IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
This study examined the effects of Ramadan fasting on renal function markers, serum electrolytes, and cardiovascular parameters in 12 recreational rugby players. Players participated in simulated rugby matches before Ramadan, during the first week of Ramadan, and during the fourth week of Ramadan. The study found that during Ramadan fasting, players experienced increased levels of urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, and chloride both at rest and after matches compared to before Ramadan. Post-match blood pressure was also higher at the end of Ramadan. However, the magnitude of changes in these parameters after matches remained similar throughout the study period. The study concluded that dehydration from Ramadan
Effect of Different Exercise Types Upon Blood Zinc and Copper Levelsinventionjournals
This study focused on investigating the effects of different types of exercise models (power endurance, maximal strength, and interval running) on the copper and zinc levels in blood. All male twenty four basketball players voluntarily accepted to be the subjects of this study. Subjects were put in three different groups according to their maximal strength (MS) (n=8), intermittent running power endurance (PE) (n=8) and interval run (n=8). Serum copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels were calculated in accordance with atomic emission technique in blood samples gathered from the groups before and after training program. The difference in blood zinc levels pre and post exercise were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05)>< 0.05). In the end power endurance group was better among the others at saving the zinc status of the body
A Comparative Study of VO2 Max in Young Female Athletes and Non-AthletesIOSR Journals
Abstract:
Aims And Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare maximum oxygen uptake(VO2
max ) between young female athletes and non-athletes and to show the importance of sports for physical
fitness.
Material & Methods: The present study was carried out in 50 females between the age group of 18-22 yrs.
They were divided into to groups, study group (25 athletes) and control group. (25 non-athletes) The maximum
oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was compared between cases and controls by using Queen’ college step test.(
Harward step test) .
Results: The VO2 max was higher in female athletes than non-athletes.
Conclusion: The present study showed VO2 max levels more in female athletes. Now a days, physical inactivity
is seen among students due to sedentary lifestyle which may lead to many health problems. Hence, we suggest
that students should get involved in sports and it should make a compulsory subject in colleges.
Key words:- VO2 Max; athlete & non athlete ;Young females
This study aims at exploring the eff ect of a 4-week hypoxic training on some physiological and biochemical parameters in the 400-m competing athletes of the Palestinian athletics team. Twelve trained male athletes were divided into two groups, normoxic training (n = 6) and hypoxic training (n = 6) for residing at sea-level.The training period was 90min, 3 days per week for 4 weeks.Therefore,physiological measurements showed (Vital Capacity (VC), Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) and Heart-Rate (HR)); Biochemical measurements (Erythropoietin (EPO), Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct) and Partial Oxygen Pressure PO2); the numerical level of running 400m.
L'IJSS - Italian Journal of Sport Sciences si colloca solidamente nello spazio delle iniziative editoriali per la promozione e la diffusione dei gruppi scientifici italiani operanti nella realtà delle scienze motorie e sportive.
http://www.calzetti-mariucci.it/shop/prodotti/ijss-italian-journal-of-sport-sciences
Variation in body composition in professional soccer playersFernando Farias
The present study was the first to compare
body composition according to 6 positional roles. Results
showed that in midfielders, mean body fat and mass values in
players with a central and lateral role differed substantially.
This finding is noteworthy and suggests that when mean
body composition values are assessed across teams, data
should be interpreted according to individual positional role
and not to a traditional or basic division of 4 positional
groups including goalkeepers, defenders, midfielders, and
attackers.
Effect of Different Exercise Types Upon Blood Zinc and Copper Levelsinventionjournals
This study focused on investigating the effects of different types of exercise models (power endurance, maximal strength, and interval running) on the copper and zinc levels in blood. All male twenty four basketball players voluntarily accepted to be the subjects of this study. Subjects were put in three different groups according to their maximal strength (MS) (n=8), intermittent running power endurance (PE) (n=8) and interval run (n=8). Serum copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) levels were calculated in accordance with atomic emission technique in blood samples gathered from the groups before and after training program. The difference in blood zinc levels pre and post exercise were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05)>< 0.05). In the end power endurance group was better among the others at saving the zinc status of the body
A Comparative Study of VO2 Max in Young Female Athletes and Non-AthletesIOSR Journals
Abstract:
Aims And Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare maximum oxygen uptake(VO2
max ) between young female athletes and non-athletes and to show the importance of sports for physical
fitness.
Material & Methods: The present study was carried out in 50 females between the age group of 18-22 yrs.
They were divided into to groups, study group (25 athletes) and control group. (25 non-athletes) The maximum
oxygen uptake (VO2 max) was compared between cases and controls by using Queen’ college step test.(
Harward step test) .
Results: The VO2 max was higher in female athletes than non-athletes.
Conclusion: The present study showed VO2 max levels more in female athletes. Now a days, physical inactivity
is seen among students due to sedentary lifestyle which may lead to many health problems. Hence, we suggest
that students should get involved in sports and it should make a compulsory subject in colleges.
Key words:- VO2 Max; athlete & non athlete ;Young females
This study aims at exploring the eff ect of a 4-week hypoxic training on some physiological and biochemical parameters in the 400-m competing athletes of the Palestinian athletics team. Twelve trained male athletes were divided into two groups, normoxic training (n = 6) and hypoxic training (n = 6) for residing at sea-level.The training period was 90min, 3 days per week for 4 weeks.Therefore,physiological measurements showed (Vital Capacity (VC), Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) and Heart-Rate (HR)); Biochemical measurements (Erythropoietin (EPO), Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct) and Partial Oxygen Pressure PO2); the numerical level of running 400m.
L'IJSS - Italian Journal of Sport Sciences si colloca solidamente nello spazio delle iniziative editoriali per la promozione e la diffusione dei gruppi scientifici italiani operanti nella realtà delle scienze motorie e sportive.
http://www.calzetti-mariucci.it/shop/prodotti/ijss-italian-journal-of-sport-sciences
Variation in body composition in professional soccer playersFernando Farias
The present study was the first to compare
body composition according to 6 positional roles. Results
showed that in midfielders, mean body fat and mass values in
players with a central and lateral role differed substantially.
