Waterways could become a future backbone for supplying forest biomass feedstock. The document discusses inland waterway transport of forest chips in Finland. It summarizes demonstrations and simulations that analyzed different logistics concepts using barges and tugboats. The most cost-effective scenarios used a small tugboat with 1200-ton hopper barges and shift-independent loading/unloading at harbors. Waterway transport was found to be more cost-competitive than trucking for distances over 100-150 km. However, cost estimates have uncertainties and may have changed since fuel prices increased. Future visions include use of even larger barges.
The document analyzes converting diesel rubber-tired gantry cranes (RTGs) at the Durban Container Terminal in South Africa to electric RTGs (E-RTGs) to reduce costs and environmental impacts. RTGs currently use diesel which is expensive and polluting. E-RTGs can reduce fuel and maintenance costs by 70% and reduce emissions by 60-80% compared to diesel RTGs. The document discusses three methods for converting RTGs to electric systems: bus bar systems, overhead conductor systems, and cable reel systems. It concludes that converting to E-RTGs would help Durban Container Terminal lower costs, improve air quality, reduce emissions in line with international standards, and make the terminal more environment
Fuel efficiency optimization of tanker with focus on hullPradeep Jagdale
Fuel efficiency optimization is of crucial importance in industries. Marine transportation industry is no exception. Multi-disciplinary optimization is a branch of engineering which uses optimization methods for solving problems in which the objective function is simultaneously affected by several different factors. As one of the tools for this type of optimization, genetic algorithm has a high quality and validity.
The objective of the present study is to optimize fuel efficiency in tankers. All presented equations and conditions are valid for tankers.
Fuel consumption efficiency of tankers is a function of various influential factors. Given the lack of equations for describing and modeling these factors and unavailability of valid performance database for inferring the equations as well as the lack of literature in this field, the preset study includes five optimizing factors affecting the fuel consumption efficiency of a tanker in genetic algorithm by using the genetic algorithm toolbox of MATLAB software package.
Natural gas and bio methane as fuel for transport m. seitzEuropean Commission
The document summarizes the LNG Masterplan project which aims to establish an LNG supply chain along the Rhine-Main-Danube transport axis in Europe. The multi-year, €74 million project involves 33 organizations and over 60 partners. It has delivered studies on supply/demand, safety, technologies and pilot deployments including 4 LNG-fueled vessels. Key challenges identified include high equipment costs, permitting delays, and the need for continued public funding to develop the business case for transitioning to LNG. The conclusion is that LNG can help meet environmental goals for inland shipping but a comprehensive strategy and supportive policy framework are still needed for wide adoption.
From demonstrators to commercial CCS costs - Wilfried Maas, Shell & Member UK...Global CCS Institute
The document summarizes the key findings and recommendations of the UK CCS Cost Reduction Task Force. It finds that carbon capture, transportation, and storage technologies have the potential to make low-carbon power generation cost competitive by the early 2020s. However, CCS demonstration projects currently face high costs. The Task Force identifies opportunities to reduce costs through infrastructure sharing, financing, economies of scale, technology improvements, and market incentives. It recommends actions to establish an optimal transportation and storage network, incentivize CO2 storage, ensure appropriate funding, and promote further CCS development and deployment in the UK.
OM Concepts for Near and Far Offshore Wind FarmsAshish Dewan
This report analyzes operation and maintenance (O&M) costs for five reference offshore wind farms representing current and future projects. It defines a new O&M accessibility model developed within the Offshore Maintenance Joint Industry Project (OM JIP) that more accurately accounts for meteorological conditions. Case studies are presented applying the new model and traditional models to calculate O&M costs and downtime for each wind farm under different equipment and strategy options. Substantial cost savings are identified through optimized choices. For example, adding an access gangway to crew transfer vessels reduced costs for one wind farm by 3 million euros per year.
The PABIM project aims to develop and exploit biogeochemical observations from autonomous platforms like gliders and profiling floats. It seeks to provide a "user's manual" for these platforms and implement quality control of biogeochemical data collected. Autonomous platforms are being equipped with miniaturized biogeochemical sensors to measure variables like chlorophyll, oxygen, and nitrates continuously and in real-time. This allows constructing networks to provide the continuous data needed to initialize and validate ecosystem models. However, ensuring data accuracy over the long deployments of 1-2 years is challenging and requires sensor calibration and quality control methods.
The document analyzes converting diesel rubber-tired gantry cranes (RTGs) at the Durban Container Terminal in South Africa to electric RTGs (E-RTGs) to reduce costs and environmental impacts. RTGs currently use diesel which is expensive and polluting. E-RTGs can reduce fuel and maintenance costs by 70% and reduce emissions by 60-80% compared to diesel RTGs. The document discusses three methods for converting RTGs to electric systems: bus bar systems, overhead conductor systems, and cable reel systems. It concludes that converting to E-RTGs would help Durban Container Terminal lower costs, improve air quality, reduce emissions in line with international standards, and make the terminal more environment
Fuel efficiency optimization of tanker with focus on hullPradeep Jagdale
Fuel efficiency optimization is of crucial importance in industries. Marine transportation industry is no exception. Multi-disciplinary optimization is a branch of engineering which uses optimization methods for solving problems in which the objective function is simultaneously affected by several different factors. As one of the tools for this type of optimization, genetic algorithm has a high quality and validity.
The objective of the present study is to optimize fuel efficiency in tankers. All presented equations and conditions are valid for tankers.
Fuel consumption efficiency of tankers is a function of various influential factors. Given the lack of equations for describing and modeling these factors and unavailability of valid performance database for inferring the equations as well as the lack of literature in this field, the preset study includes five optimizing factors affecting the fuel consumption efficiency of a tanker in genetic algorithm by using the genetic algorithm toolbox of MATLAB software package.
Natural gas and bio methane as fuel for transport m. seitzEuropean Commission
The document summarizes the LNG Masterplan project which aims to establish an LNG supply chain along the Rhine-Main-Danube transport axis in Europe. The multi-year, €74 million project involves 33 organizations and over 60 partners. It has delivered studies on supply/demand, safety, technologies and pilot deployments including 4 LNG-fueled vessels. Key challenges identified include high equipment costs, permitting delays, and the need for continued public funding to develop the business case for transitioning to LNG. The conclusion is that LNG can help meet environmental goals for inland shipping but a comprehensive strategy and supportive policy framework are still needed for wide adoption.
From demonstrators to commercial CCS costs - Wilfried Maas, Shell & Member UK...Global CCS Institute
The document summarizes the key findings and recommendations of the UK CCS Cost Reduction Task Force. It finds that carbon capture, transportation, and storage technologies have the potential to make low-carbon power generation cost competitive by the early 2020s. However, CCS demonstration projects currently face high costs. The Task Force identifies opportunities to reduce costs through infrastructure sharing, financing, economies of scale, technology improvements, and market incentives. It recommends actions to establish an optimal transportation and storage network, incentivize CO2 storage, ensure appropriate funding, and promote further CCS development and deployment in the UK.
OM Concepts for Near and Far Offshore Wind FarmsAshish Dewan
This report analyzes operation and maintenance (O&M) costs for five reference offshore wind farms representing current and future projects. It defines a new O&M accessibility model developed within the Offshore Maintenance Joint Industry Project (OM JIP) that more accurately accounts for meteorological conditions. Case studies are presented applying the new model and traditional models to calculate O&M costs and downtime for each wind farm under different equipment and strategy options. Substantial cost savings are identified through optimized choices. For example, adding an access gangway to crew transfer vessels reduced costs for one wind farm by 3 million euros per year.
