land and water workouts in swimming training a research

ASPESS
Mr.Manoj Sahu
Ph.D Research scholar
Batch (2013-16)
Enrolment NO A3058313001
1
Mr.Manoj Sahu
Ph.D Research
scholar
Batch (2013-16)
Enrolment NO
A3058313001

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Guide : Prof.Dr. Kalpana Sharma
Co-guide :Dr. Vinita Bajpai Mishra
2

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Gaps In The Literature
 Current body of literature regarding the biochemical profile of aquatic
exercise is conflicting with several investigation reporting higher changes
on land compared with aquatic exercise(Butts.et.al 1991,hall.j et al
1998,Barbosa TM et.al 2007)
 Some studies reported higher physiological responses in water than land
(Fujishima K et.al 2003,Silver WM et.al 2007)
 Existing studies followed inconsistent exercise protocols and methods of
standardizing workload and intensity between the land and water
modalities have potentially led to the variability of the result.
 Existing research has focused primarily on the physiological responses to
deep water walking/running or water based resistance training and
callisthenic exercise, although not a common practice in performance based
swimming programs
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Cont.

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Gaps In The Literature
 Present researches also focus only on a primarily healthy, normal weight
population rather than an professional athletes therefore, current work with
aquatic exercise with comparison to land based workout has been
confounded with the study limitations and some factor suggesting that
aquatic exercise may be a viable alternative to land based exercise for
athletes to enhance their performance economically.
 A first step in this line of research is to compare the biochemical responses
during land and water workouts with target heart rate, separately on both
the genders
 Coaches, sports scientists, trainers, players and experts agree with the
research problem that role of biochemical variable such as blood plasma,
blood glucose and blood lactate is important for measuring the recovery
effect, sweat loss and energy expenditure in both the environments .
4

ASPESSStatement of the Problem
Comparison of Amount of Fluid Loss, Blood Lactate
Concentration and Blood Glucose Level Among Athletes
During Water and Land Workouts.
5

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study were as follows:
• To investigate the effect of 12 min land workouts on
biochemical variables of athletes at 130 to 150 Hr./m.
• To investigate the effect of 12 min water workouts on
biochemical variables of athletes at 130 to 150 Hr./m
• To investigate the comparative effect of land and water
workouts on biochemical variables at target heart rate of 130 to
150 hr./m.
• To investigate the response pattern of doing exercise in different
environment i..e fluid and land on biochemical variables
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Delimitations
1. The study was delimited to 20 male and 20 female swimmers of
university level, age ranging between 18 to 25 years from Lakshmibai
National Institute of Physical Education. The training age of the subjects
was of minimum 2 years.
2. The study was also delimited to 12min Cooper test and 12min Nelson
swim test.
3. The study was further delimited to the use of Wintrobe Test for fluid loss,
blood lactate analyzer for lactic acid, blood sugar analyzer (BM stix) for
measuring blood glucose level
4. The study was conducted between 27º C to 34º C environmental
temperature was further delimitation.
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Cont.

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DELIMITATIONS
5. Following Physiological and Biochemical variables were also
delimited.
• Physiological variable
• Fluid loss
• Biochemical variables
• Blood Lactate
• Blood Glucose
6. Two working environments used in the study were i.e. fluid/water
and air/land was further delimited
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Cont.

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Limitations
 After putting all the best efforts by the scholar certain factors
like lifestyle and socio-economic status were not in the control
of the researcher and therefore was considered as a limitation of
the study.
 Though the participants were motivated verbally, no attempt
was made to differentiate the motivation level during the period
of testing.
 The other psychological variable i.e. interest and attitude of the
subjects could not be controlled and therefore was also
considered a limitation of the study
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Hypothesis
• There will be no significant difference in blood lactate
concentration among males athletes during land and water
workouts at target heart rates employed in the study.
• There will be no significant difference in fluid loss among males
athletes during land and water workouts at target heart rates
employed in the study.
• There will be no significant difference in blood glucose level
among male’s athletes during land and water workouts at target
heart rates employed in the study.
10Cont.

