Large companies are immensely powerful entities, to the point that they have frequently trumped
the interests of sovereign nations. American businessmen deposed the queen of Hawai\'i in 1893
because they were incensed with her tariff policies. The formerly independent country became an
American territory a few years later. Corporate interests frequently harm local communities, as
in 1928 when the Colombian army massacred an unknown number of striking United Fruit
Company workers. The U.S. had threatened a military invasion of Colombia to protect the
company\'s interests.
Corporations can have enormously detrimental effects on the environment. Oil spills are some of
the most conspicuous examples, but industries as varied as chemical manufacturing, mining,
agriculture and fishing can do permanent damage to local ecosystems. Climate change can also
be attributed in large part to corporations. While their responsibility is hard to untangle from that
of the consumers who demand electricity and transportation, it is difficult to deny that many
corporations have profited from the deterioration of the global environment.
In many cases, harm to the environment and harm to vulnerable communities go hand-in-hand:
indigenous groups in the Amazon rainforest, for example, have been decimated and even wiped
out, both intentionally and unintentionally, in order to make room for logging, cattle ranching,
gold mining, oil and gas drilling and hydroelectric power generation.
In light of this often dark legacy, some areas of corporate culture have begun to embrace a
philosophy that balances the pursuit of profit with a commitment to ethical conduct. Google
Inc\'s (GOOG) slogan sums up the idea of corporate social responsibility nicely: \"Don\'t be
evil.\"
The same money and influence that enable large companies to inflict damage on people and the
environment allows them to effect positive change. At its simplest, a corporation can give money
to charity. Companies can also use their influence to pressure governments and other companies
to treat people and resources more ethically. When Martin Luther King, Jr. won the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1964, Atlanta\'s business leaders initially refused to attend a dinner celebrating the
Atlanta native\'s achievement. Coca Cola Co.\'s (KO) CEO, recognizing the damage such a
display of segregationist attitudes could do to the firm\'s international brand, threatened to move
Coke out of the city, causing an immediate change of heart in the local business elite.
Companies can invest in local communities in order to offset the negative impact their operations
might have. A natural resources firm that begins to operate in a poor community might build a
school, offer medical services or improve irrigation and sanitation equipment. Similarly, a
company might invest in research and development in sustainable technologies, even though the
project might not immediately lead to increased profitability.
In order to account for the importanc.
Business in SocietyP A R T O N ELaw29473_ch01_001-.docxaryan532920
Business
in Society
P A R T O N E
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2
The Corporation and
Its Stakeholders
Business corporations have complex relationships with many individuals and organizations in soci-
ety. The term stakeholder refers to all those that affect, or are affected by, the actions of the firm. An
important part of management’s role is to identify a firm’s relevant stakeholders and understand the
nature of their interests, power, and alliances with one another. Building positive and mutually ben-
eficial relationships across organizational boundaries can help enhance a company’s reputation and
address critical social and ethical challenges. In a world of fast-paced globalization, shifting public
expectations and government policies, growing ecological concerns, and new technologies, manag-
ers face the difficult challenge of achieving economic results while simultaneously creating value for
all of their diverse stakeholders.
This Chapter Focuses on These Key Learning Objectives:
• Understanding the relationship between business and society and the ways in which business
and society are part of an interactive system.
• Considering the purpose of the modern corporation.
• Knowing what a stakeholder is and who a corporation’s market and nonmarket and internal and
external stakeholders are.
• Conducting a stakeholder analysis and understanding the basis of stakeholder interests and
power.
• Recognizing the diverse ways in which modern corporations organize internally to interact with
various stakeholders.
• Analyzing the forces of change that continually reshape the business and society relationship.
C H A P T E R O N E
Law29473_ch01_001-023.indd Page 2 29/11/12 9:36 PM user-TRVT-065Law29473_ch01_001-023.indd Page 2 29/11/12 9:36 PM user-TRVT-065 /Volumes/201/MH01821/Law29473_disk1of1/0078029473/Law29473_pagefiles/Volumes/201/MH01821/Law29473_disk1of1/0078029473/Law29473_pagefiles
Chapter 1 The Corporation and Its Stakeholders 3
1
Nelson Lichtenstein, “Wal-Mart: A Template for Twenty-First Century Capitalism,” in Wal-Mart: The Face of Twenty-First
Century Capitalism, ed. Nelson Lichtenstein (New York: The New Press, 2006), pp. 3–30.
2
Global Insight, “The Price Impact of Wal-Mart: An Update through 2006,” September 4, 2007.
3
“Wal-Mart Stock Near All-Time High,” The Wall Street Journal, June 28, 2012.
4
“Wal-Mart Hushed Up a Vast Mexican Bribery Case,” The New York Times, April 21, 2012.
5
“Wal-Mart Cuts Some Health Care Benefits,” The New York Times , October 20, 2011.
6
“Chinatown Walmart Opponents Plan 10,000-Strong March,” NBC Southern California, at www.nbclosangeles.com .
7 ...
Corporate Advocacy in a Time of Social Outrage.pdfIQbal KHan
Businesses can’t weigh in on every issue that employees care about. But they can create a culture of open dialogue and ethical transparency. by Alison Taylor
Business in SocietyP A R T O N ELaw29473_ch01_001-.docxaryan532920
Business
in Society
P A R T O N E
Law29473_ch01_001-023.indd Page 1 29/11/12 9:36 PM user-TRVT-065Law29473_ch01_001-023.indd Page 1 29/11/12 9:36 PM user-TRVT-065 /Volumes/201/MH01821/Law29473_disk1of1/0078029473/Law29473_pagefiles/Volumes/201/MH01821/Law29473_disk1of1/0078029473/Law29473_pagefiles
2
The Corporation and
Its Stakeholders
Business corporations have complex relationships with many individuals and organizations in soci-
ety. The term stakeholder refers to all those that affect, or are affected by, the actions of the firm. An
important part of management’s role is to identify a firm’s relevant stakeholders and understand the
nature of their interests, power, and alliances with one another. Building positive and mutually ben-
eficial relationships across organizational boundaries can help enhance a company’s reputation and
address critical social and ethical challenges. In a world of fast-paced globalization, shifting public
expectations and government policies, growing ecological concerns, and new technologies, manag-
ers face the difficult challenge of achieving economic results while simultaneously creating value for
all of their diverse stakeholders.