The PABIM project aims to develop and exploit biogeochemical observations from autonomous platforms like gliders and profiling floats. It seeks to provide a "user's manual" for these platforms and implement quality control of biogeochemical data collected. Autonomous platforms are being equipped with miniaturized biogeochemical sensors to measure variables like chlorophyll, oxygen, and nitrates continuously and in real-time. This allows constructing networks to provide the continuous data needed to initialize and validate ecosystem models. However, ensuring data accuracy over the long deployments of 1-2 years is challenging and requires sensor calibration and quality control methods.
STEP Conference 2016 - James Tate, ITS - The Real Fleet & Their Real Driving ...STEP_scotland
- The document discusses remote sensing and laboratory testing of vehicle emissions in Europe.
- Remote sensing was conducted in Aberdeen and found that diesel vehicles produced higher particulate matter and NOx emissions than petrol vehicles. Testing of HGVs also found high NOx emissions.
- Laboratory testing in London of 12 passenger cars and 3 HGVs over real-world driving cycles found that some diesel vehicles exceeded NOx limits, while petrol and hybrid vehicles performed better. Comparing remote sensing and laboratory data showed similar results.
- Further analysis of more Euro 6 diesel vehicles is needed to understand real-world performance and deterioration of emissions controls over time. Remote sensing and laboratory testing provide complementary approaches to evaluating real driving emissions.
Small scale LNG projects and solutions were discussed, specifically the Poseidon Med II case. Key points included:
- The Poseidon Med II project connects Greece, Italy and Cyprus through LNG bunkering operations, involving 3 countries, 6 ports, 26 partners and a budget of €53M.
- Technical studies conducted include hazard identification studies, navigational simulations, and regulatory gap analyses to establish guidelines for bunkering safety.
- Training and developing the regulatory framework is important, working with relevant ministries on national and international legislation regarding transportation and handling of dangerous goods.
- Quality assurance and standards for LNG composition need to be further developed.
Modular Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Large Scale Bi-level ProblemsStefano Costanzo
The document discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize air traffic congestion through peak and off-peak pricing. It models the problem as a bi-level optimization with a central planner setting prices and airlines minimizing costs. The genetic algorithm was able to find pricing solutions that reduced total flight delays while maintaining revenue neutrality for air navigation service providers. Future work includes further analyzing cost distributions across airlines and applying decentralized peak load pricing with individual air navigation service providers setting prices.
Blue Corridor NGV Rally 2013 - EU Action on Natural Gas and BiomethaneBlueCorridorRally
Gazprom Germania hosted a roundtable discussion on the use of natural gas for transportation in Hamburg, Germany.
This presentation was a part of this roundtable and given by Antonio Tricas-Aizpun regarding the development and growth of the natural gas vehicle industry within the European Union.
CSCMP 2014: Leveraging Intermodal Partnerships for More Sustainable FreightWinona Garrett
BNSF Railway discussed how leveraging intermodal partnerships can create more sustainable freight transportation. Rail transport is over 3 times more fuel efficient than trucks and removes many trucks from highways. BNSF moves one-fourth of the nation's rail freight across its vast network and serves over 40 ports. Customers can reduce their transportation carbon footprint and costs by 10-50% by incorporating rail and intermodal shipping into their supply chains. Case studies showed how companies like Sierra Nevada Brewing significantly reduced emissions and improved sustainability by shifting freight from trucks to rail.
Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm Applied to Conceptual Design of Single-stag...Masahiro Kanazaki
"Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm Applied to Conceptual Design of Single-stage Rocket Using Hybrid Propulsion System" presented at The Eighth China-Japan-Korea Joint Symposium on Optimization of Structural and Mechanical Systems (CJK-OSM).
This document summarizes capacity allocation in gas transmission auctions in Central and Southeast Europe. It provides an overview of the phased implementation of the Capacity Allocation Mechanisms Network Code (CAM NC) by FGSZ, the major transmission system operator in Hungary, including the creation of the Regional Booking Platform (RBP) covering eight transmission system operators across seven EU member states. It also discusses challenges faced in the region related to incompatible domestic legislation and regulations, and analyzes results from regular annual auctions and within-day auctions on the RBP. Finally, it covers incremental capacity processes and long-term booking challenges in Central and Southeast Europe.
Utilisation of transport capacities and opportunity to mitigate negative envi...Vilkelis
The document discusses strategies for reducing the negative environmental impacts of logistics operations through better utilization of transport capacities. It analyzes current inefficiencies like high rates of empty truck kilometers. The key strategies proposed are: 1) Increasing use of low-emission transport and intermodal solutions. 2) Optimizing transport capacity utilization through consolidation centers and multi-user warehouses. 3) Redesigning distribution networks to reduce the number of transition points and increase distances between terminals to enable more intermodal transport.
Role of transport as an element in logisticsEbo Hammond
The document discusses the important role that transportation plays in logistics and the movement of goods and services. It describes how transportation links the nodes in the supply chain where activities like production, storage, and distribution occur. Different modes of transportation like sea, road, and rail are used to transport goods from suppliers to production sites, between facilities, and ultimately to consumers. Transportation is critical for ensuring on-time delivery and meeting customer needs.
Methodology for incorporating modal choice behaviour in bottom-up energy syst...IEA-ETSAP
This document proposes a methodology for incorporating modal choice behavior into bottom-up energy system models. The methodology introduces transport user heterogeneity by splitting users into groups based on urbanization type and income class. It also incorporates intangible costs to capture differences in preferences across groups. Demand is segmented and a generalized price is calculated for each mode, consumer group, and year. A travel time budget constraint is also included to ensure consistency with observed travel times. The methodology aims to improve behavioral realism over models that use a single representative decision-maker. It is inspired by other hybrid models and requires parameters from a transportation simulation model for calibration.
Airport modelling: challenges and solutions - Katie PettyIES / IAQM
This document summarizes a report on air quality around ports and potential mitigation options. It examines trends in pollutants like NO2 and PM around three UK ports. Port activities like on-shore machinery and visiting ships contribute to local air quality issues. Identified mitigation options include using cleaner fuels for vessels, increasing hybrid and electric vessels, and providing shore-side power to turn off ship engines at berth. These options could significantly reduce emissions but also face challenges like high costs and technical limitations.
VACON NXP Grid Converter - Cleaner power for ports and ships Vacon Plc
The document discusses how Vacon NX Grid Converter technology can help reduce emissions and improve efficiency for ships and ports. It allows ships to connect to local power grids while docked, eliminating the need for onboard diesel generators. This significantly cuts emissions and noise pollution for ports. It can also optimize engine speed for improved fuel efficiency when at sea. Case studies show installations in major ports like Shanghai saving thousands of tons of emissions annually.
Also see: http://bit.ly/1vjtYg8
Professor Chris Nash spoke on heavy goods vehicle charging at the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Conference on regulation in Brisbane on 8th Aug 2014.
www.accc.gov.au/about-us/conferences-events/accc/aer-regulatory-conference/accc-aer-regulatory-conference-2014
This document discusses European Union funding programs for business development and financing of liquefied natural gas (LNG) investments in the energy and transport sectors. It outlines various EU funding mechanisms like the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) program for transport and energy, the European Fund for Strategic Investments, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. It also describes Ocean Finance's methodology for developing LNG infrastructure projects and provides an example large-scale LNG project in Cyprus called CYnergy.