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Hypothesis
• There will be no significant difference in blood lactate
concentration among female’s athletes during land and water
• There will be no significant difference in fluid loss concentration
among female’s athletes during land and water workouts at target
heart rates employed in the study.
• There will be no significant difference in blood glucose level
concentration among female’s athletes during land and water
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Significance Of The Study
• The finding will reveal the effect of water and land workouts on the
amount of fluid lost, lactic acid generation and depletion of glucose from
athletes’ body.
• The study will help in the planning the fluid replacement program for
athletes during land and water workouts.
• The results will help the athletes and the coaches in general understanding
of fluid losses and its replacement techniques for better performance and
avoiding the condition of dehydration and also about the blood lactate level
and depletion of blood glucose during land and water workouts.
• The study will also help in comparing the amount of fluid loss, blood
lactate and blood glucose level among male and female athletes.
• The study will act as a guideline for athletes and coaches to adopt proper
and adequate fluid replacement and proper recovery method during
intermittent rest interval
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OPERATIONAL TERMS DEFINED
Blood Glucose
• Blood sugar; the means by which carbohydrate is carried in the
blood; normal range is 70 – 120 mg/dl (Melvin.H.Williams, 1999)
• The main sugar that the body makes from the food in the diet.
Glucose is carried through the bloodstream to provide energy to all
cells in the body. Cells cannot use glucose without the help of
insulin (Dictionary, 2016)
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Blood Lactate
• The anaerobic end product of glycolysis; it has been implicated as a
causative factor in the etiology of fatigue. The blood lactate (salt or
ester of lactic acid) is a by-product of intense exercise, indicating
the insufficient oxygen is available to fuel that exercise and leading
to muscular fatigue.(reference range 0.5 to 1 mmol/l)
• The end product of anaerobic glycolysis in which the glycogen, in
the absence of oxygen is broken down to lactic acid. (Tiwari, 1999)
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Body fluid
• Total body water, contained principally in blood plasma and in
intracellular and interstitial fluids (Muffline, 2007)
 Blood plasma
• The liquid portion of blood free formed elements and particles.
Plasma represent approximately 50% of total blood volume of
blood contains glucose, proteins, amino acids, and formed d other
nutritive materials; urea and other excretory product; and hormones,
enzymes, vitamins, and minerals. (Elsevier, 2009) 15

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SELECTION OF VARIABLES
• After reviewing the literature following environmental
interventions (independent variables) were selected
which represent one of the categories of each
environment of workout i.e. fluid/water environment
and land/air environment intervention at target heart rate
of 130 to 150 beat per min.
• 12 min copper run and walk test
• 12 min Nelson Swimming test
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SELECTION OF VARIABLES
• On the basis of review of literature, expert’s opinion,
facilities & instruments availability and scholars own
understanding of the problem following Physiological
and Biochemical variables were selected,
• Biochemical Variables
• Blood Lactate
• Blood Glucose
• Physiological Variables
• Fluid loss
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Sampling Frame
Target Population (N)
Total 62 subjects
from LNIPE swimming
match practice group
28 female Subjects
Sample (n)
20 female Subjects
Randomly selected for
the study
34 male Subjects
Sample (n)
20 male Subjects
Randomly selected for
the study
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Tests and Criterion Measures
S. No. Variables Tests and instruments Criterion measures
1
Heart Rate Heart Rate Monitor Beats/minute
2
Blood Lactate Blood Test (Blood Lactate
analyzer)
mmol /L
3
Blood Plasma Wintrob Method %
4
Blood Glucose Blood Glucose Monitor mg/dl
20
Table 1
Tests and Criterion Measures for the Selected Variables

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EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
• The group of same Subject underwent the different treatments and data was
recorded on selected variables repeatedly after treatment, so, the between-within
Randomized Group Design was employed in the study.
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Interventions
Time Lines
Time point 0 Time point 12
LI 1 S1----- 20 S1….. 20
WI 2 S1….. 20 S1….. 20
LI 1 S2….. 20 S2….. 20
WI 2 S2….. 20 S2….. 20
Figure 2- within – within group design used in the study
S = subjects, S1=Male subjects, S2=female subjects, LI = Land
interventions, WI=water intervention