This Chapter Focuses on These Key Learning Objectives:
• Understanding the relationship between business and society and the ways in which business
and society are part of an interactive system.
• Considering the purpose of the modern corporation.
• Knowing what a stakeholder is and who a corporation’s market and nonmarket and internal and
external stakeholders are.
• Conducting a stakeholder analysis and understanding the basis of stakeholder interests and
power.
• Recognizing the diverse ways in which modern corporations organize internally to interact with
various stakeholders.
• Analyzing the forces of change that continually reshape the business and society relationship.
C H A P T E R O N E
Law29473_ch01_001-023.indd Page 2 29/11/12 9:36 PM user-TRVT-065Law29473_ch01_001-023.indd Page 2 29/11/12 9:36 PM user-TRVT-065 /Volumes/201/MH01821/Law29473_disk1of1/0078029473/Law29473_pagefiles/Volumes/201/MH01821/Law29473_disk1of1/0078029473/Law29473_pagefiles
Chapter 1 The Corporation and Its Stakeholders 3
1
Nelson Lichtenstein, “Wal-Mart: A Template for Twenty-First Century Capitalism,” in Wal-Mart: The Face of Twenty-First
Century Capitalism, ed. Nelson Lichtenstein (New York: The New Press, 2006), pp. 3–30.
2
Global Insight, “The Price Impact of Wal-Mart: An Update through 2006,” September 4, 2007.
3
“Wal-Mart Stock Near All-Time High,” The Wall Street Journal, June 28, 2012.
4
“Wal-Mart Hushed Up a Vast Mexican Bribery Case,” The New York Times, April 21, 2012.
5
“Wal-Mart Cuts Some Health Care Benefits,” The New York Times , October 20, 2011.
6
“Chinatown Walmart Opponents Plan 10,000-Strong March,” NBC Southern California, at www.nbclosangeles.com .
7 ...
Corporate Advocacy in a Time of Social Outrage.pdfIQbal KHan
Businesses can’t weigh in on every issue that employees care about. But they can create a culture of open dialogue and ethical transparency. by Alison Taylor
Lesson Five Corporate Ethics in the 21st CenturyLesson Four d.docxsmile790243
Lesson Five: Corporate Ethics in the 21st Century
Lesson Four discussed some of the most prominent behavioral theories concerning leadership as well as their ethical implications. Lesson Six will introduce some modern concepts of ethics for businesses, including socially responsible investing, corporate social responsibility, and environmentalism.
With changes in public perception over time, the expectations of businesses operating within American society has changed considerably throughout the history of our nation. The classical view on the ethical role of businesses was predicated on the principle of profit maximization: the idea that the only purpose of a business is to maximize the amount of money generated for its owners. Furthermore, anything that runs counter to or distracts from this prerogative is antithetical to the essence of a business. The obligation to obey the law is implied based on the fact that businesses which violate laws typically suffer losses in the form of fines or even forced closure; so compliance with the law is a behavior that is compatible with, and in fact necessary to, the principle of profit maximization.
However, things have changed. Businesses have grown to sizes and degrees of influence that present substantial threats to the welfare of communities, families, the natural environment, etc. and society no longer sees businesses as being responsible only to shareholders (McWilliams & Siegel, 2001). This lesson will discuss the ways in which changes in public perception have reshaped the ethical obligations of businesses in the 21st century.
Socially Responsible Investing (SRI)
One of the biggest ways in which public perception has changed business and industry is through socially responsible investment (SRI) funds. In the business startup world, some investors with strong ethical compasses have chosen to restrict the types of businesses in which they are willing to invest with their capital (Sparkes & Cowton, 2004). Some of these restricted categories are more or less unanimously seen as immoral industries. Others, however, are more controversial.
· Alcohol: Obviously not all people abuse alcohol, and not all people view producers of alcohol as immoral. However, many SRI funds exclude alcohol companies because of the tragic effects that alcohol has in contexts such as drunk driving, etc.
· Tobacco: Virtually the same arguments that apply to alcohol apply to tobacco, except that tobacco is vilified for its unmistakable role in cancers, emphysema, and early mortality. Thus, SRI funds typically avoid tobacco companies as well.
· Gambling: Like alcohol, not all people have gambling problems or see any ethical issue with the gambling industry. However, we do know that gambling is another addictive behavior, and for this reason casinos are typically excluded from SRI funds.
· Weapons: Firearms are a heated subject with all of the current political debate surrounding Second Amendment rights and the best ways ...
COVID-19 Marketing Analysis for Rural AmericaColle McVoy
As we navigate the global pandemic, we’ve created a framework consisting of three phases to help manage the uncertainty: Stabilize, Empathize, Optimize.
The last three weeks have been spent working on stabilizing the welfare of our people, companies and business. We are now in the empathize phase, where we gain an understanding of human needs in this new reality and how brands can answer these needs. This deck presents marketing recommendations based on research that reflect current consumer conditions for rural America.
Social licence to operate: A solution for community crises with oil companiesCSR-in-Action
Globally, resistance from local communities threatens the growth of extractive and energy sectors such as oil and gas and mining. Such resistance has led to several deaths, economic losses, prohibition of projects, and has continued to threaten the activities of oil and gas companies not for the lack of a legal license to operate, but for the lack of a Social Licence to Operate (SLO). This piece provides insight into the need to obtain a SLO and how best to measure it.
Future of the company An initial perspective - Paige Morrow - Frank BoldFuture Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of the company by Paige Morrow, Head of Brussels Operations at Frank Bold. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
Who Will Be the Rock Stars of Corporate Sustainability?Victoria Zelin
This article was written in January, 2010, based on my presentation at the conference, Science, Wisdom, and the Future: Humanity's Quest for a Flourishing Earth in 2009. Published as a book of the same name in 2012 by Collins Foundation Press as a compilation of essays by scientists, philosophers, economists, educators, activists, artists and business people.
http://www.collinsfoundationpress.com/
You will want to look at electronegativity differ.pdfannikasarees
You will want to look at electronegativity differences between elements in a
molecule. Ionic bonds will only occur when the difference of electronegativity for the bonding
elemets is high, such as Sodium (very low electronegativity) and Chlorine (very high
electronegativity). Depending on which chemistry you are taking, you could even go as simple is
ionic bonding occurs only when bonding elements on different sides of the periodic table.