Live video streaming is widely embraced in video services, and its applications have attracted much attention in recent years. The increased number of users demanding high quality (e.g., 4K resolution) live videos increase the bandwidth utilization in the backhaul network. To decrease bandwidth utilization in HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS), in on-the-fly transcoding approaches, only the highest bitrate representation is delivered to the edge, and other representations are generated by transcoding at the edge. However, this approach is inefficient due to the high transcoding cost. In this paper, we propose a light-weight transcoding at the edge method for live applications, LwTE-Live, to decrease the band-width utilization and the overall live streaming cost. During the encoding processes at the origin server, the optimal encoding decisions are saved as metadata, and the metadata replaces the corresponding representation in the bitrate ladder. The significantly reduced size of the metadata compared to its corresponding representation decreases the bandwidth utilization. The extracted metadata is then utilized at the edge to decrease the transcoding time. We formulate the problem as a Mixed-Binary Linear Programming (MBLP) model to optimize the live streaming cost, including the bandwidth and computation costs. We compare the proposed model with state-of-the-art approaches and the experimental results show that our proposed method saves the cost and backhaul bandwidth utilization up to 34% and 45%, respectively.
Biofuel Project: an anlysis to substitute 10% italian petrol by mean of non-f...Stefano Maronese
A study about a new chain based on biogas whose aim is to prove that it is feasible to substitute 10% Italian petrol consumption with non-fossil fuel by exploiting only non-edible crops, livestock manure, residues and wastes.
Creating a sustainable biomass supply chain in mozambique maarten gnoth gdf...Maarten Gnoth
Commercially available solid biomass of current geographic origins likely to reach full potential in the future
Incremental demand likely to be covered by biomass from developing countries
Availability of competitively priced and sustainable biomass from these countries is currently low
GDFSUEZ and Solidaridad work together since 2008 to develop basic elements for a sustainable biomass supply chain from Mozambique
Approach:
addressing and solving uncertainties to reduce risk profile and build viable business cases for Triple bottom line torrefied biomass supply chain from Mozambique
Development of a certified, sustainable (triple bottom line) biomass supply chain from agricultural by products and short rotation coppiced trees from smallholder producers in Mozambique, and evaluation of the feasibility of torrefaction under Mozambican circumstances.
Two business cases will be developed:
1. Local-to-local supply chain (sustainable charcoal for local application): stepping stone model and learning vehicle
2. Export supply chain (large volumes export commodity for biopower generation): hypothetical - based on some actual building blocks
For local to local, encroacher bamboo, next to eucalyptus and sawdust will be used as feedstock.
For export, encroacher bamboo will be used.
The feedstock and business concept will be according full sustainability guidelines including sustainability assessment.
Karttunen, K & Laitila, J. 2013. Efficient wood energy harvesting, logistics ...Kalle Karttunen
This document discusses improving the efficiency of wood energy harvesting, logistics, and handling in Finland. It identifies potential areas for increased cost-efficiency, including developing new small-sized energywood harvesting solutions, improving long-distance transportation methods through larger vehicles or refining biomass, and enhancing terminal handling technologies. The biggest opportunities are in harvesting small-diameter trees, developing intermodal transportation solutions, and optimizing material handling at terminals through automation and larger equipment. References are provided for further research on harvesting productivity and costs, transportation efficiency studies, and innovative logistics concepts using composite containers.
Ciclo de Conferencias conmemorativas del Año de la Química, en colaboración con la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales.
John Meurig Thomas
University of Cambridge. Reino Unido.
Madrid, 12 de mayo de 2011
Este documento presenta las reglas de un juego de preguntas y respuestas sobre hechos históricos y eventos deportivos. Los jugadores deben responder preguntas sobre quién fue el primer hombre en llegar a la luna, el nombre del expresidente de los Estados Unidos Bill Clinton, el mejor jugador de baloncesto de la historia Michael Jordan, y quién ganó la medalla de oro en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012 para Colombia.
El documento describe las diferentes etapas de la adolescencia y su importancia. Explica que la adolescencia es una época de cambios entre los 10 a 19 años donde los jóvenes comienzan a definir su personalidad y romper con los valores de la niñez. También es una etapa de aprendizaje donde los adolescentes necesitan el apoyo de la familia, escuela y sociedad, ya que enfrentan varios peligros y retos como la elección de amigos, conducta y autonomía.
STEP Conference 2016 - James Tate, ITS - The Real Fleet & Their Real Driving ...STEP_scotland
- The document discusses remote sensing and laboratory testing of vehicle emissions in Europe.
- Remote sensing was conducted in Aberdeen and found that diesel vehicles produced higher particulate matter and NOx emissions than petrol vehicles. Testing of HGVs also found high NOx emissions.
- Laboratory testing in London of 12 passenger cars and 3 HGVs over real-world driving cycles found that some diesel vehicles exceeded NOx limits, while petrol and hybrid vehicles performed better. Comparing remote sensing and laboratory data showed similar results.
- Further analysis of more Euro 6 diesel vehicles is needed to understand real-world performance and deterioration of emissions controls over time. Remote sensing and laboratory testing provide complementary approaches to evaluating real driving emissions.
Small scale LNG projects and solutions were discussed, specifically the Poseidon Med II case. Key points included:
- The Poseidon Med II project connects Greece, Italy and Cyprus through LNG bunkering operations, involving 3 countries, 6 ports, 26 partners and a budget of €53M.
- Technical studies conducted include hazard identification studies, navigational simulations, and regulatory gap analyses to establish guidelines for bunkering safety.
- Training and developing the regulatory framework is important, working with relevant ministries on national and international legislation regarding transportation and handling of dangerous goods.
- Quality assurance and standards for LNG composition need to be further developed.
Modular Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Large Scale Bi-level ProblemsStefano Costanzo
The document discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize air traffic congestion through peak and off-peak pricing. It models the problem as a bi-level optimization with a central planner setting prices and airlines minimizing costs. The genetic algorithm was able to find pricing solutions that reduced total flight delays while maintaining revenue neutrality for air navigation service providers. Future work includes further analyzing cost distributions across airlines and applying decentralized peak load pricing with individual air navigation service providers setting prices.
Blue Corridor NGV Rally 2013 - EU Action on Natural Gas and BiomethaneBlueCorridorRally
Gazprom Germania hosted a roundtable discussion on the use of natural gas for transportation in Hamburg, Germany.
This presentation was a part of this roundtable and given by Antonio Tricas-Aizpun regarding the development and growth of the natural gas vehicle industry within the European Union.
CSCMP 2014: Leveraging Intermodal Partnerships for More Sustainable FreightWinona Garrett
BNSF Railway discussed how leveraging intermodal partnerships can create more sustainable freight transportation. Rail transport is over 3 times more fuel efficient than trucks and removes many trucks from highways. BNSF moves one-fourth of the nation's rail freight across its vast network and serves over 40 ports. Customers can reduce their transportation carbon footprint and costs by 10-50% by incorporating rail and intermodal shipping into their supply chains. Case studies showed how companies like Sierra Nevada Brewing significantly reduced emissions and improved sustainability by shifting freight from trucks to rail.
Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm Applied to Conceptual Design of Single-stag...Masahiro Kanazaki
"Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm Applied to Conceptual Design of Single-stage Rocket Using Hybrid Propulsion System" presented at The Eighth China-Japan-Korea Joint Symposium on Optimization of Structural and Mechanical Systems (CJK-OSM).
This document summarizes capacity allocation in gas transmission auctions in Central and Southeast Europe. It provides an overview of the phased implementation of the Capacity Allocation Mechanisms Network Code (CAM NC) by FGSZ, the major transmission system operator in Hungary, including the creation of the Regional Booking Platform (RBP) covering eight transmission system operators across seven EU member states. It also discusses challenges faced in the region related to incompatible domestic legislation and regulations, and analyzes results from regular annual auctions and within-day auctions on the RBP. Finally, it covers incremental capacity processes and long-term booking challenges in Central and Southeast Europe.