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Instrument Reliability
• The stop watches (Casio) used for monitoring the time of workout and
subsequent intervals about which data was to be recorded, about which data
was to be collected, were standard automatic digital watches and were
calibrated.
• The Polar Heart Rate Monitor, Polar FT80, polar lector Qy fin-90440
kempele, suitable for swimming which was taken in use was calibrated.
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• Blood Lactate was measured by Blood Lactate analyzer (Lactate Pro2)
manufactured by Arkrey technology, Japan, an internationally established
diagnostic clinical instrument manufacturer and was available at human
performance laboratory, LNIPE, Gwalior. A standard procedure prescribed
in user’s manual of product by Globus technology was adopted while
administrating the test for lactate analysis.
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• Blood glucose was analyzed by Glucometer (Accu - Check). The
instruments used for quantifying blood glucose levels were very handy and
portable. The analyzer was compact and glucose analysis of each sample
took only 15 seconds. The blood glucose analysis by this instrument was
most handy and feasible in terms of instant field application. Unlike
clinical analysis, in this instrument the blood sample collection requires
just a single drop of blood by small prick of needle.
Similarly, Accu – Check blood glucose monitor, used for testing the blood
glucose levels, was compact standard equipment which provided instant on
the spot blood sugar reading..
• .
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Tester’s Competency and Reliability of Data
To ensure that researcher was well acquainted with the techniques of
conducting the tests, researcher had a number of practice sessions under the
guidance of experts.
• measurements were taken by the scholar and with his assistants, who were
well acquainted with tests and testing procedures
• The evaluation of tester’s competency was made together with the
reliability of tests. The reliability of tests was obtained by product moment
correlation
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Tester’s Competency and Reliability of Data
The data was collected from a random selection of 6 subjects in test retest and were computed for
each variable and correlations have been presented in table 2
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S no. Tests Coefficient of correlation ‘r’
1 Blood lactate .930*
2 Blood Glucose .866*
3 Blood Plasma .838*
Table 2
RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS OF TEST – RETEST SCORES
*significant at 0.05 level
N = 6, r0.05 (4) = .811
Since the obtained values of coefficient of correlation were quite high,
therefore it was considered that the tests were reliable. Hence the tester’s
competency was established

