Larry Jordan Buffalo NY
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STANDARD ASCENSION TOWERS GROUP was established on Dec 08 2015 as a domestic business corporation. Larry Jordan Buffalo NY. Founded 5 Stems llc a telecommunication infrastructure construction company Minority and vet owned. BS Florida Tech, MBA/PHD Colorado Tech.
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Cellular rizwan
This document provides an overview of cellular network technology. It discusses key concepts such as how a cellular network divides geographic coverage into cells served by base stations, allowing frequencies to be reused across cells. It also summarizes techniques for distinguishing signals like frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA). The document concludes with explanations of frequency reuse patterns, directional antenna use, broadcast messaging, paging, and handovers as mobile devices move between cells.
Cellular network wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A cellular network divides a geographic area into sections called cells, with each cell served by a fixed base station. This allows portable devices like mobile phones to communicate within the network and across multiple cells. When a device moves between cells, its connection is automatically handed off to the new cell's base station to maintain continuous coverage. Cellular networks reuse frequencies in non-adjacent cells to increase capacity and coverage across a wide area.
Cellular cauan
Cellular networks divide geographic areas into smaller cells to increase capacity and reuse frequencies. Each cell has a base station that transmits and receives from mobile devices within its cell. As mobile devices move between cells during calls, the network performs handovers to transfer the call seamlessly between base stations. Common cellular technologies include GSM, CDMA, and LTE that use techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow frequency reuse and multiple access across cells.
Lec06(practical handoff and footprint)
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Cellular concept in mobile communication
This document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on each generation including key features and technologies. 1G introduced analog cellular networks while 2G brought digital networks and basic data. 3G enabled increased data speeds and multimedia. 4G further increased speeds and capabilities. 5G is focused on high speeds, capacity, and supporting wireless web applications. The document also covers cellular concepts like frequency reuse, cell splitting, and cell sectoring which help improve network capacity and efficiency.
Cellular agdon
The document discusses cellular technology and mobile phone networks. It provides details on:
- How early mobile phones worked and the development of modern cellular networks.
- The basic components and functions of a cellular network including radio base stations, mobile switching centers, and connections to the public telephone network.
- Concepts of cellular networks like frequency reuse, cells, and handovers that allow calls to be switched between cells as users move.
- Factors that influence cellular network performance like frequency choice, interference, and coverage depending on frequency used.
Wireless_communication_1st unit.pptx
This document provides an overview of wireless communications. It begins by defining wireless communication as transmitting and receiving voice and data using electromagnetic waves without physical connections. It then discusses the advantages of wireless communication such as mobility and lower installation costs compared to wired systems. The document outlines several challenges in wireless communications including efficient hardware, spectrum usage, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It also describes different multiple access techniques used in wireless systems such as FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow sharing of limited radio spectrum among users. Common existing wireless systems like cellular networks, Bluetooth, and WiFi are also summarized.
Enhacement of Coverage in Cellular Networks
Evaluating the Methodologies that impact the Coverage of an area and deliver good QoS in Mobile Networks.
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Cellular rizwan
This document provides an overview of cellular network technology. It discusses key concepts such as how a cellular network divides geographic coverage into cells served by base stations, allowing frequencies to be reused across cells. It also summarizes techniques for distinguishing signals like frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA). The document concludes with explanations of frequency reuse patterns, directional antenna use, broadcast messaging, paging, and handovers as mobile devices move between cells.
Cellular network wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A cellular network divides a geographic area into sections called cells, with each cell served by a fixed base station. This allows portable devices like mobile phones to communicate within the network and across multiple cells. When a device moves between cells, its connection is automatically handed off to the new cell's base station to maintain continuous coverage. Cellular networks reuse frequencies in non-adjacent cells to increase capacity and coverage across a wide area.
Cellular cauan
Cellular networks divide geographic areas into smaller cells to increase capacity and reuse frequencies. Each cell has a base station that transmits and receives from mobile devices within its cell. As mobile devices move between cells during calls, the network performs handovers to transfer the call seamlessly between base stations. Common cellular technologies include GSM, CDMA, and LTE that use techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow frequency reuse and multiple access across cells.
