Netra Bahadur Basnet, a 41-year-old man with CKD, and his wife Dilmaya Kumari Basnet, a 39-year-old healthy woman, are being evaluated for a pre-transplant renal transplant. Both are A+ blood type with no viral infections. Tests show Netra is in end-stage renal failure and qualified for transplant, while Dilmaya is healthy and qualified to be a living donor. The plan is for Dilmaya to undergo a left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy to donate her left kidney to Netra.
The document describes a case of a 48-year-old Thai woman who presented with abnormal uterine bleeding, anemia, and an abdominal mass found to be multiple uterine fibroids. She underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingooophorectomy to treat the fibroids, and her postoperative recovery was uneventful.
- A 53-year-old female with a history of breast cancer was admitted for an elective ureteral stent placement due to tumor compression of her left ureter
- During her hospitalization, she became hypotensive, hypoxic, and unresponsive on post-operative day 2
- Imaging revealed bowel ischemia with pneumatosis and hemoperitoneum likely due to bowel ischemia
- She developed septic shock and multi-organ failure and ultimately passed away despite maximal medical management
- A 53-year-old female with a history of breast cancer was admitted for an elective ureteral stent placement due to tumor compression of her left ureter.
- Shortly after the uncomplicated procedure, the patient became hypotensive, hypoxic, and unresponsive. Imaging showed bowel ischemia with pneumatosis and hemoperitoneum.
- Despite pressor support and broad-spectrum antibiotics, the patient's condition deteriorated and she eventually passed away.
1) The patient presented with relapse of nephrotic syndrome and urinary tract infection.
2) Treatment included prednisolone to induce remission, penicillin for urinary tract infection, and nifedipine to control high blood pressure.
3) Over 4 days the patient's condition improved. Symptoms resolved, edema reduced, and vitals stabilized with treatment. The patient was discharged on a tapering steroid regimen and antibiotics to complete at home.
Multidisciplinary case chronic myelogenous leukemia in pregnancyDR MUKESH SAH
Pregnancy and CML
While pregnancy in and of itself does not affect the course of CML, there is a risk for maternal disease progression if CML remains untreated for the duration of pregnancy. Unfortunately, treatment of CML during pregnancy is complicated due to the teratogenic nature of TKIs
This document describes the case of a 33-year-old male patient presenting with severe acute pancreatitis following an alcohol binge. Initial tests showed signs of severe illness including a CT scan showing over 30% necrosis of the pancreas. The patient was found to have a high Ranson score of 8, predicting a 60% mortality rate. Though not initially started on antibiotics, the patient later developed multiple organ dysfunction and infection was detected in a peripancreatic fluid collection via fine needle aspiration, identifying Proteus mirabilis. The patient underwent surgery to drain the infection and was treated with meropenem, subsequently making a full recovery.
Netra Bahadur Basnet, a 41-year-old man with CKD, and his wife Dilmaya Kumari Basnet, a 39-year-old healthy woman, are being evaluated for a pre-transplant renal transplant. Both are A+ blood type with no viral infections. Tests show Netra is in end-stage renal failure and qualified for transplant, while Dilmaya is healthy and qualified to be a living donor. The plan is for Dilmaya to undergo a left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy to donate her left kidney to Netra.
The document describes a case of a 48-year-old Thai woman who presented with abnormal uterine bleeding, anemia, and an abdominal mass found to be multiple uterine fibroids. She underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingooophorectomy to treat the fibroids, and her postoperative recovery was uneventful.
- A 53-year-old female with a history of breast cancer was admitted for an elective ureteral stent placement due to tumor compression of her left ureter
- During her hospitalization, she became hypotensive, hypoxic, and unresponsive on post-operative day 2
- Imaging revealed bowel ischemia with pneumatosis and hemoperitoneum likely due to bowel ischemia
- She developed septic shock and multi-organ failure and ultimately passed away despite maximal medical management
- A 53-year-old female with a history of breast cancer was admitted for an elective ureteral stent placement due to tumor compression of her left ureter.
- Shortly after the uncomplicated procedure, the patient became hypotensive, hypoxic, and unresponsive. Imaging showed bowel ischemia with pneumatosis and hemoperitoneum.
- Despite pressor support and broad-spectrum antibiotics, the patient's condition deteriorated and she eventually passed away.
1) The patient presented with relapse of nephrotic syndrome and urinary tract infection.
2) Treatment included prednisolone to induce remission, penicillin for urinary tract infection, and nifedipine to control high blood pressure.
3) Over 4 days the patient's condition improved. Symptoms resolved, edema reduced, and vitals stabilized with treatment. The patient was discharged on a tapering steroid regimen and antibiotics to complete at home.
Multidisciplinary case chronic myelogenous leukemia in pregnancyDR MUKESH SAH
Pregnancy and CML
While pregnancy in and of itself does not affect the course of CML, there is a risk for maternal disease progression if CML remains untreated for the duration of pregnancy. Unfortunately, treatment of CML during pregnancy is complicated due to the teratogenic nature of TKIs
This document describes the case of a 33-year-old male patient presenting with severe acute pancreatitis following an alcohol binge. Initial tests showed signs of severe illness including a CT scan showing over 30% necrosis of the pancreas. The patient was found to have a high Ranson score of 8, predicting a 60% mortality rate. Though not initially started on antibiotics, the patient later developed multiple organ dysfunction and infection was detected in a peripancreatic fluid collection via fine needle aspiration, identifying Proteus mirabilis. The patient underwent surgery to drain the infection and was treated with meropenem, subsequently making a full recovery.