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ADMINISTRATION OF THE TESTS
AND COLLECTION OF DATA

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ADMINISTRATION OF THE TESTS AND COLLECTION OF DATA
• For the purpose of the study the subjects were assembled at LNIPE,
Gwalior Swimming pool and they were acquainted with the purpose,
procedure and importance of the study. The participants were oriented with
all the testing conditions. Two days before the commencement of the
testing protocol, it was ensured that all the subjects were well acquainted
with running and swimming.
• The subjects were instructed to take rest for 36 hours before the day of
testing as well as to take optimum amount of water, so that they remain
fully hydrated and take sleep for at least 8 hours, just before the day of
testing.
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ADMINISTRATION OF THE TESTS AND COLLECTION OF DATA
• The testing timing was in between 09:00 A.M. to 02.00 P.M. Before the
administration of simulated 12 min duration workout experimental
protocol, pretests were taken, followed by simulated 12 min experimental
protocol in both environment land as well as in water, which had
predetermined set protocol. Immediately after the 12min workout, posttest
was taken.
• The test was conducted on both the environmental condition i.e. land and
water at 28-35 degree temperatures (which was measured by hygrometer -
HTC Digital Thermos Hygrometer 103-CTH)
• The difference between two treatment conditions of one particular subject
was in between 72 hrs
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Water treatment protocol
• The participants swam for 12 minutes at a Target heart rate of between
130-150 beats per min in the Open. 50m swimming pool at LNIPE
Gwalior.
• Initial 2 minutes before the workout of 12 minutes were devoted for
gradual rise in swimming velocity and efforts were made to attain the target
heart rate of the participants.
• The intensity was maintained by taking note of heart rate on the fully
automatic digital polar heart rate monitor
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Land Treatment Protocol
• The participants Ran for 12 minutes at a Target heart rate between130-150
beat per min in the 200m cinder track of LNIPE Gwalior.
• Initial 2 minutes before the workout of 12 minutes were devoted for
gradual rise in running velocity and efforts were made to attain the target
heart rate of the participants.
• The intensity was maintained by taking note of heart rate on the fully
automatic digital polar heart rate monitor.
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Procedure Of Testing
Heart Rate
Heart rate monitor was used to measure the heart rate in beats per minute. The
adjustable chest belt containing the transmitter was wrapped around the chest,
comfortably against the skin. The monitor receiving the transmitted signals
was on the wrist of the participant. The readings of heart rate were displayed
on the screen of the watch and the heart rate was recorded in the watch
memory for a set duration
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BLOOD LACTATE
• Purpose: To measure the blood lactate concentration.
• Equipment: Lactic Scout Analyzer, Prickling Needles, Lactate Strips,
Score Sheet and Pencil.
• Procedure: Subjects were asked to sit on a chair immediately after the
match; a fresh new strip was placed in the lactic acid analyzer. A small
capillary blood sample was taken from either 3rd or 4th finger of the non-
dominant hand. The finger was wiped clean with an alcohol (dettol)
followed by wipe dry with cotton and then a needle was ingested in the
finger and the first drop of the blood drawn was wiped clean with cotton.
As the blood again came out, the tester placed the lactic acid analyzer with
the lactate strip over the blood and measured the blood lactate.
• Scoring: Blood lactate was measured in mmol/l.
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BLOOD GLUCOSE
• Purpose: To measure the blood glucose level
• Equipment: Glucometer, Blood Glucose Test Strips, Score Sheet and
Pencil
• Procedure: Subjects were asked to sit on a chair, immediately after the
workout; a fresh new strip was placed in the glucometer. A small capillary
blood sample was taken from either 3rd or 4th finger of the non-dominant
hand. The finger was wiped clean with an alcohol (Dettol) followed by wipe
dry with cotton and then a needle was ingested in the finger and the first
drop of the blood drawn was wiped clean with cotton. As the blood again
came out, the tester placed the glucometer with glucose strip over the blood
and measured the blood glucose level.
• Scoring: Blood glucose level was measured in mg/dl.
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BLOOD PLASMA
• Purpose: To measure the blood plasma level (96% water)
• Equipment: Syringe, Cotton, Blood Bottle,
• Procedure: Subjects were asked to sit on a chair immediately after the treatment; tester
instructed the subjects to uncover the right arm. A tight band (tourniquet) was put around
the upper arm. Before taking the sample, the tester cleaned the area with an antiseptic wipe.
A needle attached to a syringe was pushed into the vein. The syringe was used to draw out
a sample of blood. When the sample was taken, the needle was removed out. Pressure was
applied to the tiny break in the skin for a few minutes using a cotton-wool pad to stop the
bleeding and to prevent bruising. After the test, the blood sample was put into a bottle and
labeled with the code. Then, it was sent to a laboratory where the blood was placed in a
graduated tube and centrifuged to pack the erythrocytes for measuring the blood plasma.
The level of blood plasma is then read directly in the graduate tube. Special graduate tubes
(wintrobe tubes).9.5 cm long with a0.6m bore, calibrated from 0 to 100.Anticoagulant
EDTA dipotassium slt,10% solution or Wintrobe solution .placed the graduated tubes in
the centrifuge and centrifuge for 30 min at 2300g..
• Scoring: The figure was obtained in a percentage.
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The following statistics were applied to analyze the data.
 In order to examine the hypotheses of the study, descriptive statistics such
as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, range, minimum
score, maximum score, , standard error of mean, skewness, kurtosis, and
correlation coefficient was used. .
 In order to analysis the effect of 12m water intervention and land
intervention on selected biochemical and physiological variables the
dependent ‘t’ test was employed.
 In order to compare the effect of land and water interventions on
biochemical variable the one way ANCOVA was utilized.
 Level of significance was set at 0.05 level.
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Paired Comparison of Means difference for Blood Glucose, Blood Lactate
and Blood Plasma content between pre and post tests of male land and
water intervention presented in table 3s.no Variables t p value
1 Blood glucose(land) 11.353 .000
2 Blood glucose (water) 11.598 .000
3 Blood lactate (land) 6.953 .000
4 Blood lactate(water) 12.708 .000
5 Blood plasma (land) 11.966 .000
6 Blood plasma (water) 12.865 .000
42