This finding is noteworthy and suggests that when mean
body composition values are assessed across teams, data
should be interpreted according to individual positional role
and not to a traditional or basic division of 4 positional
groups including goalkeepers, defenders, midfielders, and
attackers.
Body composition assessment of english premier leagueFernando Farias
The measurement of body composition is now a fun-
damental component of sport science support in elite-
level soccer. Indeed, regular assessments of body com-
position are often used to determine suitability for
competition as well as to monitor the effectiveness of
dietary and training interventions (Sutton, Scott,
Wallace, & Reilly, 2009).
Body composition of english premier league soccer playersFernando Farias
Body composition is a key consideration in the physical make-up of professional soccer players. The aims of the present
study were to determine whether the body composition of professional soccer players varied according to playing position,
international status or ethnicity, and to establish which variables best distinguished the soccer players from a reference group.
Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 64 male professional soccer players
Background: Cellular level body components and their impact on functional performances are still unclear in sports. The present study was aimed to investigate the sports specific alterations in body composition and physiological parameters and their relationships.Methods: Three forty-five (n = 345) junior elite athletes (mean age, 16.5 ± 1.91yrs) from different sports disciplines (football, n = 97; hockey, n =110;table tennis, n = 75, and badminton, n = 63) were evaluated at the end of their preparatory phase. Ninety-three (n = 93) age-matched (mean age, 16.3 ± 1.60 yrs) sedentary boys also served as a control group. Whole body Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) was performed using a multi-frequency analyzer= ((Maltron Bioscan 920-2, Maltron International, Rayleigh, Essex, UK). Fat-Free Mass (FFM) and Total-Body Water (TBW) were calculated using Asian based prediction equations from the manufacturer’s software. Maximal isometric hand grip & back strength, trunk fl exibility and 20-meter multistage shuttle run test (bleep test; for VO2 max) were conducted followed by standard procedure.
Physiological responses of general vs. specific aerobic endurance exercises i...Fernando Farias
The study aimed to compare the physiological and perceptual
responses of two high intensity intermittent aerobic exercises (HIIE), i.e. the
15s/15s exercise and an exercise on the Hoff track (HTE).
Effects of high intensity running training on soccer-specific fitness in profes...Fernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not physiological and performance gains could be achieved
with the addition of high-intensity running to an existing training programme in a group of well trained professional male
soccer players.
To examine the acute effects of generic (Running Drills, RD) and specific (Small-
Sided Games, SSG) Long Sprint Ability (LSA) drills on internal and external load of male
soccer-players. Methods: Fourteen academy-level soccer-players (mean±SD; age 17.6±0.61
years, height 1.81±0.63 m, body-mass 69.53±4.65 kg) performed four 30s LSA bouts for
maintenance (work:rest, 1:2) and production (1:5) with RD and SSG drills. Players’ external-
load was tracked with GPS technology (20Hz) and heart-rate (HR), blood-lactate
concentrations (BLc) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to characterize players’
internal-load. Individual peak BLc was assessed with a 30s all-out test on a non-motorized
treadmill (NMT). Results: Compared to SSGs the RDs had a greater effect on external-load
and BLc (large and small, respectively). During SSGs players covered more distance with
high-intensity decelerations (moderate-to-small). Muscular-RPE was higher (small-to-large)
in RD than in SSG. The production mode exerted a moderate effect on BLc while the
maintenance condition elicited higher cardiovascular effects (small-to-large). Conclusion:
The results of this study showed the superiority of generic over specific drills in inducing
LSA related physiological responses. In this regard production RD showed the higher post-
exercise BLc. Interestingly, individual peak blood-lactate responses were found after the
NMT 30s all-out test, suggesting this drill as a valid option to RD bouts. The practical
physiological diversity among the generic and specific LSA drills here considered, enable
fitness trainers to modulate prescription of RD and SSG drills for LSA according to training
schedule.
Abstract
Reductions in O2 delivery (blood flow x O2 content) to contracting skeletal muscle can have adverse effects on physical performance. In this regard, factors that reduce blood flow can promote fatigue by reducing muscle force and/or attenuating the removal of metabolic by products of contraction [1]. Conversely, interventions that enhance O2 delivery at a given work intensity could potentially reduce muscle fatigue or delay its onset, leading to improved Physical Performance. Thus, identification and investigation of such interventions represents an important focus of research in sports science. One possible approach involves the study of dietary factors that may act as ergogenic aids via their actions on cardiovascular function. For example, acute supplementation with beet root juice, which is high in nitrates, has been shown to enhance cardiac output and oxygen utilization and reduce vascular resistance and blood pressure at a given sub-maximal work intensity [2,3]. These effects are indicative of increased O2 delivery to skeletal muscle.
Investigation of the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and...Sports Journal
The rationale of the study is to investigate the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and
anaerobic training among type 2 diabetic patients. To achieve the purpose of the study 45 male type 2
diabetic patients from Ongole, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India, were selected as subjects.
The subjects were selected in the age group of 45 to 50 years and they were randomly assigned into three
equal groups of 15 each. Experimental group-I performed aerobic training, experimental group-II
performed anaerobic training and group III acted as control. The muscular endurance was selected as
dependent variable. The data collected from the three groups prior to and post experimentation on
selected dependent variable was statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference if any, by
applying the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the obtained ‘F’ ratio value was found to be
significant for adjusted post-test means, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test. In all the cases the
level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for significance. The result of the study produced 20.48%
percentage of improvement due to aerobic training and 15.32% of improvement due to anaerobic training
in muscular endurance of the diabetic patients
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This Journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in pharmacy.
Maximal sprinting speed of elite soccer playersFernando Farias
Current findings might help individuals involved within the physical preparation of players (e.g. technical coaches, fitness coaches, and sport science staff) when developing training programs and training sessions in line with the playing positions, and with the levels of high speed running targeted to reach during specific training drills like sided-games.
Indeed, the closer to match-play situations regarding the rules with goals, goalkeepers, the larger pitch sizes and greater number of players involved, the higher sprinting speed running players would reach during sided-games. However, coaches are advised to add specific speed drills to sided-games in order to elicit a stimulus of high-speed running high enough to prepare players for competition.
