (Subject) is (Predicate)
I- Some (Subject) is (Predicate)
O- Some (Subject) is not (Predicate)
This Can be done By

6. Recognize

7. Key words
A Affirmative + All, every, each, any,
always,whatever,invariably,
necessarily or absolutely and
singular.
E No, never, none, not at all, not a
single or not even one.
I Affirmative + most, at least, many, a
few, certain, almost all, all but one,
several, mostly, generally,
frequently, often, perhaps, nearly
always, sometimes, occasionally
O Negation + Keywords of A / I

8. Practice Example
4 of you can get good score in logic
Atleast
Can U Recognize Key Word ?
What does it means all, no or some
Of course, some
Is proposition affirmative or negative ?
Of course, affirmative
So, it is Particular affirmative i.e. I
Now let us begin
‘I’ begins with some so,
Some
Next is Subject i.e.
of you
There is no copula, so add it
are those who
Finally predicate
can get good
score in logic

9. Practice Example
parsis are not criminal
Generally
Can U Recognize Key Word ?
What does it means all, no or some
Of course, some
Is proposition affirmative or negative ?
Of course, negative
So, it is Particular negative i.e. O
Now let us begin
‘I’ begins with some so,
Some
Next is Subject i.e.
parsis
Then copula
are not
Finally predicate
criminal
In O copula is attach with not

10. Practice Example
of the civilians were hurt
Can U recognize key word
None
It is universal or particular
universal
Check its affirmative or negative
Negative
So, it is Universal Negative - E
So, it begins with
No
Subject
civilians
Add Copula
are those whowere hurt
Predicate

11. Special cases
• 5 words few, seldom, hardly, scarcely, and
rarely has reverse impact i.e. when it is
affirming, then its O and vice versa for I.
• Proverbs can be A or E only and words can
change as per meaning.
• Interrogative sentence has opposite
quality.
• Sentence with not only and even can be
made as A or I (whereas I has some
beings other than. . .)

12. Special cases
• When ‘A’ is denied it becomes ‘o’ i.e. when
with word every, any sentence has ‘not’ it
becomes ‘O’
• When Copula is not there in sentence it
has to be added in following way:
Living (singular) : is one who
(Plural) : are those who
Non-living(singular) : is such that
(Plural) : are such that

13. Special cases
• Exceptive proposition like words except,
but, other than, can be converted to both
A and E (whereas E is singular)
• Exclusive sentences can be converted to A
and E both give words like only, alone,
none but and nothing else but.
But here special change is there-
A- All P is S and in E- No non S is P

14. Singular

15. Distribution
Lets see what is distribution
In it reference is to all the individuals denoted by the terms
AsEb Op
In
In A proposition Subject is distributed , Predicate is undistributed
In E proposition Subject is distributed , Predicate is distributed
In I proposition Subject is undistributed , Predicate is undistributed
In O proposition Subject is undistributed , Predicate is distributed
Keep this well in mind