ASPESSInterpretation
1. Significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Glucose in male subjects as
the obtained p value was 0.000 which is much lower than 0.05, indicating that there is
significant depletion of Blood glucose during 12 minutes land running intervention
2. There is highly significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Glucose in male
subjects as the obtained p value was 0.000 which is much lower than 0.05, indicating that there is
significant depletion of Blood Glucose during water intervention.
3. Highly significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Lactate in male subjects as the
obtained p value was 0.000 which is much lower than 0.05, indicating that there is significant
increase of Blood Lactate during land intervention
4. Significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Lactate in male subjects as the obtained
p value was 0.000 which is much lower than 0.05, indicating that there is significant increase of
Blood Lactate during water exercise.
5. Highly significant difference between pre and post means of Blood Plasma in female subjects as
the obtained p value was 0.000 which is much lower than 0.05, indicating that there is significant
depletion of Blood Plasma during land exercise
6. Highly significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Plasma in male subjects as the
depletion of Blood Plasma during water exercise.
43

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Paired Comparison of Means difference for Blood Glucose, Blood Lactate
and Blood Plasma content between pre and post tests of female land and
water intervention presented in table 4
s.no Variables t p value
1 Blood glucose(land) 8.027 .000
2 Blood glucose (water) 9.665 .000
3 Blood lactate (land) 13.441 .000
4 Blood lactate(water) 11.368 .000
5 Blood plasma (land) 11.978 .000
6 Blood plasma (water) 11.668 .000
44

ASPESSInterpretation
1. Significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Glucose in female subjects as
the obtained p value was 0.000 which is much lower than 0.05, indicating that there is
significant depletion of Blood glucose during 12 minutes land running intervention
2. Highly significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Glucose in female subjects as the
depletion of Blood Glucose during water intervention.
3. Highly significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Lactate in female subjects as the
increase of Blood Lactate during land intervention
4. Significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Lactate in female subjects as the
increase of Blood Lactate during water exercise.
5. Highly significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Plasma in female subjects as the
depletion of Blood Plasma during land exercise
6. Highly significant difference between pre and post tests of Blood Plasma in male subjects as the
depletion of Blood Plasma during water exercise.
45

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Analysis of covariance for between subject effect in males subjects for
Blood Glucose
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Group .476 1 .476 .035 .853
Error 506.397 37 13.686
Total 330153.000 40
Corrected Total 2723.975 39
46
It is evident from Table 5 that there was no significant difference in Blood Glucose
depletion in male subjects during the exercise in land and water, as the obtained p-
value (0.853) is much higher than the 0.05, reflecting that there is no significant
effect of workout modalities on depletion of Blood Glucose

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Analysis of covariance for between subject effect in males for
Blood Lactate
Group .210 1 .210 .044 .835
Error 176.663 37 4.775
Total 5401.250 40
47
It is evident from Table 6 that there was no significant difference in Blood Lactate
increase in male subjects during exercise in land and water, as the obtained p-value
(0.835) is much higher than the 0.05, revealing that there is no significant difference
in blood lactate level between land and water workouts

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Analysis of covariance for between subject effect among males
subjects for Blood Plasma
Group 9.873 1 9.873 3.555 .067
Error 102.765 37 2.777
Total 98115.000 40
48
It is evident from Table 7 that there was no significant difference in Blood Plasma
depletion in male subjects during the intervention in land and water, as the obtained
p-value (0.067) is lower than the 0.05, reflecting that there is no significant effect of
land and water interventions on depletion of Blood Plasma

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Analysis of covariance for between subject effect among females
subjects for Blood Glucose
Group 5.970 1 5.970 .227 .636
Error 971.124 37 26.247
Total 299828.000 40
49
Table 8 shows that there was no significant difference in Blood Glucose depletion in
females subjects during the intervention in land and water, as the obtained p-value
(0.636) is much higher than the 0.05, reflecting that there is no significant effect of
land and water interventions on depletion of Blood Glucose.