Phosphorous and Antimony are fairly close to Chlorine, and thus will form a covalent bond. To
find out whether it is polar or non-polar, you must look closer into the difference of
electronegativity in the entire molecule, but for this example, just take a quick glance at a Lewis
Dot Diagram. If the molecule is symmetric (like most organic chemicals), the molecule is non-
polar (like most organic chemicals). If the molecule is not symmetric, it will be polar, like water.
Solution
You will want to look at electronegativity differences between elements in a
molecule. Ionic bonds will only occur when the difference of electronegativity for the bonding
elemets is high, such as Sodium (very low electronegativity) and Chlorine (very high
electronegativity). Depending on which chemistry you are taking, you could even go as simple is
ionic bonding occurs only when bonding elements on different sides of the periodic table.
Phosphorous and Antimony are fairly close to Chlorine, and thus will form a covalent bond. To
find out whether it is polar or non-polar, you must look closer into the difference of
electronegativity in the entire molecule, but for this example, just take a quick glance at a Lewis
Dot Diagram. If the molecule is symmetric (like most organic chemicals), the molecule is non-
polar (like most organic chemicals). If the molecule is not symmetric, it will be polar, like water..
Well 1-Heptanol is a straight chained 7 carbon mo.pdfannikasarees
Well 1-Heptanol is a straight chained 7 carbon molecule with an OHgroup attached
to one end, to state the obvious. Because 1-Heptanol is longer than Ethanol, the Oxygen does
not havemuch of an effect on the electron distribution at the far end ofthe molecule. Conversely,
Ethanol has two carbons attached toan OH group. The electrons around those two carbons
aregreatly affected by the OH group. So if you made a map of polarity of each of these
molecules, theentire Ethanol molecule would likely be affected by the OHgroup. In 1-Heptanol,
the polarity would be concentrated nearthe OH group, but the other end of the molecule would
likely beunaffected by the presence of the OH group. Therefore theEthanol molecule is more
polar, because the entire molecule\'selectron density is affected. Does this make sense? If you
have any questions about myexplanation or you want clarification please ask.
Solution
Well 1-Heptanol is a straight chained 7 carbon molecule with an OHgroup attached
to one end, to state the obvious. Because 1-Heptanol is longer than Ethanol, the Oxygen does
not havemuch of an effect on the electron distribution at the far end ofthe molecule. Conversely,
Ethanol has two carbons attached toan OH group. The electrons around those two carbons
aregreatly affected by the OH group. So if you made a map of polarity of each of these
molecules, theentire Ethanol molecule would likely be affected by the OHgroup. In 1-Heptanol,
the polarity would be concentrated nearthe OH group, but the other end of the molecule would
likely beunaffected by the presence of the OH group. Therefore theEthanol molecule is more
polar, because the entire molecule\'selectron density is affected. Does this make sense? If you
have any questions about myexplanation or you want clarification please ask..
More Related Content
Similar to Large companies are immensely powerful entities, to the point that t.pdf
Lesson Five Corporate Ethics in the 21st CenturyLesson Four d.docxsmile790243
Lesson Five: Corporate Ethics in the 21st Century
Lesson Four discussed some of the most prominent behavioral theories concerning leadership as well as their ethical implications. Lesson Six will introduce some modern concepts of ethics for businesses, including socially responsible investing, corporate social responsibility, and environmentalism.
With changes in public perception over time, the expectations of businesses operating within American society has changed considerably throughout the history of our nation. The classical view on the ethical role of businesses was predicated on the principle of profit maximization: the idea that the only purpose of a business is to maximize the amount of money generated for its owners. Furthermore, anything that runs counter to or distracts from this prerogative is antithetical to the essence of a business. The obligation to obey the law is implied based on the fact that businesses which violate laws typically suffer losses in the form of fines or even forced closure; so compliance with the law is a behavior that is compatible with, and in fact necessary to, the principle of profit maximization.
However, things have changed. Businesses have grown to sizes and degrees of influence that present substantial threats to the welfare of communities, families, the natural environment, etc. and society no longer sees businesses as being responsible only to shareholders (McWilliams & Siegel, 2001). This lesson will discuss the ways in which changes in public perception have reshaped the ethical obligations of businesses in the 21st century.
Socially Responsible Investing (SRI)
One of the biggest ways in which public perception has changed business and industry is through socially responsible investment (SRI) funds. In the business startup world, some investors with strong ethical compasses have chosen to restrict the types of businesses in which they are willing to invest with their capital (Sparkes & Cowton, 2004). Some of these restricted categories are more or less unanimously seen as immoral industries. Others, however, are more controversial.
· Alcohol: Obviously not all people abuse alcohol, and not all people view producers of alcohol as immoral. However, many SRI funds exclude alcohol companies because of the tragic effects that alcohol has in contexts such as drunk driving, etc.
· Tobacco: Virtually the same arguments that apply to alcohol apply to tobacco, except that tobacco is vilified for its unmistakable role in cancers, emphysema, and early mortality. Thus, SRI funds typically avoid tobacco companies as well.
· Gambling: Like alcohol, not all people have gambling problems or see any ethical issue with the gambling industry. However, we do know that gambling is another addictive behavior, and for this reason casinos are typically excluded from SRI funds.
· Weapons: Firearms are a heated subject with all of the current political debate surrounding Second Amendment rights and the best ways ...
COVID-19 Marketing Analysis for Rural AmericaColle McVoy
As we navigate the global pandemic, we’ve created a framework consisting of three phases to help manage the uncertainty: Stabilize, Empathize, Optimize.
The last three weeks have been spent working on stabilizing the welfare of our people, companies and business. We are now in the empathize phase, where we gain an understanding of human needs in this new reality and how brands can answer these needs. This deck presents marketing recommendations based on research that reflect current consumer conditions for rural America.
Social licence to operate: A solution for community crises with oil companiesCSR-in-Action
Globally, resistance from local communities threatens the growth of extractive and energy sectors such as oil and gas and mining. Such resistance has led to several deaths, economic losses, prohibition of projects, and has continued to threaten the activities of oil and gas companies not for the lack of a legal license to operate, but for the lack of a Social Licence to Operate (SLO). This piece provides insight into the need to obtain a SLO and how best to measure it.