Utilisation of transport capacities and opportunity to mitigate negative envi...Vilkelis
The document discusses strategies for reducing the negative environmental impacts of logistics operations through better utilization of transport capacities. It analyzes current inefficiencies like high rates of empty truck kilometers. The key strategies proposed are: 1) Increasing use of low-emission transport and intermodal solutions. 2) Optimizing transport capacity utilization through consolidation centers and multi-user warehouses. 3) Redesigning distribution networks to reduce the number of transition points and increase distances between terminals to enable more intermodal transport.
Role of transport as an element in logisticsEbo Hammond
The document discusses the important role that transportation plays in logistics and the movement of goods and services. It describes how transportation links the nodes in the supply chain where activities like production, storage, and distribution occur. Different modes of transportation like sea, road, and rail are used to transport goods from suppliers to production sites, between facilities, and ultimately to consumers. Transportation is critical for ensuring on-time delivery and meeting customer needs.
Methodology for incorporating modal choice behaviour in bottom-up energy syst...IEA-ETSAP
This document proposes a methodology for incorporating modal choice behavior into bottom-up energy system models. The methodology introduces transport user heterogeneity by splitting users into groups based on urbanization type and income class. It also incorporates intangible costs to capture differences in preferences across groups. Demand is segmented and a generalized price is calculated for each mode, consumer group, and year. A travel time budget constraint is also included to ensure consistency with observed travel times. The methodology aims to improve behavioral realism over models that use a single representative decision-maker. It is inspired by other hybrid models and requires parameters from a transportation simulation model for calibration.
Airport modelling: challenges and solutions - Katie PettyIES / IAQM
This document summarizes a report on air quality around ports and potential mitigation options. It examines trends in pollutants like NO2 and PM around three UK ports. Port activities like on-shore machinery and visiting ships contribute to local air quality issues. Identified mitigation options include using cleaner fuels for vessels, increasing hybrid and electric vessels, and providing shore-side power to turn off ship engines at berth. These options could significantly reduce emissions but also face challenges like high costs and technical limitations.
VACON NXP Grid Converter - Cleaner power for ports and ships Vacon Plc
The document discusses how Vacon NX Grid Converter technology can help reduce emissions and improve efficiency for ships and ports. It allows ships to connect to local power grids while docked, eliminating the need for onboard diesel generators. This significantly cuts emissions and noise pollution for ports. It can also optimize engine speed for improved fuel efficiency when at sea. Case studies show installations in major ports like Shanghai saving thousands of tons of emissions annually.
Also see: http://bit.ly/1vjtYg8
Professor Chris Nash spoke on heavy goods vehicle charging at the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Conference on regulation in Brisbane on 8th Aug 2014.
www.accc.gov.au/about-us/conferences-events/accc/aer-regulatory-conference/accc-aer-regulatory-conference-2014
This document discusses European Union funding programs for business development and financing of liquefied natural gas (LNG) investments in the energy and transport sectors. It outlines various EU funding mechanisms like the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) program for transport and energy, the European Fund for Strategic Investments, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. It also describes Ocean Finance's methodology for developing LNG infrastructure projects and provides an example large-scale LNG project in Cyprus called CYnergy.
Live video streaming is widely embraced in video services, and its applications have attracted much attention in recent years. The increased number of users demanding high quality (e.g., 4K resolution) live videos increase the bandwidth utilization in the backhaul network. To decrease bandwidth utilization in HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS), in on-the-fly transcoding approaches, only the highest bitrate representation is delivered to the edge, and other representations are generated by transcoding at the edge. However, this approach is inefficient due to the high transcoding cost. In this paper, we propose a light-weight transcoding at the edge method for live applications, LwTE-Live, to decrease the band-width utilization and the overall live streaming cost. During the encoding processes at the origin server, the optimal encoding decisions are saved as metadata, and the metadata replaces the corresponding representation in the bitrate ladder. The significantly reduced size of the metadata compared to its corresponding representation decreases the bandwidth utilization. The extracted metadata is then utilized at the edge to decrease the transcoding time. We formulate the problem as a Mixed-Binary Linear Programming (MBLP) model to optimize the live streaming cost, including the bandwidth and computation costs. We compare the proposed model with state-of-the-art approaches and the experimental results show that our proposed method saves the cost and backhaul bandwidth utilization up to 34% and 45%, respectively.
Biofuel Project: an anlysis to substitute 10% italian petrol by mean of non-f...Stefano Maronese
A study about a new chain based on biogas whose aim is to prove that it is feasible to substitute 10% Italian petrol consumption with non-fossil fuel by exploiting only non-edible crops, livestock manure, residues and wastes.
Creating a sustainable biomass supply chain in mozambique maarten gnoth gdf...Maarten Gnoth
Commercially available solid biomass of current geographic origins likely to reach full potential in the future
Incremental demand likely to be covered by biomass from developing countries
Availability of competitively priced and sustainable biomass from these countries is currently low
GDFSUEZ and Solidaridad work together since 2008 to develop basic elements for a sustainable biomass supply chain from Mozambique
Approach:
addressing and solving uncertainties to reduce risk profile and build viable business cases for Triple bottom line torrefied biomass supply chain from Mozambique
Development of a certified, sustainable (triple bottom line) biomass supply chain from agricultural by products and short rotation coppiced trees from smallholder producers in Mozambique, and evaluation of the feasibility of torrefaction under Mozambican circumstances.
Two business cases will be developed:
1. Local-to-local supply chain (sustainable charcoal for local application): stepping stone model and learning vehicle
2. Export supply chain (large volumes export commodity for biopower generation): hypothetical - based on some actual building blocks
For local to local, encroacher bamboo, next to eucalyptus and sawdust will be used as feedstock.
For export, encroacher bamboo will be used.
The feedstock and business concept will be according full sustainability guidelines including sustainability assessment.
Karttunen, K & Laitila, J. 2013. Efficient wood energy harvesting, logistics ...Kalle Karttunen
This document discusses improving the efficiency of wood energy harvesting, logistics, and handling in Finland. It identifies potential areas for increased cost-efficiency, including developing new small-sized energywood harvesting solutions, improving long-distance transportation methods through larger vehicles or refining biomass, and enhancing terminal handling technologies. The biggest opportunities are in harvesting small-diameter trees, developing intermodal transportation solutions, and optimizing material handling at terminals through automation and larger equipment. References are provided for further research on harvesting productivity and costs, transportation efficiency studies, and innovative logistics concepts using composite containers.
Ciclo de Conferencias conmemorativas del Año de la Química, en colaboración con la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales.
John Meurig Thomas
University of Cambridge. Reino Unido.
Madrid, 12 de mayo de 2011
Este documento presenta las reglas de un juego de preguntas y respuestas sobre hechos históricos y eventos deportivos. Los jugadores deben responder preguntas sobre quién fue el primer hombre en llegar a la luna, el nombre del expresidente de los Estados Unidos Bill Clinton, el mejor jugador de baloncesto de la historia Michael Jordan, y quién ganó la medalla de oro en los Juegos Olímpicos de Londres 2012 para Colombia.
El documento describe las diferentes etapas de la adolescencia y su importancia. Explica que la adolescencia es una época de cambios entre los 10 a 19 años donde los jóvenes comienzan a definir su personalidad y romper con los valores de la niñez. También es una etapa de aprendizaje donde los adolescentes necesitan el apoyo de la familia, escuela y sociedad, ya que enfrentan varios peligros y retos como la elección de amigos, conducta y autonomía.
Martín Lutero fue un fraile católico alemán que en 1517 comenzó la Reforma Protestante al criticar la venta de indulgencias y otras prácticas de la Iglesia Católica. Sus enseñanzas inspiraron el luteranismo y ayudaron a desarrollar una versión estándar del idioma alemán a través de sus traducciones de la Biblia. Lutero contribuyó tanto a la religión como a la civilización occidental.