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Analysis of covariance for between subject effect among female
subjects on Blood Lactate
Group .249 1 .249 .109 .743
Error 84.509 37 2.284
Total 3858.560 40
50
It is evident from Table 9 that there was no significant difference in Blood Lactate
increase in male subjects during the interventions in land and water, as the obtained
p-value (0.743) is much higher than the 0.05, reflecting that there is no significant
increase in blood lactate during land and water interventions.

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Analysis of covariance for between subject effect among females
for Blood Plasma
Group 1.831 1 1.831 .568 .456
Error 119.298 37 3.224
Total 97504.000 40
51
It is evident from Table 30 that there was no significant difference in Blood Plasma
depletion in female subjects during the exercise in land and water, as the obtained p-
value (0.456) is much higher than the 0.05, reflecting that there is no significant
effect of exercise modalities on depletion of Blood Plasma

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52
Findings of the study
1. water and land intervention was shown significant improvement in blood
lactate concentration and significant depletion in fluid(blood plasma) and
blood glucose
2. The blood lactate concentration did not registered significant different
in male athletes during land and water workouts
3. The blood glucose concentration did not shown significant different in male
athletes during land and water workouts
4. The fluid concentration in body did not shown significant difference in
male athletes during land and water workouts.
5. The blood lactate concentration did not registered significant different in
female athletes during land and water workouts
52
Contd.

ASPESS
6. The blood glucose concentration did not significantly decrease in female
athletes during land and water workouts
7. The fluid concentration in the body did not significantly decrease in female
athletes during land and water workouts.
53
Findings of the study

ASPESSDiscussion on finding
Blood lactate difference among athletes after land and water
modalities
• The data indicate that comparable lactate response can be elicited at the
same running and swimming speed 130-150beat/m shown no significant
difference during land versus water workouts. Previous research has
observed similar lactate value between land and water (green et al. 2011,
Silver et al. 2007, Collins’s Ashley 2012). It is well established that human
body is not restricted in the ability to produce lactate while exercising in
water at equivalent work load on land exercise with regard to running and
swimming
54

modalities
• A study by Benelli, Massimiliano and de Vito 2004 compared lactate value
during land, shallow water (Leg/waist) level and deep water (chest/neck)
aerobics. The present study did not determine lactic directly, a trend was
observed that lactic concentration and HR values were statistically higher on
land then in water at fast (5.61 vs 3.15 & 1.75 mmol.l)) and slow (3.10 vs
1.75 & 1.70 mmol.l) paced submaximal levels. The authors’ state that this
difference was due to lower physiological strain in water because of the
buoyant forces exerted on the participants. The current investigation
employs target heart rate in the water or on the land, however, lactic
concentration was same between two modalities 55

modalities
• Frangolias and Rhodes (1996) observed that deep water running at the
same Vo2 max on land and in water. In the present study the subjects ran on
track and perform swimming in the pool at a target heart rate. The same
trend was shown at same Vo2 max in water when compared to land. The
subjects in the present study had similar HR values in the water vs land
and did not show any significant difference in Lactate Concentration.
56

modalities
• This study provides insight for those using aquatic modalities and wanting
to achieve threshold intensity raining while lowering the joint stress caused
by land running. The blood lactate levels did not show statistically
significant difference between the two modalities. It is proposed to improve
the ability in order to use lactic acid as a fuel source while experiencing
lower joint stress from traditional land running as reviewed by Stairiby and
Bmookes (1990).
57

Blood glucose difference among athletes after land and water
modalities
• The current investigation showed that absolute blood glucose depletion has
shown no significant difference during the land running modalities when
compared to swimming modalities at target based HR response. Previous
research suggests that the water could potentially allowed for a high level
of glucose depletion related to comparable land based exercise, however,
certain methodological differences between previous published studies and
the present investigation may explain the reference in the finding including
the type of exercise performed in the water and on land as well as the
difference due to the use of an aquatic treadmill in previous studies
58

modalities
• The present study focuses on the comparison of running on land and
swimming in the water on blood glucose. Running requires forward
locomotion and frontal resistance from the water which could potentially
lead to a difference in metabolic response as compared to stationary
movement which do not have frontal resistance of water.
• Another methodological difference between the present study and previous
published studies is the difference in walking speed /intensity in the water
potentially explaining the discrepancies in the finding. Numerous other
published studies used an aquatic treadmill with varying speeds showing
high Vo2 for walking on an aquatic treadmill as compared to treadmill on
land. (Shono T et al.2001, Hall j et al 1998,Silver WM et al 2007,Darby
59