Future of the company An initial perspective - Paige Morrow - Frank BoldFuture Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of the company by Paige Morrow, Head of Brussels Operations at Frank Bold. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
Who Will Be the Rock Stars of Corporate Sustainability?Victoria Zelin
This article was written in January, 2010, based on my presentation at the conference, Science, Wisdom, and the Future: Humanity's Quest for a Flourishing Earth in 2009. Published as a book of the same name in 2012 by Collins Foundation Press as a compilation of essays by scientists, philosophers, economists, educators, activists, artists and business people.
http://www.collinsfoundationpress.com/
You will want to look at electronegativity differ.pdfannikasarees
You will want to look at electronegativity differences between elements in a
molecule. Ionic bonds will only occur when the difference of electronegativity for the bonding
elemets is high, such as Sodium (very low electronegativity) and Chlorine (very high
electronegativity). Depending on which chemistry you are taking, you could even go as simple is
ionic bonding occurs only when bonding elements on different sides of the periodic table.
Phosphorous and Antimony are fairly close to Chlorine, and thus will form a covalent bond. To
find out whether it is polar or non-polar, you must look closer into the difference of
electronegativity in the entire molecule, but for this example, just take a quick glance at a Lewis
Dot Diagram. If the molecule is symmetric (like most organic chemicals), the molecule is non-
polar (like most organic chemicals). If the molecule is not symmetric, it will be polar, like water.
Solution
You will want to look at electronegativity differences between elements in a
molecule. Ionic bonds will only occur when the difference of electronegativity for the bonding
elemets is high, such as Sodium (very low electronegativity) and Chlorine (very high
electronegativity). Depending on which chemistry you are taking, you could even go as simple is
ionic bonding occurs only when bonding elements on different sides of the periodic table.
Phosphorous and Antimony are fairly close to Chlorine, and thus will form a covalent bond. To
find out whether it is polar or non-polar, you must look closer into the difference of
electronegativity in the entire molecule, but for this example, just take a quick glance at a Lewis
Dot Diagram. If the molecule is symmetric (like most organic chemicals), the molecule is non-
polar (like most organic chemicals). If the molecule is not symmetric, it will be polar, like water..
Well 1-Heptanol is a straight chained 7 carbon mo.pdfannikasarees
Well 1-Heptanol is a straight chained 7 carbon molecule with an OHgroup attached
to one end, to state the obvious. Because 1-Heptanol is longer than Ethanol, the Oxygen does
not havemuch of an effect on the electron distribution at the far end ofthe molecule. Conversely,
Ethanol has two carbons attached toan OH group. The electrons around those two carbons
aregreatly affected by the OH group. So if you made a map of polarity of each of these
molecules, theentire Ethanol molecule would likely be affected by the OHgroup. In 1-Heptanol,
the polarity would be concentrated nearthe OH group, but the other end of the molecule would
likely beunaffected by the presence of the OH group. Therefore theEthanol molecule is more
polar, because the entire molecule\'selectron density is affected. Does this make sense? If you
have any questions about myexplanation or you want clarification please ask.
Solution
Well 1-Heptanol is a straight chained 7 carbon molecule with an OHgroup attached
to one end, to state the obvious. Because 1-Heptanol is longer than Ethanol, the Oxygen does
not havemuch of an effect on the electron distribution at the far end ofthe molecule. Conversely,
Ethanol has two carbons attached toan OH group. The electrons around those two carbons
aregreatly affected by the OH group. So if you made a map of polarity of each of these
molecules, theentire Ethanol molecule would likely be affected by the OHgroup. In 1-Heptanol,
the polarity would be concentrated nearthe OH group, but the other end of the molecule would
likely beunaffected by the presence of the OH group. Therefore theEthanol molecule is more
polar, because the entire molecule\'selectron density is affected. Does this make sense? If you
have any questions about myexplanation or you want clarification please ask..
The rings cannot attach to each other on C atoms .pdfannikasarees
The rings cannot attach to each other on C atoms in the ring. So the middle CH2 is
assumed present unless otherwise mentioned
Solution
The rings cannot attach to each other on C atoms in the ring. So the middle CH2 is
assumed present unless otherwise mentioned.
Waters bent structure leads to its polar nature.pdfannikasarees
Water\'s bent structure leads to its polar nature, which is the cause for most of its
unique properties. It the molecule were straight, it would not be polar and this would be quite
disruptive. Water would no longer be strongly attracted to itself or other polar molecules. So
water would no longer have surface tension. Insects which walk on water would fall through.
Water would have a far lower boiling point, so it would evaporate much more easily. Also,
boiling water would no longer be hot enough to cook food. The hydrogen bonding character of
water would change, resulting in that ice would no longer be less dense than liquid water, and
therefore ice would sink to the bottom of bodies of water. Most disastrous would be the effect on
living things. Water would no longer be a solvent and so anything which is dissolved in water in
animal\'s bodies would come out of solution. Ions and electrolytes would come out of the water
and clump up in the body. Without water to dissolve things, the blood could no longer carry
certain essential chemicals to the cells, nor could it carry certain toxic wastes away from cells.
Cellular metabolism would soon cease to function and life as we know it would for the most part
cease. ===================== If water were a linear molecule, would it still be polar? 1
Yes No .Would the water molecules still be able to form hydrogen bonds with one another? 2
Yes No . ANsWER Answer Details 1. no 2. yes. note: if the water molecule is linear, the net
dipole moment is zero. thus, it is not polar. However, the O-H bond is still polar due to the
different electronegativity of O and H atoms. Thus, the H---O-H hydrogen bonds still exist.
Solution
Water\'s bent structure leads to its polar nature, which is the cause for most of its
unique properties. It the molecule were straight, it would not be polar and this would be quite
disruptive. Water would no longer be strongly attracted to itself or other polar molecules. So
water would no longer have surface tension. Insects which walk on water would fall through.
Water would have a far lower boiling point, so it would evaporate much more easily. Also,
boiling water would no longer be hot enough to cook food. The hydrogen bonding character of
water would change, resulting in that ice would no longer be less dense than liquid water, and
therefore ice would sink to the bottom of bodies of water. Most disastrous would be the effect on
living things. Water would no longer be a solvent and so anything which is dissolved in water in
animal\'s bodies would come out of solution. Ions and electrolytes would come out of the water
and clump up in the body. Without water to dissolve things, the blood could no longer carry
certain essential chemicals to the cells, nor could it carry certain toxic wastes away from cells.