Body composition assessment of english premier leagueFernando Farias
The measurement of body composition is now a fun-
damental component of sport science support in elite-
level soccer. Indeed, regular assessments of body com-
position are often used to determine suitability for
competition as well as to monitor the effectiveness of
dietary and training interventions (Sutton, Scott,
Wallace, & Reilly, 2009).
Body composition of english premier league soccer playersFernando Farias
Body composition is a key consideration in the physical make-up of professional soccer players. The aims of the present
study were to determine whether the body composition of professional soccer players varied according to playing position,
international status or ethnicity, and to establish which variables best distinguished the soccer players from a reference group.
Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 64 male professional soccer players
Background: Cellular level body components and their impact on functional performances are still unclear in sports. The present study was aimed to investigate the sports specific alterations in body composition and physiological parameters and their relationships.Methods: Three forty-five (n = 345) junior elite athletes (mean age, 16.5 ± 1.91yrs) from different sports disciplines (football, n = 97; hockey, n =110;table tennis, n = 75, and badminton, n = 63) were evaluated at the end of their preparatory phase. Ninety-three (n = 93) age-matched (mean age, 16.3 ± 1.60 yrs) sedentary boys also served as a control group. Whole body Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) was performed using a multi-frequency analyzer= ((Maltron Bioscan 920-2, Maltron International, Rayleigh, Essex, UK). Fat-Free Mass (FFM) and Total-Body Water (TBW) were calculated using Asian based prediction equations from the manufacturer’s software. Maximal isometric hand grip & back strength, trunk fl exibility and 20-meter multistage shuttle run test (bleep test; for VO2 max) were conducted followed by standard procedure.
Physiological responses of general vs. specific aerobic endurance exercises i...Fernando Farias
The study aimed to compare the physiological and perceptual
responses of two high intensity intermittent aerobic exercises (HIIE), i.e. the
15s/15s exercise and an exercise on the Hoff track (HTE).
Effects of high intensity running training on soccer-specific fitness in profes...Fernando Farias
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not physiological and performance gains could be achieved
with the addition of high-intensity running to an existing training programme in a group of well trained professional male
soccer players.
To examine the acute effects of generic (Running Drills, RD) and specific (Small-
Sided Games, SSG) Long Sprint Ability (LSA) drills on internal and external load of male
soccer-players. Methods: Fourteen academy-level soccer-players (mean±SD; age 17.6±0.61
years, height 1.81±0.63 m, body-mass 69.53±4.65 kg) performed four 30s LSA bouts for
maintenance (work:rest, 1:2) and production (1:5) with RD and SSG drills. Players’ external-
load was tracked with GPS technology (20Hz) and heart-rate (HR), blood-lactate
concentrations (BLc) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were used to characterize players’
internal-load. Individual peak BLc was assessed with a 30s all-out test on a non-motorized
treadmill (NMT). Results: Compared to SSGs the RDs had a greater effect on external-load
and BLc (large and small, respectively). During SSGs players covered more distance with
high-intensity decelerations (moderate-to-small). Muscular-RPE was higher (small-to-large)
in RD than in SSG. The production mode exerted a moderate effect on BLc while the
maintenance condition elicited higher cardiovascular effects (small-to-large). Conclusion:
The results of this study showed the superiority of generic over specific drills in inducing
LSA related physiological responses. In this regard production RD showed the higher post-
exercise BLc. Interestingly, individual peak blood-lactate responses were found after the
NMT 30s all-out test, suggesting this drill as a valid option to RD bouts. The practical
physiological diversity among the generic and specific LSA drills here considered, enable
fitness trainers to modulate prescription of RD and SSG drills for LSA according to training
schedule.
Abstract
Reductions in O2 delivery (blood flow x O2 content) to contracting skeletal muscle can have adverse effects on physical performance. In this regard, factors that reduce blood flow can promote fatigue by reducing muscle force and/or attenuating the removal of metabolic by products of contraction [1]. Conversely, interventions that enhance O2 delivery at a given work intensity could potentially reduce muscle fatigue or delay its onset, leading to improved Physical Performance. Thus, identification and investigation of such interventions represents an important focus of research in sports science. One possible approach involves the study of dietary factors that may act as ergogenic aids via their actions on cardiovascular function. For example, acute supplementation with beet root juice, which is high in nitrates, has been shown to enhance cardiac output and oxygen utilization and reduce vascular resistance and blood pressure at a given sub-maximal work intensity [2,3]. These effects are indicative of increased O2 delivery to skeletal muscle.
Investigation of the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and...Sports Journal
The rationale of the study is to investigate the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and
anaerobic training among type 2 diabetic patients. To achieve the purpose of the study 45 male type 2
diabetic patients from Ongole, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India, were selected as subjects.
The subjects were selected in the age group of 45 to 50 years and they were randomly assigned into three
equal groups of 15 each. Experimental group-I performed aerobic training, experimental group-II
performed anaerobic training and group III acted as control. The muscular endurance was selected as
dependent variable. The data collected from the three groups prior to and post experimentation on
selected dependent variable was statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference if any, by
applying the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the obtained ‘F’ ratio value was found to be
significant for adjusted post-test means, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test. In all the cases the
level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for significance. The result of the study produced 20.48%
percentage of improvement due to aerobic training and 15.32% of improvement due to anaerobic training
in muscular endurance of the diabetic patients
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This Journal publishes original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in pharmacy.
Maximal sprinting speed of elite soccer playersFernando Farias
Current findings might help individuals involved within the physical preparation of players (e.g. technical coaches, fitness coaches, and sport science staff) when developing training programs and training sessions in line with the playing positions, and with the levels of high speed running targeted to reach during specific training drills like sided-games.
Indeed, the closer to match-play situations regarding the rules with goals, goalkeepers, the larger pitch sizes and greater number of players involved, the higher sprinting speed running players would reach during sided-games. However, coaches are advised to add specific speed drills to sided-games in order to elicit a stimulus of high-speed running high enough to prepare players for competition.