Lec06(practical handoff and footprint)
This document discusses the concept of cellular communications and frequency reuse. It describes how early mobile phone systems used high-powered transmitters with large coverage areas and low capacity. Cellular systems divide the coverage area into smaller cells served by low-power transmitters to reuse frequencies and increase capacity. Cells are arranged in a hexagonal layout and frequencies are reused in clusters of cells separated by a reuse distance to avoid interference. The cluster size determines the system's capacity and interference levels.
Cellular concept in mobile communication
This document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 5G. It provides details on each generation including key features and technologies. 1G introduced analog cellular networks while 2G brought digital networks and basic data. 3G enabled increased data speeds and multimedia. 4G further increased speeds and capabilities. 5G is focused on high speeds, capacity, and supporting wireless web applications. The document also covers cellular concepts like frequency reuse, cell splitting, and cell sectoring which help improve network capacity and efficiency.
Cellular agdon
The document discusses cellular technology and mobile phone networks. It provides details on:
- How early mobile phones worked and the development of modern cellular networks.
- The basic components and functions of a cellular network including radio base stations, mobile switching centers, and connections to the public telephone network.
- Concepts of cellular networks like frequency reuse, cells, and handovers that allow calls to be switched between cells as users move.
- Factors that influence cellular network performance like frequency choice, interference, and coverage depending on frequency used.
Wireless_communication_1st unit.pptx
This document provides an overview of wireless communications. It begins by defining wireless communication as transmitting and receiving voice and data using electromagnetic waves without physical connections. It then discusses the advantages of wireless communication such as mobility and lower installation costs compared to wired systems. The document outlines several challenges in wireless communications including efficient hardware, spectrum usage, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It also describes different multiple access techniques used in wireless systems such as FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow sharing of limited radio spectrum among users. Common existing wireless systems like cellular networks, Bluetooth, and WiFi are also summarized.
Enhacement of Coverage in Cellular Networks
Evaluating the Methodologies that impact the Coverage of an area and deliver good QoS in Mobile Networks.
Cellular technology
This document provides information about cellular networks and cellular technology. It discusses how cellular networks work using a network of cells with radio signals and base stations to allow communication between mobile devices. It also describes some key aspects of cellular networks including frequency reuse, multiple access methods like FDMA and TDMA, signal encoding, handovers between cells, and provides an example of cellular networks using mobile phone networks.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
using smart antennas and higher order sectorization
with
proposed network layout.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with traditional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in the
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieved by using them only. It is required to achieve maximum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing higher order sectorization and by utilizing all possible
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This paper presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sites
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The main target of this paper is to compare the performance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam smart antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better received signal quality and user throughput. Splitting macro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the capacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advance antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with improved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations at
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Downlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interval (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of using smart antennas and higher order sectorization with
proposed network layout.
29 88-96
Wimax technology has reshaped the framework of broadband wireless internet
service. It provides the internet service to unconnected or detached areas such as east South
Africa, rural areas of America and Asia region. Full duplex helpers employed with one of
the relay stations selection and indexing method that is Randomized Distributed Space Time
are used to expand the coverage area of primary Wimax station. The basic problem was
identified at cell edge due to weather conditions (rain, fog), insertion of destruction because
of multiple paths in the same communication channel and due to interference created by
other users in that communication. It is impractical task for the receiver station to decode
the transmitted signal successfully at the cell edges, which increases the high packet loss and
retransmissions. But Wimax is a outstanding technology which is used for improving the
quality of internet service and also it offers various services like Voice over Internet
Protocol, Video conferencing and Multimedia broadcast etc where a little delay in packet
transmission can cause a big loss in the communication. Even setup and initialization of
another Wimax station nearer to each other is not a good alternate, where any mobile
station can easily handover to another base station if it gets a strong signal from other one.
But in rural areas, for few numbers of customers, installation of base station nearer to each
other is costlier task. In this review article, we present a scheme using R-DSTC technique to
choose and select helpers (relay nodes) randomly to expand the coverage area and help to
mobile station as a helper to provide secure communication with base station. In this work,
we use full duplex helpers for better utilization of bandwidth.
Intorduction to cellular communication
This document provides an introduction to cellular communications. It discusses how mobile networks use separate radio channels and pairs of frequencies for communication between mobile devices and cell sites. It also describes how early mobile systems used one powerful transmitter while modern cellular networks use many low-power transmitters and a cellular structure. Key aspects of cellular network design are also summarized such as cells, clusters, frequency reuse, and handovers.