Cellular metabolism would soon cease to function and life as we know it would for the most part
cease. ===================== If water were a linear molecule, would it still be pol.
The given set of values cannot be represented as .pdfannikasarees
The given set of values cannot be represented as a combination of one another.
There they are linearly independent,
Solution
The given set of values cannot be represented as a combination of one another.
There they are linearly independent,.
Solution containing HCN and NaCN in ions form as .pdfannikasarees
Solution
containing HCN and NaCN in ions form as HCN(aq), H3O+(aq) ,CN- (aq) and Na+ (aq) when
adding acid H3O+ (of acid) + CN- <--> HCN + H2O When adding base OH- + H3O+ --> 2H2O.
lone pairs of electrons also occupy the orbitals .pdfannikasarees
lone pairs of electrons also occupy the orbitals in the valence shell of an atom in a
molecule. Thus, it affect the hybridization of an atom and the geometry of the molecule.
Solution
lone pairs of electrons also occupy the orbitals in the valence shell of an atom in a
molecule. Thus, it affect the hybridization of an atom and the geometry of the molecule..
What is the relationship between Accounting and an Accounting inform.pdfannikasarees
What is the relationship between Accounting and an Accounting information system? (2.5
Marks)
Accounting-Methods, procedures, and standards followed in accumulating, classifying,
recording, and reporting business events and transactions. The accounting system includes the
formal records and original source data. Regulatory requirements may exist on how a particular
accounting system is to be maintained (e.g., insurance company).
Accounting Information System-Subsystem of a Management Information System (MIS) that
processes financial transactions to provide (1) internal reporting to managers for use in planning
and controlling current and future operations and for nonroutine decision making; (2) external
reporting to outside parties such as to stockholders, creditors, and government agencies.
• What has happened to the relationship over the years? (2.5 Marks)
Accounting and Information technology are two terms which are the used in every business .
Because both are needed for effective working of a corporate or company. It is the need of time
that we should understand the relationship between Accounting and Information Technology .
Accounting is related recording and utilisation of recorded data . Information technology is
scientific , technological , engineering disciplines and management technique used in
information handling and processing , their application , computers and their interaction with
men and machines and associated , economical and cultural matters . In Simple wording IT is
that technique which and get and utilize the information with effective and efficient way.
Now , we are ready for giving the relationship between Accounting And Information
technology.
Both are related to get information and utilization of that information . So both are
interconnected with each other . If our specialize of both area merge both system with scientific
and technical way , then they easily overcome the different problems due to lack of correct and
adequate information related to business.
• What is accounting information? (1 marks)
Accounting information can be classified into two categories: financial accounting or public
information and managerial accounting or private information. Financial accounting includes
information disseminated to parties that are not part of the enterprise proper—stockholders,
creditors, customers, suppliers, regulatory commissions, financial analysts, and trade
associations—although the information is also of interest to the company\'s officers and
managers. Such information relates to the financial position, liquidity (that is, ability to convert
to cash), and profitability of an enterprise.
Managerial accounting deals with cost-profit-volume relationships, efficiency and productivity,
planning and control, pricing decisions, capital budgeting, and similar matters. This information
is not generally disseminated outside the company. Whereas the general-purpose financial
statements of financial accounting are assumed.
Yes,all macromolecule are passed from nuclear pore envelope to cytop.pdfannikasarees
Yes,all macromolecule are passed from nuclear pore envelope to cytoplasmic
compartments(including ER).Transport of macromolecules between the nuclear and cytoplasmic
compartments occurs through nuclear pore complexes that span the double membrane of this
envelope.
Solution
Yes,all macromolecule are passed from nuclear pore envelope to cytoplasmic
compartments(including ER).Transport of macromolecules between the nuclear and cytoplasmic
compartments occurs through nuclear pore complexes that span the double membrane of this
envelope..
The transport of sodium ions and glucose into the cell is through sy.pdfannikasarees
The transport of sodium ions and glucose into the cell is through symnport. For every two
sodium ions transported into cell, one glucose is also transported in the same direction. The
concentration gradient of sodium is used to transport glucose into the cell, against its own
concentration gradient (that is, irrespective of the concentration of glucose). This is why, though
the glucose concentration inside the cell is higher compared to the cell exterior, glucose is
transported inside.
In the given experiment, the concentration of sodium ions inside the cell is initially low or very
less. There is a large concentration gradient of Na+ ions, due to which they are transported into
the cell easily. Glucose is also transported along with, without any hindrance. When equilibrium
is attained between the cell exterior and the cell interior with respect to sodium ions, there is no
net movement of ions into the cell. Therefore, symport of glucose is stopped.
When the concentration of extracellular Na+ ions increases, the concentration gradient also
increases as a result of which there is high net movement of Na+ ions into the cells. The cells
reaches equilibrium quickly, and this is why the plateau is reached.
B. Leaky channels allow leaking of Na+ and K+ ions to leak down their concentration gradient.
Therefore, apart from Na+ K+ pump, the channels also transport the ions, without transporting
glucose. Therefore, less glucose enters the cells, the cells reach equilibrium quickly.
Solution
The transport of sodium ions and glucose into the cell is through symnport. For every two
sodium ions transported into cell, one glucose is also transported in the same direction. The
concentration gradient of sodium is used to transport glucose into the cell, against its own
concentration gradient (that is, irrespective of the concentration of glucose). This is why, though
the glucose concentration inside the cell is higher compared to the cell exterior, glucose is
transported inside.
In the given experiment, the concentration of sodium ions inside the cell is initially low or very
less. There is a large concentration gradient of Na+ ions, due to which they are transported into
the cell easily. Glucose is also transported along with, without any hindrance. When equilibrium
is attained between the cell exterior and the cell interior with respect to sodium ions, there is no
net movement of ions into the cell. Therefore, symport of glucose is stopped.
When the concentration of extracellular Na+ ions increases, the concentration gradient also
increases as a result of which there is high net movement of Na+ ions into the cells. The cells
reaches equilibrium quickly, and this is why the plateau is reached.