A plumber and gas fitter by profession, Nicholas Scown resides in New Lynn, Waitakere, Auckland. He has expertise in the field of commercial drain-laying and drain-unblocking and has worked with prominent organizations like Frank’s Plumbing & Mc Donald’s (Westgate).
League of Legends: 100 Years of Rugby League in AustraliaFrederic Humbert
Extract of the catalogue of the exhibition "League of Legends: 100 Years of Rugby League in Australia", National Museum of Australia.
Chapter C "The Game begins" by Sean Fagan (www.rl1908.com)
More at http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/league_of_legends/catalogue/
Similar to IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
Effects of Addition of Sprint, Strength and Agility Training On Cardiovascula...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To find training related physiological and cardiovascular changes and adaptations in field hockey
players, this interventional study was conducted with 30 male field hockey trainees (age: 15.7±1.55 years,
range: 13-20 years) undergoing training in preparation phase. In addition to the their usual routine of 2 hours
per day, 6 times a week of aerobic, anaerobic and skill training session of field hockey; a specialized additional
training of 2 hours per day- 3 times a week, consisting of sprint, strength-power and agility was incorporated in
the schedule. Selected variables measured before and after the 6 week training were compared with paired t
test. Upon analysis we found that lean body mass (LBM) of the participants showed significant improvement
(P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05) in the echocardiographic parameters – increase in left ventricular
posterior wall thickness, left ventricular ejection fraction; and decrease in left ventricular end-systolic volume.
However when these parameters were expressed relative to LBM, no significant change was seen. Left
ventricular end-diastolic diameter and volume, body weight and body mass index too did not change
significantly after the training. This 6 week specialized additional training resulted in improvement of body
composition and cardiovascular functions of the participants, indicating favorable physiological, morphological
and functional adaptations.
Key words: field hockey; physiological adaptations; sports physiology; body composition; echocardiography;
lean body mass.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Effect of Exercise on CVS and Exercise Rx.pptxSoniya Lohana
A guide to effects of exercise on cardiovascular system and exercise prescription to conditions related to the human heart such as hypertension, CHF and even COVID.
Physiological profile of yoga practitioners in various fitness centers of DelhiSports Journal
The purpose of the study was to check physiological profile of various yoga practitioner physiological
variables such as Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), vital capacity, and peak flow, resting heart rate,
resting respiratory rate and blood glucose. 20 male yoga practitioners, aged 22 to 35 were selected as
subjects on the basis of random sampling from various fitness centers of Delhi. Peak flow rate, blood
pressure(systolic and diastolic) & resting heart rate, resting respiratory rate, vital capacity and blood
glucose were measured by peak flow meter, electronic blood pressure monitor, and stop watch To
analyze the physiological variables of yoga practitioners descriptive analysis was employed and found
mean value (458.88±49.60) on peak flow. Mean of male yoga Practitioners (126.33±5.09) on systolic
blood pressure. Mean of male yoga Practitioners (80.88±5.81) on diastolic blood pressure. Mean of male
yoga Practitioners (65.88±2.14) on resting heart rate. Mean of male yoga Practitioners (8.55±0.72) on
resting respiratory rate. Mean of male yoga Practitioners (4.85±0.19) on vital capacity.
COMPARISON OF SERUM LEVELS OF ZINC AND LEPTIN IN FEMALE ENDURANCE AND SPRINTI...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Abstract in consideration of leptin effects such as reducing food intake and increasing energy consumption, many researchers
have sought to examine the relation between leptin and exercise. The presence of reports arguing that zinc can be a mediator in
leptin production indicates a possible relation between zinc and leptin. The purpose of this study was to compare plasma leptin,
plasma zinc, and their relationship in Elite female endurance and sprinting runner(n=15) with non-athletes(n=15).Blood samples
were obtained 24 h after training to measure plasma zinc and leptin levels. In the present study, we did not observe any significant
difference for plasma zinc and leptin levels between groups(p >0.05). There was not significant correlation between plasma leptin
and plasma zinc in the study groups.
Keywords: Leptin, Zinc, Athletes.
Effects of Eccentric Strength Training’s Time on Daily Plasma Testosterone Le...IOSR Journals
This study aims to evaluate the effects of the eccentric physical training’s time on daily plasma concentrations of testosterone among sedentary athletes. Sixty male athletes, with homogeneous age, size and weight were selected for the study during three months. They were subjects to a strength training of the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee. After they were divided in two groups of thirty subjects and then had physical training either in the morning between 6 and 7, or in the evening, between 16 and 17. The dosage of testosterone on each athlete was performed before and after submission to an eccentric physical program at the antecubital vein in a restful sitting. Our results have shown that eccentric physical training induces the increase of this steroid hormone in the two groups of athletes and the training in the evening promotes better its production. Our results also showed that the rate of this androgen drop significantly during the day in both groups of athletes trained in the morning or in the evening as well as their respective controls. However, the decline was even more pronounced for subjects trained in the morning
4th year medical students initiate a quality improvement project for health care providers. Be sure to visit http://wp.me/p4V1Uc-sb for the pre and post test and more information.
Glucose and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistanceMasoumeh Hosseini
Similar to IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call fo
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
ISSN: 2250-3013, www.iosrphr.org
‖‖ Volume 2 Issue 5 ‖‖ Sep-Oct 2012 ‖‖ PP.42-50
Effect of ramadan fasting on renal function markers and serum
electrolytes after a rugby sevens match
Khaled Trabelsia, Haithem Rebaia, Kais el Abeda, Stephen Stannardd, Choumous
Kallele, Zouheir Sahnounb, Ahmed Hakimb, Nicole Fellmanc, Zouheir Tabkaa
a) Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations to the
Muscular Exercise, Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia.
b) Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sfax 3029, Tunisia.
c) Laboratory of Sports Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand,
France; Department of Sports Medicine, CHU of Clermont-Ferrand, France.
d) Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, New Zealand
e) Laboratory of Hematology, CHU Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia
Abstract––The effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function markers, serum electrolytes and cardiovascular
parameters at basal conditions and after a simulation of a rugby sevens match was studied in twelve
recreational rugby sevens players. Three matches were played: one day before Ramadan (before Ramadan),
at the end of the first week of Ramadan (Beg-R) and at the end of Ramadan (End-R). Before and
immediately after each match, subjects provided a fasting blood sample for the measurement of
hematological parameters and serum biochemistry. In addition, systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic
arterial pressure (DAP) were measured. At rest, players experienced an increase in the following parameters
from before Ramadan to End-R: urea (+9.9%, p<0.001), uric acid (+15.2%, p<0.001), creatinine (+22.4%,
p<0.001), sodium (+2.9%, p<0.001), and chloride (+2%, p<0.001). Following the competition, players
experienced an increase in the following parameters from before Ramadan to End-R: urea (+8.7%, p<0.05),
uric acid (+15.2%, p<0.001), creatinine (+17.1%, p<0.001), sodium (+3.2%, p<0.001) and chloride (+2.9%,
p<0.001). Post match values of SAP were significantly higher at End-R compared to the control period
(p<0.05).The percentage of change of all biochemical and cardiovascular parameters in response to matches
remained unchanged over the whole period of the investigation.
We conclude that at basal conditions, the state of dehydration induced by Ramadan fasting was implicated in
the increase of renal function markers values and serum electrolytes. Also, rugby sevens match played during
Ramadan did not exacerbate the magnitude of responses to matches of biochemical and cardiovascular
parameters.
Keywords––dehydration; intermittent exercise; Islamic fasting; renal function; rugby sevens; serum
electrolytes.
I. INTRODUCTION
Ramadan is the holiest month in the Islamic calendar (Chtourou et al. 2011, 2012). Because its timing
is dependent upon the lunar cycle, Ramadan month occurs 11 days earlier every year and therefore may occur in
any of the four seasons, making the length of fasting hours variable from 11-18 hours in tropical countries (Sakr
1975; Hamouda et al. 2012). During this month eating and drinking is not allowed during the day, and are
permitted only at night (Aloui et al. 2012a,b). Therefore, food habits, sleep/wake cycle and behavior can be
affected during this month (Lotfi et al. 2010b; Chaouachi et al. 2012).
During Ramadan, Muslim athletes continue to train and to compete. However, high workload for
training and psychophysical stress due to training and competition could modify the body’s homeostasis and
affect biochemical and cardiovascular parameters.
Studies focusing on the effect of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and cardiovascular parameters of
Muslims athletes are relatively rare and have divergent results. During Ramadan, a decrease in serum glucose
has been noted in runners (Faye et al. 2005) and moderately-trained men (Aziz et al. 2010; Aziz et al. 2011),
while an absence of change has been observed in soccer players (Maughan et al. 2008), elite rugby players
(Bouhlel et al. 2006), physically active men (Trabelsi et al. 2011, Trabelsi et al. 2012a) and recreational
bodybuilders (Trabelsi et al. 2012b).
42
2. Effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function markers and serum electrolytes after a..
Several markers of renal function have been studied during Ramadan. Maughan et al. (2008) reported
an increase in creatinine concentrations and a decrease in urea concentrations. However, other investigations
(Trabelsi et al. 2011, Trabelsi et al. 2012a, Trabelsi et al. 2012b) noted an increase in both parameters. Uric acid
has been reported to increase in elite judokas (Chaouachi et al. 2008), physically active men (Trabelsi et al.
2011, Trabelsi et al. 2012a) and bodybuilders (Trabelsi et al. 2012b) but not change in soccer players (Maughan
et al. 2008).
Several studies have examined the combined effects of physical activity and Ramadan fasting on serum
electrolytes. Maughan et al. (2008) noted an increase in serum potassium concentrations and no change in serum
sodium concentrations in soccer players. However, Trabelsi et al (2011) reported an increase in serum sodium
and chloride concentrations and no change in serum potassium concentrations in physically active men.
Fluid and electrolytes losses can potentially lead to changes in some cardiovascular parameters during
Ramadan. Diastolic arterial pressure has been reported to decrease in resistance athletes (Lotfi et al. 2010a) but
no change in sport and physical education students (Fall et al. 2007). Bouhlel et al. (2006) highlighted the effect
of moderate aerobic effort during the month of Ramadan on blood glucose concentrations in rugby players and
noticed the absence of change in this parameter. Decreased systolic arterial pressure in response to aerobic
exercise during Ramadan has also been reported (Fall et al. 2007); authors explaining this result as the
cumulative effect of fluid and electrolyte losses, not restored, related to abstinence and to exercise.
Rugby Sevens is a variant of the traditional fifteen-aside rugby game. The basic rules of ‘Sevens’
including the size of the pitch are the same as for an ordinary rugby match, except for a shorter match duration
(Takahachi et al. 2005). As there are only seven players per team, it follows that they have a potentially higher
aerobic exercise loading than under the conditions of a normal game (Takahachi et al. 2005).
National and international Sevens tournaments are held throughout the year and can consequently take
place during Ramadan. During sporting activities occurring in hot and humid environmental conditions and
associated with fluid restriction, a state of dehydration is likely. The latter can induce numerous changes in some
renal function markers, serum electrolytes concentrations and cardiovascular parameters.
Most studies interested in the effect of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and cardiovascular parameters
of athletes have focused on aerobic (Fall et al. 2007, Bouhlel et al. 2006; Lotfi et al. 2010; Aziz et al. 2010) or
anaerobic exercise (Karli et al. 2007).
To our knowledge, no published study has focused on the effect of rugby sevens match, mixed
exercise, on renal function markers, serum electrolytes and cardiovascular parameters of players during
Ramadan. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function
markers, serum electrolytes and cardiovascular parameters of rugby sevens players at basal condition and
following a simulation of rugby sevens match.
II. METHODS
Subjects
Twelve healthy male recreational rugby sevens players participated in the study. All players maintained
their regular training schedule before and during the Ramadan month (four two-hours training sessions each
week). The mean and standard deviation (±SD) of their age, body mass (BM), and body mass index (BMI) were
23.8±4 years, 86.9±16.2 kg and 26.6±4.1 kg/m2, respectively. All participants had competitive experience in
national tournaments for at least 5 years. None of the group were affected by chronic disease or endocrine
disorders, and no medical complications arose from the fasting. After receiving a complete verbal description of
the protocol, risks and benefits of the study, participants provided written consent to an experimental protocol
approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Tunisia.