Wireless Communication Notes.pdf
This document contains lecture notes on wireless communication and networks. It discusses key concepts in cellular systems including frequency reuse, where the same radio channels are reused in cells separated by distances to limit interference. Channel allocation strategies and handoff strategies for transferring calls between cells are also examined. The document outlines several units that will be covered, including mobile radio propagation models, small-scale fading and multipath effects, equalization techniques to mitigate fading, and diversity methods. Finally, it provides an overview of wireless networking standards and topics to be discussed.
GSM/UMTS/LTE Basics
The GSM/UMTS/LTE Basics course presents in a concise form all the issues connected with modern cellular network, where GSM including GPRS/EDGE and UMTS including HSDPA/HSUPA services are commonly used and implementation of LTE together with IMS is a challenge of the following years.
During the training, all the radio access technologies i.e. GSM, UMTS and LTE and all types of services i.e. traditional telephony, packet transmission and IMS services are presented with the equal stress, since in the modern cellular network, all of them are run or will be run simultaneously in the near future.
Instead of presenting the topics in the traditional form, describing one technology after another, this course rather concentrates on common radio and network problems and on how this common problems are solved by GSM, UMTS and LTE, Thanks to, such form of the training, it becomes clear for the participants, that within 3GPP, there are no technologies that are fundamentally better or worsen then the others; each of them is optimized towards a certain environments and services; and all of them interwork with each other, creating one common, constantly evolving network.
With the GSM/UMTS/LTE Basics course participants may begin their cellular network education. Further, there are more advanced courses, which present aspects of GSM, UMTS and LTE technologies in greater detail.
Basic cellular system
Basic cellular system, cellular system, What is cellular system, Generations of cellular system, Features of cellular systems, Shape of cells, Types of Basic cellular systems, Types of cellular systems, Circuit-Switched Systems, Analog cellular system, Analog cellular system, Digital Systems , Packet-switched system, 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g, 5g, MGCGV, Shubham Mishra
Wireless communication, UNIT 3, EC students, 8th sem
The document discusses wireless network architecture and operation. It introduces cellular concepts like frequency reuse, where the total spectrum is divided into smaller bands with each cell assigned a unique band. Neighboring cells use different bands to reduce interference. The same band is reused in distant cells. Cells are arranged in clusters, with the cluster size determining the frequency reuse number. A higher reuse number means a lower capacity but less interference. Hexagonal modeling is used to approximate cell coverage, with cell size hierarchies including femtocells, picocells, microcells and macrocells. Cell capacity is proportional to the number of clusters and channel reuse.
Nsu notes-unit-i
These are the notes on mobile computing for Dr. B.A.M University Aurangabad, Maharashtra by Former faculty in PES Engineering College Aurangabad Prof. Nitin S Ujgare
Unit i
TDMA, CDMA, FDMA, and SDMA are different multiple access techniques used in mobile communications. TDMA divides each channel into time slots and allocates slots to different users. CDMA encodes each conversation with a pseudo-random sequence and all users share the full spectrum. FDMA divides the bandwidth into individual frequency bands, each assigned to a single user. SDMA uses smart antennas to create spatial pipes between the base station and mobile users to improve performance.
Cellular networks
The document provides an overview of cellular network concepts and architecture. It discusses how early cellular networks used a single, high-power base station, which led to capacity issues. The core idea of cellular networks was to use multiple, lower-power base stations divided into cells to increase capacity. Key concepts include cell tessellation, handoffs between cells as users move, frequency reuse between cells to avoid interference, and network architecture components like base stations, switches, and subscriber databases.
