The document discusses the history of print media in Myanmar (also known as Burma) from post-colonization to the present. It describes how privately owned newspapers were nationalized under military dictatorship from 1962-1987. Subsequent junta periods from 1988-2004 and 2005-2007 established strict censorship rules through the Press Scrutiny and Registration Department, requiring drafts to be submitted for approval and imposing heavy penalties for violations. The timeline shows Myanmar transitioned to a nominally civilian government in 2011 after 50 years of military rule from 1962-2010.

1. L A N D
OF
S H A D O W S

2. Land that is caught between

3. I S O L A T I O N

4. and...

5. I N T E G R A T I O N

6. Land that is caught between

7. R E P R E S S I O N

8. and...

9. R E F O R M A T I O N

10. Land that is caught between

11. DARK

12. and...

13. LIGHT

14. 50 Years of Military Dictatorship (1962 - 2010)
Nominally Civilian Government (2011)

15. Timeline of Print Media
Post-colonisation Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Civilian Government
1948 - 1961 1962 - 1987 1988 - 2004 2005 - 2007 2008 2011 - Present

16. Print Media during Junta Period
1962 - 1987
‣ 1969: Privately-owned newspapers were
nationalized. Became state-owned papers
‣ Burma Press Council was formed (many editors
were arrested during government retaliation)
Post-colonisation Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Civilian Government
1948 - 1961 1962 - 1987 1988 - 2004 2005 - 2007 2008 2011 - Present

17. Print Media during Junta Period
2005 - 2007
‣ Press Scrutiny and Registration Department (PSRD) was established and
controlled by military intelligence
‣ Newspaper drafts to be submitted to PSRD prior to publishing
‣ Strict censorship rules
‣ Heavy penalties implemented: serious warning, ban, and revocation of license
Post-colonisation Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Civilian Government
1948 - 1961 1962 - 1987 1988 - 2004 2005 - 2007 2008 2011 - Present