Blood glucose difference among athletes in land and water
modalities
• Hall and colleagues matched the exercise bout using walking speed (3.5,
4.5 and 5.5 kph) and as a result similar Vo2max was consumed in water and
on land at slower speed which indicates similar energy expenditure.
• Due to the design of the present study subjects exercised at target pace of
130-150hr/m in the water which was then followed at the same heart rate
on intervention in land. This may indicate that while using submaximal
speed, the glucose depletion in water equals to land running when matched
with heart rate. Based on the result of the current study it is possible that at
similar heart rate, the subjects utilized same substrate during land versus
water intervention. 60

modalities
• The results of the present study provide valuable information regarding the
energy cost of swimming in water as a potential alternative to running on
the land for exercise. In terms of practical application, the comparison of
the water and land workout at a target pace is highly generalizable, due to
the fact that the intervention pace and subsequent energy expenditure
during these trials reflects that exercising in both modalities would involve
utilization of same amount of blood glucose which would be performed in
free-living situation. The results of the present study also show no
statistically significant difference for glucose depletion or perceived
exertion between these trials, although a potentially modest different may
exist for energy expenditure. This suggests that water workouts could be
viable alternative for male and female athletes, providing similar energy
expenditure to land running
61

Body Fluid difference among athletes after land and water
modalities
• It is evident that there was no significant difference of mean fluid loss
among athletes during land and water workouts. The mean fluid loss at the
land workout was higher than fluid loss in water workouts. It might be due
to the fact that when a person exercises on land, total metabolism typically
increases to 5-15 times as compared to resting rate. Approximately 70-90%
of this energy is realized as heat, which needs to be dissipated to achieve
body heat balance. In hot climates a substantial volume of the body water
bank is lost via seating to enable evaporation cooling.
62

Body Fluid difference among athletes after land and water
modalities
• In addition, the fluid volume of the swimmers blood also decreases. This
could be because of the heart had to work harder to circulate the blood,
oxygen and other nutrients. By replacing both fluid and electrolyte losses
one can avoid the effect of water help in regulation of body temperature
which in term might help in minimizing the sweat loss from the athletes
body. During high intensity workout under environmental heat stress,
sweating and respiratory evaporation can cause rapid losses as much as 2 to
3 lit. of water per hour. (William D. Mcardle,2001)
63

ASPESSDiscussion of Hypothesis
• In this study the first hypothesis stated was that there will be no significant
difference in blood lactate concentration among male athletes during land
and water workouts. The one way ANCOVA outcomes have indicated that
there was no significant difference on blood lactate at matched HR among
male athletes. Hence the null hypothesis accepted at 0.05 level of
significance
• In this study the second hypothesis states that there will be no significant
difference in blood glucose concentration among male athletes during land
and water work-outs. The one way ANCOVA outcomes had indicated that
there was no significant difference on blood lactate at matched HR among
male athletes. Hence the null hypothesis is accepted at 0.05 level of
significance.
64

ASPESSDiscussion of Hypothesis
• The third hypothesis stated that there will be no significant difference in
body fluid among male athletes during land and water workouts. The one
way ANCOVA outcomes had indicated that there was no significant
difference on blood lactate at matched HR among male athletes. Hence
the null hypothesis is accepted at 0.05 level of significance
• Another hypothesis that there will be no significant difference in blood
lactate concentration among female athletes during land and water
workouts has also been accepted at 0.05 level of significance.
65

ASPESSRECOMMENDATIONS
• The duration of the experimental protocol may be increase or decreased
according to objective of the study.
• The experiment protocol which was set for the present study can be
manipulated
• Other physiological and biochemical variables can also be included into the
study to reveal more real status of swimming and land environment.
• The present study can be replicated with swimmers belonging to both
junior and senior categories, especially those who follow serious training
schedules through the year.
• The present study may be repeated at different target heart rates while
working in different environments so that based on the environment
specific target heart rates may be administered.
66

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