El documento presenta el discurso de Laura Alonso sobre la situación en el INDEC durante los últimos años. Según citas de un libro, hubo situaciones de hostigamiento como "palos largos" usados para amenazar empleados. También se ordenó a un empleado adulterar bases de datos de índices de precios. Estas citas muestran la gravedad de la intervención gubernamental en el INDEC y la manipulación de estadísticas. El discurso solicita aprobar un dictamen para mejorar la situación en el organismo.
Este documento resume un estudio noruego que encontró que las emisiones de dióxido de carbono están cambiando la química del Océano Ártico haciéndolo más ácido. Explica que el CO2 absorbe desde la atmósfera y acidifica los océanos, lo que podría afectar negativamente a la fauna y flora marinas que usan carbonato de calcio en sus esqueletos y conchas. También señala que aunque los océanos absorben grandes cantidades de CO2 ayudando a mitigar el camb
This document covers organic chemistry concepts including alkanes, cycloalkanes, and their nomenclature. Key points include:
- The lesson will introduce alkanes and cycloalkanes, with two quizzes to follow. Naming and drawing structural formulas using IUPAC nomenclature will be covered.
- Standards include describing homologous series, naming organic compounds using IUPAC, and drawing and naming alkanes and cyclic structures up to C10.
- Introduction covers bonding rules for carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and halogens in organic compounds. Bonding and structural representations such as Lewis, condensed and line structures are defined.
1) The document summarizes a study that analyzed the cost-efficiency of using an innovative intermodal composite container solution for transporting forest biomass compared to traditional supply chains.
2) Key findings of the study included that the container solution was the most cost-efficient option and allowed 7-19% lower costs than traditional methods. Using railway transportation in addition to trucks was also found to reduce total costs.
3) The simulation results showed that trucks spent most of their time unused in traditional supply chains and that the power plant unloading station was a bottleneck. The container solution improved efficiency in transportation and terminal operations.
A presentation conducted by Mr Shanta Hallock, DRH Logistics.
Presented on Wednesday the 2nd of October 2013.
A research study identifying the role of ports, a forward timeframe of 30 years in servicing national supply chains is
being undertaken. A paradigm shift to ‘water based’ freight solutions by barges and other forms of Short Sea Shipping (SSS proposed in Hallock (2009 and 2010) as well as investigating stakeholder commitment to reducing their carbon footprint will be researched as part of this. Funding and better investment criteria will also be explored. The paper draws on European policy and governance frame works incorporating SSS as a component of the logistics response to sustainability. The green supply chain is now an important determinant of competitive advantage and is commercially acceptable.
DOI 10.1007s00291-005-0003-6REGULAR ARTICLEIeke le BlDustiBuckner14
This document summarizes a case study analyzing concepts to optimize the logistics network for collecting containers from vehicle dismantlers in the Netherlands. The network involves multiple depots, dismantlers, and recyclers. The study examines allowing direct shipment from dismantlers to recyclers, changing allocation of dismantlers to logistic service providers, and standardizing container lifting mechanisms. The problem is characterized as a vehicle routing problem with multiple depots, pickup and delivery, and limited vehicle capacity of two containers. A heuristic is developed to solve this special type of problem, which has not been well addressed in literature.
Presentation by Prof. Gerard De Jong delivered on on 20 March 2014 at International Freight Transport Modelling Workshop 2014 http://bit.ly/1o0vxAh
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/g.de+jong
The document discusses green city logistics strategies and best practices in European cities. It finds that road transport accounts for over 45% of freight transport in the EU. Several cities have implemented strategies like restriction zones, transport consolidation, and charging schemes to reduce emissions and congestion from freight transport. Examples highlighted include Stockholm's environmental zones, London's congestion charging, and Zurich's cargo tram system for waste collection. Future trends may include underground deliveries and unmanned electric vehicles. Cooperation among stakeholders is needed to support green freight strategies.
Multi-Objective Forest Vehicle Routing Using Savings-Insertion and Reactive T...IJERA Editor
This paper focuses on how the competitiveness of forestry companies in Canada is impacted by forest products distribution and transportation costs, especially in the context of exports. We propose a new two steps approach, consisting in building a good initial solution and then improving it to solve multi-objective forest vehicle routing problem. The main objective of this paper is to solve a multi-objective forest vehicle routing problem using the Savings-insertion, followed by the Reactive tabu, with a variable threshold. To that end, first, a mathematical model is established; secondly, our new Savings-insertion builds a good initial solution, and thirdly, our new Reactive tabu with a variable threshold improves the initial solution. The three main objectives are the minimization of number of routes, the minimization of total distance and the minimization of total time by respecting the specified time window and the demand of all customers, which are sometimes important in this field. Finally, the experimental results obtained with our methodology for the named vehicle routing problem are provided and discussed
Utilisation of transport capacities and opportunity to mitigate negative envi...Vilkelis
The document summarizes a conference paper on utilizing transport capacities and mitigating the negative environmental impacts of logistics operations. The paper discusses:
1) How redesigning transport networks and increasing the use of intermodal transport can reduce costs and carbon emissions from logistics.
2) Ways to optimize transport operations through increasing vehicle utilization, adopting low-emission vehicles, improving coordination between buyers/sellers, and better route planning.
3) Challenges with integrating rail transport due to infrastructure issues and higher costs compared to road transport, but potential environmental benefits of shifting freight to rail.
This document analyzes the energy consumption of two international textile supply chains that transport cotton from fields to warehouses in France using multiple modes of transportation. The first step is data collection on the characteristics of each supply chain and transport types used. The second step is estimating the energy used for each segment by mode, including factors like load characteristics, vehicle type, and trip details. The third step compares the total energy used and each mode's contribution between the two supply chains to identify opportunities to improve efficiency.
This document provides an overview of a workshop on hydrogen trains. The workshop agenda includes presentations on fuel cell and hydrogen joint undertakings in Europe, current hydrogen pilot projects and the state of the art of hydrogen train technology, and hydrogen infrastructure projects in Belgium and the Netherlands. The presentations will discuss opportunities for using hydrogen to power trains, the potential market for hydrogen trains, and the need for further research and innovation projects to advance hydrogen train technology and deployment.
Horizon 2020 research opportunity - new generate rail services - Tony MercadoKTN
Presentation 6 of 8 from Horizon 2020 for Rail event held 8th Nov 2013.
The calls for research being made under the rail heading in the surface transport work programme for 2014 - New generation of rail vehicles (enhanced functionality, comfort, operational performance; reduced whole life cost of vehicles by improved reliability, reduced energy consumption and increased capacity)
Overview of the FlexPlan project. Focus on EU regulatory analysis and TSO-DSO...Leonardo ENERGY
Webinar recording at https://youtu.be/4s2GGlu-ylc
The FlexPlan project (https://flexplan-project.eu/) aims at establishing a new grid planning methodology making use of storage and flexible loads as an alternative to the build-up of new grid elements. After introducing the project, the webinar will focus on pan-European grid planning regulation and present practices of TSOs and DSOs.
This document discusses various topics related to intermodal transport in Europe, including:
1) A panel discussion was held on expanding intermodality and "synchromodality" in Europe. Issues discussed include developing alternative fuel infrastructure, smarter use of existing infrastructure, and strategic alliances.
2) Statistics on freight transport in Europe show that 11% of tonnes and 56% of tonne-kilometers are transported over 300km, suggesting potential for shifting more to rail and waterborne transport.
3) New legislation will require installation of alternative fueling stations for natural gas, hydrogen and electric vehicles along major transport corridors in Europe to enable use of lower-emissions fuels.