Experimental design
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Sfax, Tunisia, in 2008 when Ramadan occurred between
September 1st and September 30th. During this period, players participated in three simulated rugby sevens
matches: one day before the beginning of Ramadan (before Ramadan); at the end of the first week of Ramadan
(Beg-R); and at the end of the fourth week of Ramadan (End-R). Before and immediately after each match,
subjects provided a fasting blood sample for measurement of serum biochemistry and hematological parameters.
Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) were also measured. Ratings of perceived
exertion were determined only after matches.
During Ramadan, training sessions began at 16.00 h. The match played before Ramadan started at
12.00 h and the matches played at Beg-R and End-R started at 16.00 h, to ensure that subjects had been without
food and water for a minimum of 12 hours before each rugby sevens match. Before Ramadan, for the pre-blood
sampling day, subjects were asked to take the last meal at night at about 23.00 h. A 20 minutes standardized
warm-up preceded all matches.
Dietary intake analysis
43
3. Effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function markers and serum electrolytes after a..
Subjects were instructed to record on data forms all food and beverages consumed during the week
before Ramadan. Subjects were also asked to record food and beverage intake three days per week during
Ramadan. Dietary records were analyzed using the Bilnut program (Nutrisoft, Cerelles, France) and the food-
composition tables of the National Institute of Statistics of Tunis (1978). Total water intake was defined as the
fluid volume of consumed beverages plus the water content of consumed foods.
Rugby sevens match
The basic rules of sevens are the same as for an ordinary rugby match. The rugby sevens match is
played in a field of the same size as the rugby union. Each team is composed of seven players. The duration of a
match is 14 min with a recovery of one min at half-time.
Maximal temperature and relative humidity
The maximal temperature and relative humidity of two weeks before and during Ramadan were
recorded by the meteorological department of Sfax, Tunisia.
Hematological measurements and serum biochemistry
Before and after each rugby sevens match, players provided venous blood samples (~7ml) in a sitting
position from an antecubital vein of the right arm into plain Vacutainer tubes.
An aliquot of blood was immediately removed and mixed with ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA) as an anticoagulant. This blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin and hematocrit using an
automated analyzer (Beckman Coulter, UK) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The remainder of blood
was allowed to clot and then was centrifuged at 1500g for 10 min at 4°C. An aliquot of the serum was used to
measure serum glucose immediately after the centrifugation step; the remainder was then stored at -20°C until
subsequent analysis. An automated analyzer (Beckman Coulter Cx9, UK) measured the concentrations of
biochemical parameters using the appropriate reactant. Blood glucose and uric acid were determined using an
enzymatic colorimetric method (Biomérieux, France). Urea was determined using an enzymatic method
(Biomaghreb, Tunisia). Creatinine concentrations were determined by the Jaffé method. Sodium, potassium, and
chloride concentrations were determined by potentiometry.
Cardiovascular parameters
Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures were measured whilst in a seated position, with an appropriately
sized cuff placed on the right arm, using a validated digital electronic tensiometer (Omron, Japan).
Statistical analyses
All statistical tests were processed using STATISTICA Software (StatSoft, France). All data are
expressed as mean ± SD. A two-way ANOVA, 3 (Ramadan) × 2 (pre and post match) with repeated measures
on both factors was applied. A paired t test was used to compare the nutritional assessment data. A one-way
ANOVA was used to compare the temperature and relative humidity data, the ratings of perceived exertion and
the percentage of change in hematological, biochemical and cardiovascular parameters. When appropriate,
significant differences among means were tested using the Scheffé’s post hoc test. Statistical significance was
set at p < 0.05.
III. RESULTS
Temperature and relative humidity (Table 1)
Compared to values at before Ramadan, maximum environmental temperatures recorded during the 2 nd,
3 and 4th week of Ramadan were significantly lower (p<0.01, p<0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). In addition,
rd
we find no significant difference between the average maximum temperatures recorded during Ramadan and
that of before Ramadan. In contrast, the mean relative humidity recorded during the 3 rd and 4th week of
Ramadan was significantly higher than before Ramadan (p<0.001).
Dietary intake (table 2)
Compared to before Ramadan, the total daily energy intake during the Ramadan month was
significantly less (- 15.4%, p<0.05), the fractional contribution of protein and fat to the daily diet was greater
(+13%, p<0.01 and +18.6%, p<0.05 respectively) whereas the fractional contribution of carbohydrates to the
daily diet was significantly lower (-12.3%, p<0.05). Potassium intake was reduced during Ramadan compared to
before Ramadan (-15%, p<0.01). Total water intake (the sum of the water content of cooked foods plus ingested
drinks) was significantly higher (+14.2%, p<0.01) before than during Ramadan.
Biochemical parameters
Blood body water status markers
Compared to before Ramadan, the resting values of Hct measured at Beg-R and at End-R were
significantly higher (+3.9% and +4.4%, p<0.05 respectively). Matches induced an increase in Hct under the
three situations (p<0.001) and the magnitude of increase during Ramadan was the same as before Ramadan
(Table 3).
44
4. Effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function markers and serum electrolytes after a..
Compared to before Ramadan, the resting values of Hb recorded at End-R were significantly higher
(+3.4%, p<0.05). The match induced a significant increase in hemoglobin concentrations for the three periods
studied (p<0.001, p<0.01, p<0.001 respectively) and the magnitude of the increase during Ramadan was the
same as before Ramadan (Table 3).
Matches induced a decrease in plasma volume and the percentage of decrease in plasma volume
remained unchanged over the whole period of the investigation (Table 3).
Compared to before Ramadan, the resting values of plasma osmolarity measured at Beg-R and End-R
was significantly higher (+2.3%, +2.8% respectively, p<0.001). Matches induced an increase in plasma
osmolarity under the three situations (p<0.001) and the magnitude of increase during Ramadan was the same as
before Ramadan (Table 4).