lec.2 Multiple Access.pptx
The document discusses multiple access technologies used in cellular networks, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). FDMA divides the available spectrum into separate frequency channels that are assigned to users. TDMA divides each frequency channel into time slots that are assigned to users in a timed sequence. The document then covers the cellular concept, which involves dividing a service area into smaller cells served by low-power base stations and reusing frequencies in cells separated by a sufficient distance to avoid interference. This allows for increased network capacity compared to a single high-power transmitter covering the whole area. Key aspects covered include frequency reuse, cell shapes and sizes, interference types, and formulas for calculating reuse distance and network capacity
lec.2 Multiple Access.pptx
The document discusses multiple access technologies used in cellular networks, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). FDMA divides the available spectrum into separate frequency channels that are assigned to users. TDMA divides each frequency channel into time slots that are assigned to users in a timed sequence. The document then covers the cellular concept, which involves dividing a service area into smaller cells served by low-power base stations and reusing frequencies in cells separated by a sufficient distance to avoid interference. This allows for increased network capacity compared to a single high-power transmitter covering the whole area. Key aspects covered include frequency reuse, cell shapes and sizes, interference types, and formulas for calculating reuse distance and network capacity
Bt0086 mobile computing 1
This document discusses several key concepts in mobile computing and cellular networks. It begins by explaining spectrum management and the concepts of frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA). It then provides a brief history of early radiotelephone systems and their limitations. The document goes on to explain the three basic communication modes, the three components of a basic cellular system, and factors that influence radio propagation in a mobile environment such as multipath. It concludes by discussing the need for multiple access techniques, and explaining the differences between circuit switching and packet switching.
Ericsson GSM RAN Capacity
The document discusses various solutions for improving radio network capacity in GSM networks. It describes three categories of capacity solutions: cell capacity solutions, network capacity solutions, and channel capacity solutions. For cell capacity, it covers techniques like multiple reuse patterns and fractional load planning that improve frequency reuse. For network capacity, it discusses adding different cell types and intelligent traffic distribution. For channel capacity, it discusses half-rate voice and GPRS data. The author recommends a three step approach for operators to maximize capacity: 1) tighten frequency reuse and enable AMR, 2) add spectrum bands and small cells, 3) continue expanding small cells.
frequency re use nb
The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to reuse frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. Cellular networks divide geographic areas into smaller cells and assign different frequency groups to neighboring cells to minimize interference and allow for frequency reuse. This allows the same frequencies to be reused in different cells separated by a sufficient distance.
Cellular concept new-S.S.Singh.pptx
Mobile communication systems utilize cellular networks to address the problems of spectral congestion and limited user capacity. A cellular network divides a large service area into smaller cell sites served by low-power base stations. Neighboring base stations are assigned different frequency groups to minimize interference. As mobile users move between cell sites, a process called handoff switches the user's connection from one base station to the next to maintain call quality without interruption. Proper timing of the handoff is important to ensure optimal signal levels and prevent calls from being dropped.
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-7-2277-2280
This document discusses different channel allocation schemes that can be used in wireless mesh networks to improve performance and reduce interference between nodes. It categorizes the schemes as static, dynamic, or hybrid. Static schemes permanently or semi-permanently assign channels. Dynamic schemes allow channel switching. Hybrid schemes use static allocation for some interfaces and dynamic for others. The document simulates different ratios of static to dynamic channels and finds that allocating an equal number to each performs best, balancing connectivity and flexibility. It concludes that a fully dynamic scheme with no division may further optimize performance.
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-7-2277-2280
This document discusses different channel allocation schemes that can be used in wireless mesh networks to improve performance and reduce interference between nodes. It categorizes the schemes as static, dynamic, or hybrid. Static schemes permanently or semi-permanently assign channels. Dynamic schemes allow channel switching. Hybrid schemes use static allocation for some interfaces and dynamic for others. The document simulates different ratios of static to dynamic channels and finds that allocating an equal number to each performs best, balancing connectivity and flexibility. It concludes that a purely dynamic scheme with no division may further optimize performance.
Larry Jordan II Lancaster
STANDARD ASCENSION TOWERS GROUP was established on Dec 08 2015 as a domestic business corporation. Larry Jordan II Buffalo NY. Founded 5 Stems llc a telecommunication infrastructure construction company Minority and vet owned. BS Florida Tech, MBA/PHD Colorado Tech.
Larry Jordan II Lancaster
STANDARD ASCENSION TOWERS GROUP was established on Dec 08 2015 as a domestic business corporation. Larry Jordan II Buffalo NY. Founded 5 Stems llc a telecommunication infrastructure construction company Minority and vet owned. BS Florida Tech, MBA/PHD Colorado Tech.