This document discusses designing sustainable supply chains. It focuses on decarbonizing supply chain design through better logistics, management, technology and data analysis. Specific areas of research include end-to-end supply chains, logistics hubs and corridors, planning methods for massively connected systems, tracking and visibility, process improvement, and socioeconomic and environmental impact analysis in industries like consumer goods, food, offshore wind, and healthcare. Statistics are provided on transport emissions in the UK and challenges of moving more freight through northern ports. An ongoing project called LHOFT aims to increase freight to northern ports by 10% using a digital collaborative platform.
The document summarizes opportunities for sustainable transport funding from the European Union. It discusses the Connecting Europe Facility, which provides grants for sustainable transport infrastructure projects, particularly those that are cross-border in nature. It also outlines funding available through European Structural and Investment Funds for projects related to low-carbon travel and transport. The Horizon 2020 program dedicates significant funds to the societal challenge of smart, green, and integrated transport and provides opportunities for innovative transport projects through collaborative research calls.
T.2.5 – road and logistic planning (by itene)SLOPE Project
The document outlines the objectives and proposed work plan for Project SLOPE's Task 2.5 on road and logistic planning. The objectives are to: 1) Identify logistics elements and their characteristics for site location and flow decisions; 2) Build and validate an optimization model to allocate landings to mills; and 3) Estimate traffic on roads for maintenance. The approaches discussed include using center of gravity, p-median, and mixed integer programming models to determine optimal site locations and flows. A dynamic linear programming model will also be used to handle changing demands over time. The proposed work plan involves understanding the supply chain, reviewing models, defining model elements, implementing the optimization and traffic models, and validating with a real scenario.
1. Tata Steel is exploring strategies to optimize its logistics operations through greater utilization of coastal shipping and inland waterways.
2. Key strategies include establishing partnerships to advocate for policy changes, developing port infrastructure like agglomeration centers, and creating a digital platform for information sharing between stakeholders.
3. Implementing these initiatives could help reduce transportation costs and carbon emissions through efficient multi-modal integration of coastal, inland waterway, road, and rail networks.
ECT provides port and logistics services in Rotterdam. They are developing European Gateway Services (EGS) to improve synchromodality and push containers further into the hinterland more efficiently. The COMCIS project tested concepts like extended line release to release containers earlier, a discharge predictor to forecast container availability up to 42 hours in advance, and a synchromodal dashboard to integrate terminal and hinterland data. These concepts improved visibility and planning, reduced wait times, and supported moving more containers off terminals and onto barges and trains. ECT is now rolling out implementations of these COMCIS-proven concepts more broadly.
9 pat repute guide presentation june15 finalREPUTE101
This document provides a guide to improving energy and transport solutions in rural areas through renewable energy and publicly accessible transport. It discusses how rural communities can generate their own renewable energy through initiatives like community hydro schemes. This energy can then be used to power transport solutions like electric vehicle charging stations and public transport signs. Case studies show how total transport systems integrating different modes of transport, and community-run car sharing schemes powered by renewable energy can help address mobility challenges in remote populations by reducing distances traveled by car. The guide concludes that future rural transport will increasingly rely on renewable energy sources owned and operated at a local level, with public hubs connected by express services, funded by mechanisms like crowd-funding that encourage community participation.
A modal shift for the logistics network system in japanTran Dieu Huyen
The document discusses a modal shift model for Japan's logistics network that analyzes shifting cargo transportation from roads to rail and marine transport. Key findings include:
1) The authors used logit models to analyze how transport distance, time, cost, freight size, and other factors influence shippers' choice of transport mode.
2) The models found it is feasible to shift a significant portion of current truck transport to rail or marine container transport.
3) Shifting more transport to rail and marine could improve loading efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions.
The Futran system is a new, automated transportation system running on a suspended track designed to lower haulage and transportation costs, especially in Africa and the rest of the developing world. The system is easy to erect and maintain, has a very low total cost of ownership, and is set to compete against conveyor belts, trucks, trains and buses to move great volumes at low cost.
Similar to Karttunen, K. 2012. Waterways – a future backbone of feedstock supply? (20)
The Regional Carbon Freedom (Presented: 2019)Kalle Karttunen
The aim of the study is to promote ways to reach the goals of the carbon neutrality at the South Savo region in eastern Finland by examining the solutions for emission reductions and forest use. The study has taken the first step for reaching the cost-effective carbon neutrality at the regional level in Finland. The carbon dioxide neutral region means that the region's internal activity does not change the carbon content of the atmosphere. The carbon neutral society produces just as much carbon emissions as it can bind from the atmosphere.
The study started by updating the regional energy balance and its carbon influence. Second, the carbon impact on
forest use was measured. Finally, the cost-efficiency of alternative carbon neutrality solutions will be estimated. The
study will be carried out by combining alternative emission reduction solutions and forest management simulations
with computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling. Permanent National Forest Inventory plots were used as an
input of forest management simulations. Then, applying a modified CGE model (RegFinDyn), the economic and
emission impacts of alternative carbon balance solutions will be assessed at the regional level.
Earlier results have shown that a more intensive use of forests decreases the carbon sequestration potential but
increases the regional socio-economic benefits. The carbon balance should be compensated either for emission
reduction solutions or by controlling the use of forests. It is important to choose the solutions which are not only the
emission efficient but also cost-efficient at the regional level.
This document discusses a study analyzing the potential supply and cost of forest biomass for small and large demand sites in Finland using laser scanning data. The study examined biomass availability and cost under different scenarios using open laser scanning data from South Savo province. Results found theoretical roundwood availability of 8 million cubic meters but willingness to sell reduced this to 2 million cubic meters. Special wood availability was estimated at 10% of cuttings. Costs for special wood were higher due to higher stumpage prices. The study concluded laser scanning data could help develop more interactive digital wood trading services matching buyers and sellers of roundwood and special wood at local levels.
World Bioenergy Association (WBA), webinar: THE SOCIO- ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF B...Kalle Karttunen
Kalle Karttunen presented research on the socio-economic benefits of bioenergy investments in Finland's South Savo region. Three investment scenarios were modeled through 2030: expanding sawmill production, building a biorefinery, or both. All scenarios showed positive impacts on GDP and employment compared to business as usual. The combined sawmill and biorefinery scenario yielded the largest GDP increase of 150 million euros and 780 additional person-years of employment by 2030. Regional bioenergy investments could help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and support Finland's transition to renewable energy and a more sustainable forest sector economy.
This document summarizes a study forecasting forest biomass supply chain capacity and efficiency at regional, local, and entrepreneur levels in Finland. The study developed methods to estimate future biomass supply potentials and forecast machinery needs. At the regional level, forest growth simulations estimated biomass potentials under different scenarios. An agent-based model then estimated additional machinery needs by 2030. Local analyses examined biomass availability and machinery needs for specific plants. The study aims to provide more detailed supply chain information to support the development of efficient biomass procurement systems.
Main innovation types of forest biomass supply chainsKalle Karttunen
This document discusses different types of innovations for improving the efficiency of forest biomass supply chains in Finland. It analyzes three cases: 1) comparing traditional single-tree cutting to multi-tree cutting, 2) comparing traditional multi-tree cutting to innovative bundling of small-diameter wood, and 3) comparing traditional forest stand density to an innovative denser forest management approach. The results show cost reductions ranging from 4.9% to 10.6% for the innovative approaches. Network innovations that coordinate forest management, logistics and processing were found to have the highest potential for cost reduction. Cooperative innovation across the entire supply chain network is concluded to be the best approach.
This document summarizes a study on the impact of forest management regimes and biomass supply chains on carbon emissions. The study found that more intensive, even-aged forest management that increases tree density can increase supply chain emissions compared to less dense forests. Roadside chipping of biomass was also found to have higher emissions than stationary terminal chipping. While denser forests were more cost-efficient, they had the highest carbon emissions. The study concluded more research is needed to fully account for factors like soil carbon, decomposition, and different harvest scenarios to accurately assess the carbon impact of different forest management approaches.