Renal function markers (Table 4)
Compared to before Ramadan, resting values of urea recorded at End-R were significantly higher (+
9.9%, p<0.001). The match induced a significant increase in uremia for the three periods studied (p<0.05,
p<0.001, p<0.001 respectively) and the magnitude of the increase during Ramadan was the same as before
Ramadan.
Compared to before Ramadan, the pre match values of serum creatinine concentrations recorded at
Beg-R and at End-R were significantly higher (+18.5%, +22.4%, p<0.001). Matches induced an increase in
serum creatinine concentrations under the 3 situations (p<0.001) and the magnitude of increase during Ramadan
was the same as before Ramadan.
Compared to before Ramadan, the resting values of serum uric acid concentrations recorded at Beg-R
and End-R were significantly higher (+11.4%, +15.2%, p<0.05, p<0.001 respectively). Matches induced an
increase in serum uric acid concentrations under the 3 situations (p<0.001) and the magnitude of increase during
Ramadan was the same as before Ramadan.
Serum electrolytes and plasma glucose (Table 5)
Compared to before Ramadan, the resting values of serum sodium concentrations recorded at Beg-R
and at End-R were significantly higher (+2.4%, +2.9%, p<0.001).
Compared to before Ramadan, the resting values of serum chloride concentrations recorded at Beg-R
and at End-R were significantly higher (+1.4%, +2%, p<0.01, p<0.001 respectively).
Matches induced an increase in serum sodium and chloride concentrations under the three situations
(p<0.001) and the magnitude of increase during Ramadan was the same as before Ramadan.
The resting values of serum potassium concentrations remained unchanged over the whole period of
the investigation and the post match values of kalemia did not differ significantly from those of pre match
values.
Resting values of glucose remained unchanged during Ramadan compared to before Ramadan.
The match induced a significant increase in glycemia for the three periods studied (p<0.01, p<0.001,
p<0.01 respectively) and the magnitude of the increase during Ramadan was the same as before Ramadan.
Cardiovascular parameters (Table 6)
The resting values of SAP recorded before Ramadan did not differ significantly from those of during
Ramadan. Matches induced an increase in SAP under the three situations (p<0.001) and the magnitude of
increase during Ramadan was the same as before Ramadan.
The resting values of DAP remained unchanged over the whole period of the investigation and the post
match values of DAP did not differ significantly from those of pre match values.
IV. DISCUSSION
Our results show that Ramadan intermittent fasting induces a state of dehydration at basal conditions
which is implicated in the increase of renal function markers values and serum electrolytes. In addition, rugby
Sevens match played during Ramadan did not exacerbate the magnitude of response to matches of biochemical
and cardiovascular parameters.
During Ramadan, signs of dehydration have been identified by increased measures of hematocrit,
hemoglobin (Bouhlel et al. 2006, Chaouachi et al. 2008, Trabelsi et al. 2011). The present study also observed a
similar hemoconcentration such that in the resting state, hematocrit and hemoglobin increased significantly
during Ramadan. This state of dehydration has been attributed to the reduction of fluid intake (Bouhlel et al.
2006; Trabelsi et al. 2011, Trabelsi et al. 2012a, Trabelsi et al. 2012b). It is likely our results can be similarly
explained.
Therefore, this state of dehydration was implicated on the rise of renal function markers values and
some serum electrolytes concentrations. In fact, our results showed that resting values of urea recorded during
Ramadan was higher compared to those of the control period. This result can be explained by dehydration and
the decreased of the renal blood flow. In addition, the increase in uremia could be attributed to the combination
of training and dietary restriction (Opstad 1991; Degoutte et al. 2006).
45
5. Effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function markers and serum electrolytes after a..
In sports medicine, creatinine is used for evaluating general health status of athletes, particularly in
events where hydroelectrolytic balance reaches crucial levels (Banfi 2010). Our results showed that resting
values of serum creatinine were higher during the month of Ramadan compared to the control period. Maughan
et al. (2008) attributed a Ramadan-related rise in creatinine to the increase in protein intake, which is not the
case in our study. Therefore, dehydration can be implicated in the rise of serum creatinine values during
Ramadan.
Following the competition, our results showed an increase in urea and creatinine during the month of
Ramadan compared to the control period. Dehydration and the decreased renal blood flow and glomerular
filtration likely explain our results.
Uric acid, is the end product of purine metabolism (Kand'a'r et al. 2006) and contributes to 58% on
average antioxidant capacity of plasma (Hellsten et al. 1998).
In a basal situation, serum uric acid values recorded during Ramadan was significantly higher
compared to the control period. Our results are consistent with those of Chaouachi et al. (2008) who attribute the
increase uric acid to the increase in protein breakdown, coupled with dehydration while fasting. Following
competition, the increase of serum uric acid during Ramadan compared to before Ramadan can be explained by
dehydration.
Despite the initial state of dehydration during Ramadan, the magnitude of response of renal function
markers during Ramadan was the same as pre-Ramadan. Therefore, we can conclude that renal responses to
matches occurring during Ramadan are not different. The short duration (14 min) of the rugby Sevens match can
explain the latter finding. However, future studies including high intermittent exercise intensity with a duration
longer than a rugby Sevens match (e.g., football, rugby union) should be carried out to explore the evolution of
renal function markers in response to exercise during participation in Ramadan.
Some serum electrolytes values recorded at basal conditions and after competition were affected by the
Ramadan month. In fact, resting values of serum sodium concentrations recorded during Ramadan were
significantly higher than that recorded during the control period. Our results disagree with the study of Maughan
et al. (2008). Indeed, the latter study noticed no change in serum sodium during Ramadan. Likewise, Ramadan
et al. (1999) observed no change in serum sodium concentrations recorded during a cool spring month of
Ramadan in physically active men. Therefore, the increased serum sodium concentrations noticed in our study
could be explained by the fact that training and matches occurring during Ramadan take place in hot and humid
weather causing significant sweat losses not fully restored after breaking the fast.
Following the competition, the serum sodium values were higher during Ramadan compared to the
control period. This result could be explained by an initial state of hypohydration inducing higher plasma
sodium concentrations during Ramadan.