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This document provides information about cellular networks and cellular technology. It discusses how cellular networks work using a network of cells with radio signals and base stations to allow communication between mobile devices. It also describes some key aspects of cellular networks including frequency reuse, multiple access methods like FDMA and TDMA, signal encoding, handovers between cells, and provides an example of cellular networks using mobile phone networks.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with trad
itional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in th
e
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieve
d by using them only. It is required to achieve max
imum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing hi
gher order sectorization and by utilizing all possi
ble
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This pa
per presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sit
es
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The
main target of this paper is to compare the perform
ance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam sm
art antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better receive
d signal quality and user throughput. Splitting mac
ro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the ca
pacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advanc
e antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with im
proved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations a
t
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Dow
nlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interva
l (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of
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with
proposed network layout.
Advanced antenna techniques and high order sectorization with novel network t...
Mobile operators commonly use macro cells with traditional wide beam antennas for wider coverage in the
cell, but future capacity demands cannot be achieved by using them only. It is required to achieve maximum
practical capacity from macro cells by employing higher order sectorization and by utilizing all possible
antenna solutions including smart antennas. This paper presents enhanced tessellation for 6-sector sites
and proposes novel layout for 12-sector sites. The main target of this paper is to compare the performance
of conventional wide beam antenna, switched beam smart antenna, adaptive beam antenna and different
network layouts in terms of offering better received signal quality and user throughput. Splitting macro cell
into smaller micro or pico cells can improve the capacity of network, but this paper highlights the
importance of higher order sectorization and advance antenna techniques to attain high Signal to
Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), along with improved network capacity. Monte Carlo simulations at
system level were done for Dual Cell High Speed Downlink Packet Access (DC-HSDPA) technology with
multiple (five) users per Transmission Time Interval (TTI) at different Intersite Distance (ISD). The
obtained results validate and estimate the gain of using smart antennas and higher order sectorization with
proposed network layout.
29 88-96
Wimax technology has reshaped the framework of broadband wireless internet
service. It provides the internet service to unconnected or detached areas such as east South
Africa, rural areas of America and Asia region. Full duplex helpers employed with one of
the relay stations selection and indexing method that is Randomized Distributed Space Time
are used to expand the coverage area of primary Wimax station. The basic problem was
identified at cell edge due to weather conditions (rain, fog), insertion of destruction because
of multiple paths in the same communication channel and due to interference created by
other users in that communication. It is impractical task for the receiver station to decode
the transmitted signal successfully at the cell edges, which increases the high packet loss and
retransmissions. But Wimax is a outstanding technology which is used for improving the
quality of internet service and also it offers various services like Voice over Internet
Protocol, Video conferencing and Multimedia broadcast etc where a little delay in packet
transmission can cause a big loss in the communication. Even setup and initialization of
another Wimax station nearer to each other is not a good alternate, where any mobile
station can easily handover to another base station if it gets a strong signal from other one.
But in rural areas, for few numbers of customers, installation of base station nearer to each
other is costlier task. In this review article, we present a scheme using R-DSTC technique to
choose and select helpers (relay nodes) randomly to expand the coverage area and help to
mobile station as a helper to provide secure communication with base station. In this work,
we use full duplex helpers for better utilization of bandwidth.
Intorduction to cellular communication
This document provides an introduction to cellular communications. It discusses how mobile networks use separate radio channels and pairs of frequencies for communication between mobile devices and cell sites. It also describes how early mobile systems used one powerful transmitter while modern cellular networks use many low-power transmitters and a cellular structure. Key aspects of cellular network design are also summarized such as cells, clusters, frequency reuse, and handovers.
Wireless Communication Notes.pdf
This document contains lecture notes on wireless communication and networks. It discusses key concepts in cellular systems including frequency reuse, where the same radio channels are reused in cells separated by distances to limit interference. Channel allocation strategies and handoff strategies for transferring calls between cells are also examined. The document outlines several units that will be covered, including mobile radio propagation models, small-scale fading and multipath effects, equalization techniques to mitigate fading, and diversity methods. Finally, it provides an overview of wireless networking standards and topics to be discussed.
GSM/UMTS/LTE Basics
The GSM/UMTS/LTE Basics course presents in a concise form all the issues connected with modern cellular network, where GSM including GPRS/EDGE and UMTS including HSDPA/HSUPA services are commonly used and implementation of LTE together with IMS is a challenge of the following years.
During the training, all the radio access technologies i.e. GSM, UMTS and LTE and all types of services i.e. traditional telephony, packet transmission and IMS services are presented with the equal stress, since in the modern cellular network, all of them are run or will be run simultaneously in the near future.