B. Leaky channels allow leaking of Na+ and K+ ions to leak down their concentration gradient.
Therefore, apart from Na+ K+ pump, the channels also transport the ions, without transporting
glucose. Therefore, less glucose enters the cells, the cells reach equilibrium qu.
the issue of camera and cell phone privecy is importent many cell ph.pdfannikasarees
the issue of camera and cell phone privecy is importent many cell phone cameras by default and
automatically reveal amount of information such as physical location of picture,time,and date
etc...a number of companies facilities along with laws and implimentation have increased it is
often difficult what privacy protection you have.
according to the indectments the accused conducted sexual conversation with researcher person
posting as 13 years old girls.some of them committed indecent act before the women\'s
eyes.others sent them pronography. and all of themarranged to meet researchers apartments an
acters was waiting for them there. after the man spoke with her briefly the program moderator
showed up andconfronted them. thje men were arrested on camera by police
Solution
the issue of camera and cell phone privecy is importent many cell phone cameras by default and
automatically reveal amount of information such as physical location of picture,time,and date
etc...a number of companies facilities along with laws and implimentation have increased it is
often difficult what privacy protection you have.
according to the indectments the accused conducted sexual conversation with researcher person
posting as 13 years old girls.some of them committed indecent act before the women\'s
eyes.others sent them pronography. and all of themarranged to meet researchers apartments an
acters was waiting for them there. after the man spoke with her briefly the program moderator
showed up andconfronted them. thje men were arrested on camera by police.
Statement showing distribution of income to XavierThus answer will.pdfannikasarees
Statement showing distribution of income to Xavier
Thus answer will be $42500Interest on investment5000Salary27000Remainder income
(21000/2)10500Total distribution42500
Solution
Statement showing distribution of income to Xavier
Thus answer will be $42500Interest on investment5000Salary27000Remainder income
(21000/2)10500Total distribution42500.
SolutionBy observing the graph , the graph the given function is .pdfannikasarees
Solution
:
By observing the graph , the graph the given function is not a function;
Vertical test:
if u draw a vertical line on the graph , then it touches the graph at one point only, then the grpah
is a function.
but in the given graph , iit is touchig more than one point . Therefore, it is not a function..
R is a very flexible and powerful programming language, as well as a.pdfannikasarees
R is a very flexible and powerful programming language, as well as a package that is written
using that language (and others like C). The following program demonstrates many of its basic
features. You can cut and paste it into R, or download the file that includes it from here. If you
run it line by line, many of its features will become clear. Both editions of R for SAS and SPSS
Users and R for Stata Users work through a version of this program line-by-line, showing the
output and explaining what R is doing.
# Filename: ProgrammingBasics.R
# ---Simple Calculations---
2 + 3
x <- 2
y <- 3
x + y
x * y
# ---Data Structures---
# Vectors
workshop <- c(1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2)
print(workshop)
workshop
gender <- c(\"f\", \"f\", \"f\", NA, \"m\", \"m\", \"m\", \"m\")
q1 <- c(1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4)
q2 <- c(1, 1, 2, 1, 5, 4, 3, 5)
q3 <- c(5, 4, 4,NA, 2, 5, 4, 5)
q4 <- c(1, 1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5)
# Selecting Elements of Vectors
q1[5]
q1[ c(5, 6, 7, 8) ]
q1[5:8]
q1[gender == \"m\"]
mean( q1[ gender == \"m\" ], na.rm = TRUE)
# ---Factors---
# Numeric Factors
# First, as a vector
workshop <- c(1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2)
workshop
table(workshop)
mean(workshop)
gender[workshop == 2]
# Now as a factor
workshop <- c(1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2)
workshop <- factor(workshop)
workshop
table(workshop)
mean(workshop) #generates error now.
gender[workshop == 2]
gender[workshop == \"2\"]
# Recreate workshop, making it a factor
# including levels that don\'t yet exist.
workshop <- c(1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2)
workshop <- factor(
workshop,
levels = c( 1, 2, 3, 4),
labels = c(\"R\", \"SAS\", \"SPSS\", \"Stata\")
)
# Recreate it with just the levels it
# curently has.
workshop <- c(1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2)
workshop <- factor(
workshop,
levels = c( 1, 2),
labels = c(\"R\",\"SAS\")
)
workshop
table(workshop)
gender[workshop == 2]
gender[workshop == \"2\"]
gender[workshop == \"SAS\"]
# Character factors
gender <- c(\"f\", \"f\", \"f\", NA, \"m\", \"m\", \"m\", \"m\")
gender <- factor(
gender,
levels = c(\"m\", \"f\"),
labels = c(\"Male\", \"Female\")
)
gender
table(gender)
workshop[gender == \"m\"]
workshop[gender == \"Male\"]
# Recreate gender and make it a factor,
# keeping simpler m and f as labels.
gender <- c(\"f\", \"f\", \"f\", NA, \"m\", \"m\", \"m\", \"m\")
gender <- factor(gender)
gender
# Data Frames
mydata <- data.frame(workshop, gender, q1, q2, q3, q4)
mydata
names(mydata)
row.names(mydata)
# Selecting components by index number
mydata[8, 6] #8th obs, 6th var
mydata[ , 6] #All obs, 6th var
mydata[ , 6][5:8] #6th var, obs 5:8
# Selecting components by name
mydata$q1
mydata$q1[5:8]
# Example renaming gender to sex while
# creating a data frame (left as a comment)
#
# mydata <- data.frame(workshop, sex = gender,
# q1, q2, q3, q4)
# Matrices
# Creating from vectors
mymatrix <- cbind(q1, q2, q3, q4)
mymatrix
dim(mymatrix)
# Creating from matrix function
# left as a comment so we keep
# version with names q1, q2...
#
# mymatrix <- matrix(
# c(1, 1, 5, 1,
# 2, 1, 4, 1,
# 2, 2, 4, 3.
please give the name of author so that i can give u solution manual .pdfannikasarees
please give the name of author so that i can give u solution manual !!
thanks
Solution
please give the name of author so that i can give u solution manual !!
thanks.