Indeed, Gonzalez-Alonso et al. (1997) showed that sedentary subjects initially dehydrated and deprived of fluid
intake during physical exertion have values of sodium concentrations greater than when they are euhydrated and
deprived of water after the completion of aerobic exercise.
The limitation of our study is the absence of a true control group; changes in season, diet, training and
matches intensities could have influenced findings independently of Ramadan.
Our results show a significant increase of pre- and post-competition serum chloride during the month of
Ramadan compared to those of the control period.
This increase can be explained by dehydration and a movement of chloride ions linked to that of
sodium (Anagnostopoulos et al. 1984).
Serum potassium remained unchanged during the month of Ramadan compared to the control period.
Our results are consistent with those of Trabelsi et al (2011). Due to the dehydration and the elevations in serum
sodium and chloride concentrations that occurred, one might expect that increases in serum potassium
concentrations would also be observed. However, the decrease in potassium intake may have offset any effects
on serum potassium caused by dehydration. The absence of change in serum potassium recorded following
competition occurred during the month of Ramadan and that of the control period can be attributed to the
intermittent nature of the effort. Indeed, serum potassium returns rapidly to baseline after brief recovery periods
during the rugby sevens match (mid-time, scrum, penalty).
During basal conditions the results of our study did not show a significant difference between the blood
glucose concentration recorded during Ramadan and that of the control period. Our results are consistent with
some studies in the literature (Bouhlel et al. 2006; Maughan et al. 2008, Trabelsi et al. 2011, Trabelsi et al
2012a, Trabelsi et al. 2012b). Despite a decrease in carbohydrate intake during Ramadan, blood glucose did not
change, which may be due to an upregulation of gluconeogenesis. Similarly, following the competition,
glycemia recorded during Ramadan was not significantly different from that recorded during the control period.
Our results are in agreement with those of Bouhlel et al. (2006) who noticed no change in blood glucose
following the completion of an aerobic exercise by rugby players. The result of our study could be explained by
46
6. Effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function markers and serum electrolytes after a..
the lack of influence of the practice of physical activity in a state of dehydration and a water deprivation on
blood glucose values (Armstrong et al. 1997).
Systolic blood pressure recorded following competition taking place during Ramadan was significantly
lower compared to that of the control period. Our results are in agreement with those of Fall et al. (2007) and
could be explained by the cumulative effect of fluid and electrolyte losses non-restored. Indeed, studies have
shown that the hydrosodic restriction reduces blood pressure and provokes arrhythmias (Muntzel & Duerke.
1992) and circulatory collapse (Lacour & Flandrois. 1977).
We conclude that at basal conditions, the state of dehydration induced by Ramadan intermittent fasting
was implicated in the increase of the resting values of renal function markers values and serum electrolytes.
Despite this state of dehydration, rugby sevens match played during Ramadan did not exacerbate the magnitude
of responses to matches of biochemical and cardiovascular parameters.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors express thanks to individuals who participated with their helpful comments, their copy-
editing of the manuscript, and their assistance with the exercise experiment. This work was funded by the
Laboratory of Cardio-Circulatory, Respiratory, Metabolic and Hormonal Adaptations to the Muscular Exercise,
Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar, 4002 Sousse, Tunisia and the Laboratory of Sports Biology, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Table1: Temperature and relative humidity (mean ± SD) before and during Ramadan month
48
8. Effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function markers and serum electrolytes after a..
**Significantly different from before Ramadan (p<0.01); *** (p<0.001).Note: = mean; M0
= match in the day before the beginning of Ramadan; M1 = match in the 7th day after the beginning of
Ramadan; M2= match in the 30th day after the beginning of Ramadan
Table 2. Estimated daily dietary intake (mean ± SD) before and during Ramadan month
* Significantly from before Ramadan (p<0.05); ** (p<0.01); *** (p<0.001)
Table 3. Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, plasma volume changes measured before and after
Matches during the three phases of the study (mean ± SD)
Significantly different from before Ramadan: * (p<0.05).Significantly different from before M: #
(p<0.01);## (p<0.001). Note: M = rugby sevens match;Δ (%)= calculated percentage change from the pre match
levels; Δ PV (%) = calculated percentage change in plasma volume from before to post match levels. before
49
9. Effect of Ramadan fasting on renal function markers and serum electrolytes after a..
Ramadan = 1 day before the beginning of 30 days fasting; beginning Ramadan (Beg-R) = 7 days after starting
fast; end of Ramadan (End-R) = 30 days after starting fast
Table 4. Values of renal function markers recorded before and after matches during the three phases of
the study (mean ± SD)
Significantly different from before Ramadan: * (p<0.05); ** (p<0.01) *** (p<0.001). Significantly
different from before M: # (p<0.05); ### (p<0.001). Note: M = rugby sevens match; Δ (%) = calculated
percentage change from the pre match levels. before Ramadan = 1 day before the beginning of 30 days fasting;
beginning Ramadan (Beg-R) = 7 days after starting fast; end of Ramadan (End-R) = 30 days after starting fast
Table 5. Serum electrolytes and glycemia recorded before and after matches during the three phases of
the study (mean ± SD)
Significantly different from before Ramadan: ** (p<0.01) *** (p<0.001). Significantly different from
before M: ## (p<0.01), ### (p<0.001). Note: M = rugby sevens match; Δ (%) = calculated percentage change
from the pre match levels. before Ramadan = 1 day before the beginning of 30 days fasting; beginning Ramadan
(Beg-R) = 7 days after starting fast; end of Ramadan (End-R) = 30 days after starting fast
Table 6. Systolic and diastolic arterial pressures (mean ± SD) measured before and after matches
during the three phases of the study
Significantly different from before Ramadan: * (p<0.05);***(p<0.001).Significantly different from
before M: ### (p<0.001).Note: M = rugby sevens match;Δ (%)= calculated percentage change from the pre
match levels. before Ramadan = 1 day before the beginning of 30 days fasting; beginning Ramadan (Beg-R) = 7
days after starting fast; end of Ramadan (End-R) = 30 days after starting fast
50