Instead of presenting the topics in the traditional form, describing one technology after another, this course rather concentrates on common radio and network problems and on how this common problems are solved by GSM, UMTS and LTE, Thanks to, such form of the training, it becomes clear for the participants, that within 3GPP, there are no technologies that are fundamentally better or worsen then the others; each of them is optimized towards a certain environments and services; and all of them interwork with each other, creating one common, constantly evolving network.
With the GSM/UMTS/LTE Basics course participants may begin their cellular network education. Further, there are more advanced courses, which present aspects of GSM, UMTS and LTE technologies in greater detail.
Basic cellular system
Basic cellular system, cellular system, What is cellular system, Generations of cellular system, Features of cellular systems, Shape of cells, Types of Basic cellular systems, Types of cellular systems, Circuit-Switched Systems, Analog cellular system, Analog cellular system, Digital Systems , Packet-switched system, 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g, 5g, MGCGV, Shubham Mishra
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The document discusses wireless network architecture and operation. It introduces cellular concepts like frequency reuse, where the total spectrum is divided into smaller bands with each cell assigned a unique band. Neighboring cells use different bands to reduce interference. The same band is reused in distant cells. Cells are arranged in clusters, with the cluster size determining the frequency reuse number. A higher reuse number means a lower capacity but less interference. Hexagonal modeling is used to approximate cell coverage, with cell size hierarchies including femtocells, picocells, microcells and macrocells. Cell capacity is proportional to the number of clusters and channel reuse.
Nsu notes-unit-i
These are the notes on mobile computing for Dr. B.A.M University Aurangabad, Maharashtra by Former faculty in PES Engineering College Aurangabad Prof. Nitin S Ujgare
Unit i
TDMA, CDMA, FDMA, and SDMA are different multiple access techniques used in mobile communications. TDMA divides each channel into time slots and allocates slots to different users. CDMA encodes each conversation with a pseudo-random sequence and all users share the full spectrum. FDMA divides the bandwidth into individual frequency bands, each assigned to a single user. SDMA uses smart antennas to create spatial pipes between the base station and mobile users to improve performance.
Cellular networks
The document provides an overview of cellular network concepts and architecture. It discusses how early cellular networks used a single, high-power base station, which led to capacity issues. The core idea of cellular networks was to use multiple, lower-power base stations divided into cells to increase capacity. Key concepts include cell tessellation, handoffs between cells as users move, frequency reuse between cells to avoid interference, and network architecture components like base stations, switches, and subscriber databases.
lec.2 Multiple Access.pptx
The document discusses multiple access technologies used in cellular networks, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). FDMA divides the available spectrum into separate frequency channels that are assigned to users. TDMA divides each frequency channel into time slots that are assigned to users in a timed sequence. The document then covers the cellular concept, which involves dividing a service area into smaller cells served by low-power base stations and reusing frequencies in cells separated by a sufficient distance to avoid interference. This allows for increased network capacity compared to a single high-power transmitter covering the whole area. Key aspects covered include frequency reuse, cell shapes and sizes, interference types, and formulas for calculating reuse distance and network capacity
lec.2 Multiple Access.pptx
The document discusses multiple access technologies used in cellular networks, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). FDMA divides the available spectrum into separate frequency channels that are assigned to users. TDMA divides each frequency channel into time slots that are assigned to users in a timed sequence. The document then covers the cellular concept, which involves dividing a service area into smaller cells served by low-power base stations and reusing frequencies in cells separated by a sufficient distance to avoid interference. This allows for increased network capacity compared to a single high-power transmitter covering the whole area. Key aspects covered include frequency reuse, cell shapes and sizes, interference types, and formulas for calculating reuse distance and network capacity
Bt0086 mobile computing 1
This document discusses several key concepts in mobile computing and cellular networks. It begins by explaining spectrum management and the concepts of frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA). It then provides a brief history of early radiotelephone systems and their limitations. The document goes on to explain the three basic communication modes, the three components of a basic cellular system, and factors that influence radio propagation in a mobile environment such as multipath. It concludes by discussing the need for multiple access techniques, and explaining the differences between circuit switching and packet switching.