PetTest.javaimport java.util.Scanner; public class PetTest {.pdfannikasarees
PetTest.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PetTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
Pet p[] = new Pet[2];
for(int i=0; i
Solution
PetTest.java
import java.util.Scanner;
public class PetTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
Pet p[] = new Pet[2];
for(int i=0; i.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Large companies are immensely powerful entities, to the point that t.pdf
1. Large companies are immensely powerful entities, to the point that they have frequently trumped
the interests of sovereign nations. American businessmen deposed the queen of Hawai'i in 1893
because they were incensed with her tariff policies. The formerly independent country became an
American territory a few years later. Corporate interests frequently harm local communities, as
in 1928 when the Colombian army massacred an unknown number of striking United Fruit
Company workers. The U.S. had threatened a military invasion of Colombia to protect the
company's interests.
Corporations can have enormously detrimental effects on the environment. Oil spills are some of
the most conspicuous examples, but industries as varied as chemical manufacturing, mining,
agriculture and fishing can do permanent damage to local ecosystems. Climate change can also
be attributed in large part to corporations. While their responsibility is hard to untangle from that
of the consumers who demand electricity and transportation, it is difficult to deny that many
corporations have profited from the deterioration of the global environment.
In many cases, harm to the environment and harm to vulnerable communities go hand-in-hand:
indigenous groups in the Amazon rainforest, for example, have been decimated and even wiped
out, both intentionally and unintentionally, in order to make room for logging, cattle ranching,
gold mining, oil and gas drilling and hydroelectric power generation.
In light of this often dark legacy, some areas of corporate culture have begun to embrace a
philosophy that balances the pursuit of profit with a commitment to ethical conduct. Google
Inc's (GOOG) slogan sums up the idea of corporate social responsibility nicely: "Don't be
evil."
The same money and influence that enable large companies to inflict damage on people and the
environment allows them to effect positive change. At its simplest, a corporation can give money
to charity. Companies can also use their influence to pressure governments and other companies
to treat people and resources more ethically. When Martin Luther King, Jr. won the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1964, Atlanta's business leaders initially refused to attend a dinner celebrating the
Atlanta native's achievement. Coca Cola Co.'s (KO) CEO, recognizing the damage such a
display of segregationist attitudes could do to the firm's international brand, threatened to move
Coke out of the city, causing an immediate change of heart in the local business elite.
Companies can invest in local communities in order to offset the negative impact their operations
might have. A natural resources firm that begins to operate in a poor community might build a
school, offer medical services or improve irrigation and sanitation equipment. Similarly, a
company might invest in research and development in sustainable technologies, even though the
project might not immediately lead to increased profitability.
In order to account for the importance of social and ecological considerations in doing business,
2. some organizations advocate the concept of the "triple bottom line": social, environmental and
economic – or "people, planet, profit."
In recent years, supply chains have emerged as a central focus of corporate social responsibility.
Company X's management might make extraordinary efforts to hire, foster and empower a
diverse workforce. They might offer generous paid maternity and paternity leave. They might
sponsor after-school programs in crime-affected neighborhoods, fund the clean-up of local river
systems and put pressure on elected officials to consider the needs of all citizens rather than
simply seeking political expediency. None of that would change the fact that they source their
raw materials, albeit indirectly, from outfits that use slave labor.
The diamond industry, for example, has come under fire for benefiting from injustices along its
supply chain. "Blood diamonds" or "conflict diamonds" are diamonds which have been
sourced from war zones, where rebel groups will often fund their campaigns through mining,
frequently using forced—often child—labor. Such situations have arisen in Angola, Liberia,
Ivory Coast, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Congo-
Brazzaville. International consumer and NGO pressure has caused diamond companies to
scrutinize their supply chain, and has reduced the number of diamonds reaching the market from
conflict zones.
Today, a shift has occurred in the way people conceptualize corporate social responsibility. For
decades, corporate business models have been assumed to be necessarily harmful to certain
communities and resources. The intention was therefore to mitigate or reverse the damage
inherent in doing business. Now many entrepreneurs consider profit and social-environmental
benefit to be inextricable. Few tech startups pitch their ideas without describing how they will
change the world for the better. Social media platforms believe they will facilitate democracy
and the free exchange of information; renewable energy companies believe they will make
money by selling sustainable solutions; sharing economy apps believe they will cut down on the
waste and inefficiency of a post-war economy myopically geared toward the individual
consumer.
To be sure, some companies may engage in greenwashing, or feigning interest in corporate
responsibility. Companies may tout window-dressing contributions to "the greater good" while
engaging in morally questionable or inherently unsustainable conduct in the background.
Google's "don't be evil" slogan can seem hypocritical when viewed in terms of the company's
collaboration with repressive regimes, not to mention the questionable practice of compiling
reams of personal data on every customer.
Some think corporate social responsibility is an oxymoron. Others see corporate social
responsibility as a distraction of a different sort, that is, from the lawful pursuit of profits. To
them, a corporation's sole responsibility is to generate returns for its shareholders, not to try to
3. save the world or to fret over its own impact. Laws and regulations must be followed in all
jurisdictions in which the company operates, but management should not go beyond that, as that
could hurt its bottom line and violate its duties to the owners. Some counter that this concerned is
misplaced, since responsible initiatives can increase brand loyalty and therefore profits. This may
become increasingly true as ethical consumer culture gains wider acceptance.
A few cynical executives will inevitably try to portray themselves as responsible when they are
decidedly not. And for some critics, nothing short of a massive overhaul of the world system will
suffice. The truth is that many large corporations are devoting real time and money to
environmental sustainability programs and various social welfare initiatives. These activities
should be encouraged, but at the same time, continually questioned and reassessed.
In 2010, the International Organization for Standardization released ISO 26000, a set of
voluntary standards meant to help companies implement corporate social responsibility
How Corporate Social Responsibility enhances Shareholders value
Leadership in corporate responsibility ultimately strengthens our organisation and enhances
shareholder value over the long term. We make a conscious business decision, for example, to
contribute to charities.
Both our own research and external studies show that customers and the general public expect us
to support and give back to the communities where we operate. Support for the community is
one of the key factors in customers' decision making on where to trade. Employee research
shows too that our people take pride in TD's community activities and this translates into higher
employee engagement and performance, which ultimately benefits shareholders.
Our involvement is not only about responding to the expectations of TD stakeholders. We
recognise that successful companies need a healthy and prosperous society and our community
investments are among the ways in which we strive to achieve this. The donations and other
contributions we make are of shared benefit to society and TD; they have a positive impact on
many individuals and local economies and help to build stronger communities, all of which are
valuable for the long-term success of our business.