Karttunen, K. 2012. Waterways – a future backbone of feedstock supply?
1.
2. Waterways a future backbone ofWaterways – a future backbone of
feedstock supply?
Research Seminar on Precision supply of Forest Biomass for Energy
3 9 2012 Joensuu3.9.2012 Joensuu
Kalle Karttunen, Project Manager
Lappeenranta University of Technology,
LUT Savo Sustainable Technologies,
Bioenergy TechnologyBioenergy Technology,
Mikkeli
3. ContentContent
› Current and future situation of forest fuel supply markets in Finland
› Inland waterway transport supply chain of forest biomass
› Material and Methods
› Results and Discussion
› Conclusion
4. Current and future situation
of forest chips supply market
− In 2011 forest chips use was 7.5 million m3 (~ 14 TWh),
which was almost 4% of total energy use in Finland
All of this was transported by trucks either as chips or as− All of this was transported by trucks either as chips or as
uncomminuted material
− Only some trials with trains and barges/vessels have been
used
− The target is to almost double its use to 13 5 million m3− The target is to almost double its use to 13.5 million m3
(25 TWh) by 2020
− In practice, there is imbalance between locations of
d d d l f f t hidemand and supply of forest chips
The transport distances will be increasedThe transport distances will be increased
The new logistical innovations and also other transport
modes will be needed to fulfill the target
5. Current and future situation
of forest chips supply market
Ylitalo 2012:
Small scale use. 9%
Other, -
%
Ylitalo 2012:
Rotten wood. 7%
Stumps. 13%
Logging residues, 30%
Energy wood, 41%
se,TWh
Energy wood, 41%
chipsusForestc
-Small-sized energy wood is the biggest source of forest chips now!
6. Current and future situation
of forest chips supply market%
Share of volumes 2011:
ychains,
Share of volumes 2011:
Stationary chipping,18%
Terminal chipping 21%
ofsupply
Terminal chipping, 21%
Roadside chipping, 61%
Share
Roadside chipping has been the biggest production-Roadside chipping has been the biggest production
method of forest chips!
-Share of terminal chipping is expeced to grow
7. Inland waterway transport
supply chain of forest biomasssupply chain of forest biomass
• Background:
• Finnish waterways can be used for inland and coastal transport• Finnish waterways can be used for inland and coastal transport
• Waterway transportation has been used for round wood logistics
• Cost competitiveness of waterway transport is based on large-
sizes and long-distances with lower costs, 0.046 €/m3km (truck:
0.064 €/m3km)
• Barge and vessel logistics could also be used for transport of• Barge and vessel logistics could also be used for transport of
forest chips
• Inland waterway transport of forest fuels “by barges”
• Climbus project in 2006-2008, Financed by Tekes and
private companies
Practical demonstrations and scientific simulations• Practical demonstrations and scientific simulations
• Karttunen, K., Väätäinen, K., Asikainen, A. & Ranta, T.
2012. The Operational Efficiency of Waterway
Transport of Forest Chips on Finland s Lake Saimaa.
Silva Fennica 46 (3): 395-413.
8. Why barge?
- Large volume of barge itself (vs.
15-50 average truck loads)15 50 average truck loads)
- It´s possible to increase
number of barges in transportg p
logistics
AND/OR
- It is possible to increase number of
barges as a part of interchangeable
logistics or use cheaper barges
as storages
= The main idea is to decrease transport costs and get the logistics more effective
= More expensive tug-boats should be driven optimally
9. Aim of the studyAim of the study
Study the logistics and the operations efficiency Study the logistics and the operations efficiency
of waterway transport of forest chips in the lake
SaimaaSaimaa
using the practical demonstrations and discrete-event
simulation as a study method
Find out the most cost efficient options in barge
transport logisticstransport logistics
Vessel size, load size, number of barges, transport logistics,
harbour logistics
Cost comparison of transportation methods –
waterway vs road ( hi t k)waterway vs. road (chip truck)
In a function of transporting distance and annual machine
use
10. Waterway transport logistics
There are several ways of organizing waterway transport with
alternative loading/unloading operations and tug-boat/bargesg g g g
11. Material and methods
Study area: Lake Saimaa region iny g
Eastern Finland
Forest fuel terminals and end-use
facilities right next to harbours andfacilities right next to harbours and
waterways with bigger tug-boat
systems (except Mikkeli route only for smaller
t b t)tug-boat)
Forest fuel use of power plants and
biorefinery was based on the futurey
expected needs; 2015 (Varkaus 2000
GWh, Mikkeli 500 GWh, Savonlinna 120 GWh)
Study allocation of forest chip
60%
Study allocation of forest chip
transportation by waterways: 60 % to
Varkaus, 30 % to Mikkeli and 10 % to Savonlinna
30%
10%
= Forest fuel terminal, loading
= End use of forest fuel, unloading
12. Material and methods
− 1. Demostration study
− 2a. Simulation study
-WITNESS - business simulationWITNESS business simulation
system is the suitable method for
complex supply chain analysis
-Discrete-event simulation include the
rules for each event in the system
In this presentation:
-Coordination operator
as a organizational model
-Designed by: Kari Väätäinen
(subcontracting, Metla)
13. Material and methods
2b Simulation2b. Simulation
= Forest fuel terminal, loading
= End use of forest fuel, unloading
Other simulation study with same model:
- In one company concept biomass is transported from two terminals to one user site
-Contracting as a organizational model
-Some barge models and concepts were changed
-(Korpinen et al. 2010), LUT. Hiltunen, Bachelor´s thesis, UEF
14. Material and methods
1 Demonstrations1. Demonstrations
• Demonstrations were arranged in order to attain the
information needed for the simulations and to understand the
f ti lit f th ti f t t tfunctionality of the operations of waterway transports
• The objectives of demonstrations were to compare:
1. Alternative chipping systems
• roadside chipping and terminal chipping
• Question: Which system could be working better in
practice before waterway transport?
2 P d ti it f l di th d2. Productivity of loading methods
• material handling machines vs. digger (different
power, scoop size, concept) and wheeled front loader
+ belt conveyor+ belt conveyor
• Question: Is there productivity and unit cost
differences between alternative methods?
3 Energy density of chip truck and barge load3. Energy density of chip truck and barge load
• Chip truck used in demonstration (120 and 140 m3)
• Hopper barge loads used in demonstration (800 tn
hold capacity and 1200 tn heaped/compressedhold capacity and 1200 tn heaped/compressed
capacity)
• Question: Is there density differences between of
trucks and barges?