Ericsson GSM RAN Capacity
The document discusses various solutions for improving radio network capacity in GSM networks. It describes three categories of capacity solutions: cell capacity solutions, network capacity solutions, and channel capacity solutions. For cell capacity, it covers techniques like multiple reuse patterns and fractional load planning that improve frequency reuse. For network capacity, it discusses adding different cell types and intelligent traffic distribution. For channel capacity, it discusses half-rate voice and GPRS data. The author recommends a three step approach for operators to maximize capacity: 1) tighten frequency reuse and enable AMR, 2) add spectrum bands and small cells, 3) continue expanding small cells.
frequency re use nb
The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to reuse frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. Cellular networks divide geographic areas into smaller cells and assign different frequency groups to neighboring cells to minimize interference and allow for frequency reuse. This allows the same frequencies to be reused in different cells separated by a sufficient distance.
Cellular concept new-S.S.Singh.pptx
Mobile communication systems utilize cellular networks to address the problems of spectral congestion and limited user capacity. A cellular network divides a large service area into smaller cell sites served by low-power base stations. Neighboring base stations are assigned different frequency groups to minimize interference. As mobile users move between cell sites, a process called handoff switches the user's connection from one base station to the next to maintain call quality without interruption. Proper timing of the handoff is important to ensure optimal signal levels and prevent calls from being dropped.
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-7-2277-2280
This document discusses different channel allocation schemes that can be used in wireless mesh networks to improve performance and reduce interference between nodes. It categorizes the schemes as static, dynamic, or hybrid. Static schemes permanently or semi-permanently assign channels. Dynamic schemes allow channel switching. Hybrid schemes use static allocation for some interfaces and dynamic for others. The document simulates different ratios of static to dynamic channels and finds that allocating an equal number to each performs best, balancing connectivity and flexibility. It concludes that a fully dynamic scheme with no division may further optimize performance.
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-7-2277-2280
This document discusses different channel allocation schemes that can be used in wireless mesh networks to improve performance and reduce interference between nodes. It categorizes the schemes as static, dynamic, or hybrid. Static schemes permanently or semi-permanently assign channels. Dynamic schemes allow channel switching. Hybrid schemes use static allocation for some interfaces and dynamic for others. The document simulates different ratios of static to dynamic channels and finds that allocating an equal number to each performs best, balancing connectivity and flexibility. It concludes that a purely dynamic scheme with no division may further optimize performance.
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- 1. The architecture of the cellular networks, Larry Jordan Buffalo NY A cellular network is made up of some cells. The cell covers a geographical area whose base station conforms to 802.11 AP which helps mobile users to connect to the network. There is an air interface of the physical and link layer protocols between the mobile and the base station. All these base stations are connected to the mobile switching centre which connects the cells to the wide area net, manages call setup, and handles mobility. There is a radio spectrum that is allocated to base stations and a particular area and which now needs to be shared. There are 2 techniques for sharing mobile-to-base station radio spectrum. 1. Combined FDMA/TDMA It divides the spectrum into frequency channels and divides each channel into time slots. 2. Code Division Multiple Access This allows the re-use of the same spectrum on all cells. Two frequency bands are used to improve net efficiency, one forward channel for the cell site to the subscriber and one reverse channel for the cell site to the sub. Cell Fundamentals In practice the cells are of arbitrary shape close to a circle as it has equal power on all sides and equal sensitivity on all sides but placing two or three circles side by side may cause gaps or overlap each other in sequence can keep. To solve this problem, an equilateral triangle, square, or regular hexagon is used in which the hexagonal cell is close to the circle used for a system design. The number of cells in cluster N determines the amount of co-channel interference and the number of frequency channels available per channel. Cell Splitting When the number of subscribers in a given area increases it is necessary to allocate more channels covered by that channel which is done by cell segmentation. A single small cell passage is introduced between the two co-channel cells. Need for Cellular Hierarchy It helps extend coverage to areas that are difficult to cover by a single large cell. Also, to increase the capacity of the network for areas that has a high density of users. The growing number of wireless devices and the communication between them. CellularHierarchy Femto cells The smallest unit in the hierarchy these cells only need to cover a few meters where all devices are in physical range of use. Pico cells The size of these networks is in the range of a few tens of meters, for example, WLAN. Micro cells Cover a range of hundreds of meters to support PCS in urban areas which is another type of mobile technology.
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