Solution
Large companies are immensely powerful entities, to the point that they have frequently trumped
the interests of sovereign nations. American businessmen deposed the queen of Hawai'i in 1893
because they were incensed with her tariff policies. The formerly independent country became an
American territory a few years later. Corporate interests frequently harm local communities, as
in 1928 when the Colombian army massacred an unknown number of striking United Fruit
Company workers. The U.S. had threatened a military invasion of Colombia to protect the
4. company's interests.
Corporations can have enormously detrimental effects on the environment. Oil spills are some of
the most conspicuous examples, but industries as varied as chemical manufacturing, mining,
agriculture and fishing can do permanent damage to local ecosystems. Climate change can also
be attributed in large part to corporations. While their responsibility is hard to untangle from that
of the consumers who demand electricity and transportation, it is difficult to deny that many
corporations have profited from the deterioration of the global environment.
In many cases, harm to the environment and harm to vulnerable communities go hand-in-hand:
indigenous groups in the Amazon rainforest, for example, have been decimated and even wiped
out, both intentionally and unintentionally, in order to make room for logging, cattle ranching,
gold mining, oil and gas drilling and hydroelectric power generation.
In light of this often dark legacy, some areas of corporate culture have begun to embrace a
philosophy that balances the pursuit of profit with a commitment to ethical conduct. Google
Inc's (GOOG) slogan sums up the idea of corporate social responsibility nicely: "Don't be
evil."
The same money and influence that enable large companies to inflict damage on people and the
environment allows them to effect positive change. At its simplest, a corporation can give money
to charity. Companies can also use their influence to pressure governments and other companies
to treat people and resources more ethically. When Martin Luther King, Jr. won the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1964, Atlanta's business leaders initially refused to attend a dinner celebrating the
Atlanta native's achievement. Coca Cola Co.'s (KO) CEO, recognizing the damage such a
display of segregationist attitudes could do to the firm's international brand, threatened to move
Coke out of the city, causing an immediate change of heart in the local business elite.
Companies can invest in local communities in order to offset the negative impact their operations
might have. A natural resources firm that begins to operate in a poor community might build a
school, offer medical services or improve irrigation and sanitation equipment. Similarly, a
company might invest in research and development in sustainable technologies, even though the
project might not immediately lead to increased profitability.
In order to account for the importance of social and ecological considerations in doing business,
some organizations advocate the concept of the "triple bottom line": social, environmental and
economic – or "people, planet, profit."
In recent years, supply chains have emerged as a central focus of corporate social responsibility.
Company X's management might make extraordinary efforts to hire, foster and empower a
diverse workforce. They might offer generous paid maternity and paternity leave. They might
sponsor after-school programs in crime-affected neighborhoods, fund the clean-up of local river
systems and put pressure on elected officials to consider the needs of all citizens rather than
5. simply seeking political expediency. None of that would change the fact that they source their
raw materials, albeit indirectly, from outfits that use slave labor.
The diamond industry, for example, has come under fire for benefiting from injustices along its
supply chain. "Blood diamonds" or "conflict diamonds" are diamonds which have been
sourced from war zones, where rebel groups will often fund their campaigns through mining,
frequently using forced—often child—labor. Such situations have arisen in Angola, Liberia,
Ivory Coast, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Congo-
Brazzaville. International consumer and NGO pressure has caused diamond companies to
scrutinize their supply chain, and has reduced the number of diamonds reaching the market from
conflict zones.
Today, a shift has occurred in the way people conceptualize corporate social responsibility. For
decades, corporate business models have been assumed to be necessarily harmful to certain
communities and resources. The intention was therefore to mitigate or reverse the damage
inherent in doing business. Now many entrepreneurs consider profit and social-environmental
benefit to be inextricable. Few tech startups pitch their ideas without describing how they will
change the world for the better. Social media platforms believe they will facilitate democracy
and the free exchange of information; renewable energy companies believe they will make
money by selling sustainable solutions; sharing economy apps believe they will cut down on the
waste and inefficiency of a post-war economy myopically geared toward the individual
consumer.
To be sure, some companies may engage in greenwashing, or feigning interest in corporate
responsibility. Companies may tout window-dressing contributions to "the greater good" while
engaging in morally questionable or inherently unsustainable conduct in the background.
Google's "don't be evil" slogan can seem hypocritical when viewed in terms of the company's
collaboration with repressive regimes, not to mention the questionable practice of compiling
reams of personal data on every customer.
Some think corporate social responsibility is an oxymoron. Others see corporate social
responsibility as a distraction of a different sort, that is, from the lawful pursuit of profits. To
them, a corporation's sole responsibility is to generate returns for its shareholders, not to try to
save the world or to fret over its own impact. Laws and regulations must be followed in all
jurisdictions in which the company operates, but management should not go beyond that, as that
could hurt its bottom line and violate its duties to the owners. Some counter that this concerned is
misplaced, since responsible initiatives can increase brand loyalty and therefore profits. This may
become increasingly true as ethical consumer culture gains wider acceptance.
A few cynical executives will inevitably try to portray themselves as responsible when they are
decidedly not. And for some critics, nothing short of a massive overhaul of the world system will
6. suffice. The truth is that many large corporations are devoting real time and money to
environmental sustainability programs and various social welfare initiatives. These activities
should be encouraged, but at the same time, continually questioned and reassessed.
In 2010, the International Organization for Standardization released ISO 26000, a set of
voluntary standards meant to help companies implement corporate social responsibility
How Corporate Social Responsibility enhances Shareholders value
Leadership in corporate responsibility ultimately strengthens our organisation and enhances
shareholder value over the long term. We make a conscious business decision, for example, to
contribute to charities.
Both our own research and external studies show that customers and the general public expect us
to support and give back to the communities where we operate. Support for the community is
one of the key factors in customers' decision making on where to trade. Employee research
shows too that our people take pride in TD's community activities and this translates into higher
employee engagement and performance, which ultimately benefits shareholders.
Our involvement is not only about responding to the expectations of TD stakeholders. We
recognise that successful companies need a healthy and prosperous society and our community
investments are among the ways in which we strive to achieve this. The donations and other
contributions we make are of shared benefit to society and TD; they have a positive impact on
many individuals and local economies and help to build stronger communities, all of which are
valuable for the long-term success of our business.