15. Material and methods
2a. Simulation
System structure of simulation
Basic assumption – always forest chips available to transport
Simulation system contains the harbour operations (loading/unloading) and barge
transportation by waterwaystransportation by waterways
Simulation based on the fleet in 2008 of barge transport (Vessel called Arppe
allready sold away)
Vessels (tug-boats) and barges:
Vessels: 1. Tapio: small tug-boat, 900,000 € (342 kWh)
2 Arppe: big tug-boat 3 6 milj € (2x750 kWh)2. Arppe: big tug-boat, 3,6 milj. € (2x750 kWh)
Barges: 1. Deck barge, 600,000 € (capacity 500 tons)
2. Hopper barge, 1 milj. € (capacity 1,200–1,800 tons)
Hopper barge Deck bargeTapio: small tug-boat Arppe: big tug-boat
16. Material and methods
Simulation Scenarios
Each scenario: 5 x 9 months (5 x 6 600 hours)Each scenario: 5 x 9 months (5 x 6 600 hours)
Randomness (load size, loading/unloading productivities, route speeds)
Vessels were operating as one-way trips
Used unit: ton moisture content (demo): 39 % 3 MWh/tonUsed unit: ton, moisture content (demo): 39 % 3 MWh/ton
Study scenarios:
1 Transport logistics:1. Transport logistics:
Fixed-barge logistic
Interchangeable-barge logistic
Fixed with two bargesFixed with two barges
2. Barge logistics:
Tapio smaller tug-boat:Tapio, smaller tug boat:
500 tons (deck barge) x2
1200 tons (hopper barge, towing!! speed reduction 2 km/h)
Arppe bigger tug-boat: Arppe, bigger tug-boat:
1200 tons (hopper barge) x2
1800 tons (hopper barge with extra edges)
17. Material and methods
Simulation ScenariosSimulation Scenarios
3. Harbour logistics:
Loading and unloading with hydraulic harbour cranes withing g y
work-shifts at harbour (shift dependent)
Loading UnloadingTransport
Loading with mobile belt conveyor and wheeled front loader,
unloading with harbour cranes (partly shift dependent)unloading with harbour cranes (partly shift dependent)
Loading UnloadingTransport
Loading and unloading with mobile belt conveyor and
wheeled front loader (shift independent)
L di U l diLoading Transport Unloading
18. Material and methods
Cost calculations
C t t t ti f ll l h i l t i l d d ( i Cost structure accounting for all supply chain elements included (average price
level of 2007)
Cost data collected from entrepreneurs or other surveys Cost data collected from entrepreneurs or other surveys
Productivity data from demonstration and other surveys
Unit costs: Hourly cost / Productivity. (Loader, for example: 95 €/h / 525 MWh/h = 0.18 €/MWh)
The costs of other elements of the supply chain were constant before long-The costs of other elements of the supply chain were constant before long
distance transportation (€/MWh):
Road transport Waterway transport
Roadside price (logging residues) 3.5 3.5p ( gg g )
Chipping 3.5 3.5
Road transport, 30 km 2.2
Piling and storing 0.3
19. Results and discussion:
1. Demonstrations
1 Alternative chipping systems (roadside chipping and terminal chipping)1. Alternative chipping systems (roadside chipping and terminal chipping)
• Answer: Both systems are workable, but…
• Now we know that buffer storage must be good enough when transporting
big loads. Roadside chipping was cheaper in practice anyway.
2. Productivity of loading methods
• Answer: There are productivity differences according to the scoop size andp y g p
machine power
• Now we know that scoop size can be as big as possible when loading light
material like forest chips. Other methods need to be studied too.material like forest chips. Other methods need to be studied too.
3. Energy density of chip truck and barge loads
• Answer: There are density differences between trucks and barges
N k th t d it (MWh/ 3) f b l d 25% b tt• Now we know that energy density (MWh/m3) of barge load was 25% better
than trucks
• That’s mainly because of large load size compressing the forest chips
l d it lfload itself.
20. Results and Discussion:
2 a Simulations (Karttunen et al)2.a. Simulations (Karttunen et. al)
The most efficient logistics was NO: A2a3
(1.71€/MWh, 179km):
-1. Barge logistics: Small tug-boat Tapio+Eur IIa
bbarge
-2. Trasport logistics: fixed barge
-3. Harbour logistics: loading and unloading by belt
conveyor system shift independently (own grewconveyor system shift-independently (own grew
managed the loadings)
21. Results and Discussion:
Waterway vs. road transport
The waterway concepts were found to be more cost competive than road supply
16,0
The waterway concepts were found to be more cost-competive than road supply
chain after distances up to 100-150 km
8 0
10,0
12,0
14,0
osts,€/MWh
Chip truck 3,000 hours, load: 34 tons
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
supplychainco
p , ,
Chip truck 4,000 hours, load: 34 tons
Big tug-boat, load: 1,800 tons, harbour shift
independent
Small tug-boat, load: 1,200 tons, harbour shift
independent
0,0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Transport distance, km
depe de
Road cost, €/MWh Waterway cost, €/MWh
Roadside price 3,5 3,5
Chipping 3,5 3,5
Road transport, 30 km – 2,2
Piling and storing – 0 3Piling and storing 0,3
Loading+unloading (in harbours) – 0,3–0,6
Long distance transport
100 km 3,5–3,8 0,9–2,0
250 km 6,8–7,4 1,8–3,6
22. Results and Discussion:
What over- and underestimations were
in study compared to current information?
Cost influence:
1. Trasportation fuel prices has growing dramatically after study (~50%)
- Truck cost structure 20%
T b t t t t 15%
Cos ue ce
- Tug-boat cost structure 15%
2. Some terminal investments 10%
3. Possibility to get loadings more efficient -10%
4. Sudden breakdowns and accidents were not included 5%
5. Two way transportation (barge could get back hauling vs. truck) -20%
6 No need for transport in summer season (except Biorefinery) 15%6. No need for transport in summer season (except. Biorefinery) 15%
7. No need for biorefinery (but more will be used in power plants) +/-
8. Small tug-boat may need more crew or support vessel 10%
9. Annual operation times
- Truck (3000-4000 h are too much) 15%
- Tug-boat (9 months is too much or ice-breaking needed) 10%g ( g )
Total cost influence : Barge: +35%, Truck: +35%
23. Results and Discussion:
3 50
4.00
2.b.Simulation (Korpinen et. al 2010)
2.50
3.00
3.50
et,€/MWh
Satamatoiminnot
Proomukustannus
Harbour logistics
Barge cost
1.00
1.50
2.00
Kustannukse
Aluksen odotus
Aluksen käyttö
Tug-boat, idle time
Tug-boat, busy
time
-
0.50
P151 P152 P161 P162 P281 P282 P351 P352 P361 P362 P451 P452 P461 P462
The most efficient logistics was NO: P352 (2 €/MWh, 290 km):
-1. Barge logistics: Small tug-boat Tapio+Eur IIa barge
Hiltunen 2010,
Corrected by Korpinen 2012
g g g p g
-2. Trasport logistics: interchangeable barge (1)
-3. Harbour logistics: loading and unloading belt conveyor system shift-independent
with own crew
..…….But the cost of P152 was exactly the same with fixed barge logistics…………
24. Results and Discussion:
Future visions of biomass waterway logisticsFuture visions of biomass waterway logistics
Large-barge models could
be developed (7100 m3 ):
Big bulk vessels
can be used forbe developed (7100 m3 ): can be used for
sea logistics:
Casen 2007
Intermodal containers
could be used:
L di d t i l
Tug-boat/Vessel could be
developed :
Föhr 2012
Loading and terminal
methods could
be developd:
Ultralight bioship NK Consult
25. Conclusion
− We found that waterway transport by barge can be cost-competitive
d t t k t t ft 100 k di tcompared to truck transport after 100 km distances
− Still many ways to improve the cost-efficiency of waterway supply chain
− Many assumptions and restrictions in the studyy p y
-> More study and empirical tests are needed…
− Are Waterways a future backbone of feedstock supply?− Are Waterways – a future backbone of feedstock supply?
− Long-distance transportation (>100 km) will be needed for biomass logistics by 2020
− Waterway transportation of forest chips could be increased, if:
− 1. There had more heavy user sites next to waterways with harbour facilities
− The use of forest chips would be year-round, such as biorefineries
− 2. There had private and public investments to the whole supply chain with2. There had private and public investments to the whole supply chain with
satellite terminals and waterway systems
− 3. There had enough entrepreneurs to the whole supply chain
− Waterway supply chain can be developed to be one promising option for biomass
logistics!
26. Thank you for your attention Joensuu !
More information: kalle.karttunen@lut.fi