This document discusses various parameters that can cause language variations, including geographical location, different social domains, range of speakers' competence, social segregation, first language background diversity, gender, academic disciplines, and accessibility to speakers. Some key examples provided include different dialects across US regions, workplace versus home versus school language, code switching, non-standard versus standard English, pidgin and creole languages, gender-specific versus neutral language, academic jargon, and secret codes like Pig Latin versus open codes.

1. Language Variations based on
different parameters
Kartika Ajeng Anggraeni
NIM. 130221810442

2. 1. Geographical Location
South midland
Southern
Virginia (eastern), North Carolina (eastern)
South Carolina, Georgia-Florida, MississippiGulf (including Alabama, Louisiana, eastern
Texas, western Tennessee, western
Kentucky), West Texas
•find,mind
•/ai/
•due,Tuesday
•/u:/
Appalachia (western Virginia, West
Virginia, eastern Kentucky, eastern
Tennessee), Arkansas-Oklahoma
• find,mind
• /æ:/
• due,Tuesday
• /yu:/
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/dialectsofenglish.html

3. Soft drink
Boston
•tonic
Northern and North
Midland, east of the
Susquehanna
•soda
Northern and North
Midland, west of the
Susquehanna
•pop
South and
South Midland
•cold drink
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/dialectsofenglish.html

4. 2. Different Social Domains
Family
School
Workplace

5. Language at work
• Eddie:
• Janice:
• Eddie:
• Janice:
• Eddie:
• Janice:
• Eddie:
What are the chances of getting a raise
this year?
Chances are slim!
Wow! You haven't gotten a raise for how
many years now?
(Heave a sigh). It's been three years! The
company keeps losing money and they can't
afford to give anyone a raise.
That's too bad. Did you ever think of
working somewhere else?
Yeah. In fact, I have an interview next
Monday.
Good luck!
http://www.focusenglish.com/dialogues/work/workindex.html

6. Language at school
• Gopal
• The man
• Gopal
• The man
• Gopal
• The man
• Gopal
: May I come in, sir?
: Yes, of course. What do you want?
: Sir, May I get an application form
for scholarship?
: We have not yet received them
from the office. You may come
after a week.
: But my parents are leaving for
Vacation in two days.
: In that case you might try to get it
from the office.
: Thank you, sir.
http://englishconversationsite.com/tag/conversation-in-school/

7. Language at home
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rahul : Good morning! Mom.
Sarika : Good morning! Go and brush your teeth.
Rahul : I will be in few minutes.
Sarika : Where is Harini?
Rahul : I am brushing my teeth.
Sarika : That's good. Let me prepare coffee.
Kamal : Have you done your home work?
Rahul : I have to do my chemistry record.
Kamal : Do it immediately.
Rahul : I will finish it with it 15minutes.
http://www.english-for-students.com/Live-English-Conversations-2.html

8. 3. Range of Speakers Competence
Code switching/mixing
In Assyrian-English
switching one could
say, "Ani wideili. What
happened?"
("Those, I did
them. What
happened?").
In Swahili-English,
people can say:
“Ulikuwa ukiongea a
lot of nonsense.”
( "You were talking a
lot of nonsense." )
In Bahasa Indonesia,
we often heard
people say:
Masalah ini hanya bisa
di handle oleh orangorang yang menguasai
bidangnya.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching

9. 4. Social Segregation
Non-standard
English
Standard
English
•I done it
yesterday.
•He ain’t got it
•I did it
yesterday
•He hasn’t got
it.

10. 5. L1 Background Diversity
Pidgin
• Examples of the Hawaiian
Pidgin "Inside dirt and cover
and blanket, finish“
it means "They put the body in
the ground and covered it
with a blanket and that's all."
Creole
• Examples of the Hawaiian
Creole "Da firs Japani came
ran away from japan come.“
it means 'The first Japanese
who arrived ran away from
Japan to here.'
http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~swinters/371/Hawaiian.html

11. 6. Gender
Men’s talk
Women’s talk
• swear more, don't talk
about emotions, talk
about sport more, talk
about women and
machines in the same
way, insult each other
frequently, are
competitive in
conversation,
dominate
conversation, speak
with more authority,
give more commands.
Use non-standard
language e.g. they
don’t say nothing
• talk more than men,
talk too much, are
more polite, are
indecisive/hesitant,
complain and nag, ask
more questions,
support each other,
are more cooperative.
Use hedges e.g. It’s
sort of hot; I’d kind of
like to go
Gender language
•Gender-specific
language:
fireman, stewardess,
chairman
•Gender-neutral
language: firefighter,
flight attendant and
chairperson
http://www.ucc.ie/publications/heeu/womenstf/3_conrick.htm

12. 7. Academic Disciplines
Register
Jargon
Jargon
•I should be grateful if
you would make less
noise.
•Please be quiet.
•Shut up!
• Get our ducks in a
row = Order and
organize
everything
efficiently and
effectively
• Boil the ocean =
To attempt to do
something that is
impossible
• Hard copy - A
physical print-out
of a document
rather than an
electronic copy
• No call, no show An individual who
neither shows up
for the day nor
calls in with a
reason
• Hammer it out To type something
up
•
(Jean Aitchison, Teach
Yourself Linguistics.
Hodder, 2003)
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-jargon-in-the-workplace.html

13. 8. Accessibility to Speakers
Open Codes
Secret
Codes
• ASAP means as soon as
possible
•Pig Latin
•Argot

14. Pig latin
(Languages) a secret language used by children in which any
consonants at the beginning of a word are placed at the end,
followed by -ay;
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/argot

15. Argot
(English pronunciation: /ˈ
ɑrɡoʊ/; from French argot [aʁˈ ‘slang’) is
ɡo]
a secret language used by various groups — e.g. schoolmates, outlaws,
colleagues, among many others — to prevent outsiders from understanding
their conversations.
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/argot