Use of iohexol clearance in dogs as a diagnostic testDr.hema hassan
This document discusses the use of iohexol clearance in dogs as a diagnostic test for early kidney disease. It begins with background on current markers used to diagnose kidney disease like creatinine, blood urea, and urinary specific gravity. It notes limitations of these markers including lack of specificity and insensitivity in early disease. The document then discusses iohexol clearance testing methodology, interpretation, and four case studies where iohexol clearance provided useful information for diagnosis and monitoring of kidney function earlier than other markers. In conclusion, iohexol clearance is presented as a valuable test for early identification of decreased kidney function and understanding variability between dogs.
1) The AURELIA trial evaluated bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer.
2) The trial found that progression-free survival was significantly longer in the bevacizumab combination group compared to the chemotherapy alone group (median 6.7 months vs 3.4 months).
3) Rates of objective response were also significantly higher in the bevacizumab combination group compared to chemotherapy alone (30.9% vs 12.6%).
The document describes a case report of an 80-year-old male who presented with abdominal pain for 4 days. On examination, he had tenderness in the epigastric and right upper quadrant regions. Laboratory tests showed elevated lipase, amylase and CRP, consistent with acute pancreatitis. CT imaging revealed a relatively enlarged pancreas. He was admitted and treated supportively with IV fluids, antibiotics and pain medications. His condition gradually improved and he was discharged. Common scoring systems for evaluating severity of acute pancreatitis like Ranson's criteria and BISAP score are discussed.
This document summarizes key points about the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. It finds that surgical resection provides the best chance for long-term survival, with 5-year survival rates of 20-30% for resectable disease. For unresectable tumors, options include liver transplantation in select patients and local therapies like radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and yttrium-90 microsphere treatment, which have shown some promise for improving survival. Systemic chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin is the standard first-line treatment based on improved survival seen in a phase III trial, while various targeted agents in combination with chemotherapy are under investigation in clinical trials
This document summarizes the pre-operative diagnosis, operative findings, and specimens collected for a patient undergoing an exploratory laparotomy for a suspected ovarian tumor. The 53-year-old patient presented with abdominal distension and discomfort and imaging showed a large pelvic mass arising from the left ovary. During surgery, an extensive left adnexal mass measuring 20x20x22cm was found involving the left pelvic side wall and colon. The uterus, right ovary, and both fallopian tubes were embedded in the mass. Specimens including the uterus with left ovarian tumor, omentum, and appendix were sent for histopathological examination.
Diabetic KetoAcidosis is a condition of formation of ketone bodies in body due to which body goes to acidic condition and this is due to elevated glucose levels in blood.
Pre operative assessment of patient with liver diseaseHan Naung Tun
The patient is a 55-year-old male with liver cirrhosis and a history of empyema gallbladder who is scheduled for an elective cholecystectomy. Pre-operative assessments found elevated liver enzymes and signs of portal hypertension on ultrasound. The patient's MELD score placed him at moderate to high risk for surgery. Pre-operative optimization and risk stratification were performed, and the cholecystectomy was carried out with monitoring and treatment for liver disease and infection.
This document summarizes the case of a 56-year-old Thai woman who presented with hemoptysis and renal failure. She has a history of tuberculosis as a child and rheumatoid arthritis. On examination, she had coarse lung crepitations and signs of renal impairment. Tests showed p-ANCA positivity. She was diagnosed with microscopic polyangiitis and treated with plasma exchange, antibiotics, and steroids. Her condition gradually improved with treatment.
Capurso G. Le Pancreatiti Acute: quelle vere e quelle false. ASMaD 2014Gianfranco Tammaro
1. The document discusses the management of acute pancreatitis, noting that contrast-enhanced CT or MRI should be reserved for unclear diagnoses or patients who do not improve clinically within 48-72 hours of admission.
2. Early fluid resuscitation, with 2 ml/kg/hour and an initial bolus of 20 ml/kg within 30-45 minutes is recommended, preferably with crystalloids like lactated Ringer's solution.
3. For mild pancreatitis, early oral feeding is recommended once pain resolves, while for severe cases enteral nutrition within 48 hours is recommended to prevent infectious complications.
The document summarizes several studies presented at the 2008 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. The PACCE trial found that adding panitumumab to oxaliplatin or irinotecan chemotherapy did not improve outcomes and increased toxicity. The FFCD trial found higher response rates with 5-FU/irinotecan vs 5-FU alone in elderly patients with colorectal cancer. The X-ACT trial showed a trend toward improved survival with capecitabine vs 5-FU/LV as adjuvant therapy. Studies also suggested intermittent oxaliplatin dosing may improve outcomes and that KRAS mutation status predicts response to anti-EGFR antibodies like panitumumab.
Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and dangerously low blood pressure.
Amelioration of Metabolic Acidosis and Progression of CKD (Journal Club)Raj Kiran Medapalli
This document summarizes several studies on the effects of metabolic acidosis and alkali therapy in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Animal studies found that alkali therapy slowed CKD progression by reducing kidney endothelin-1 levels and tubulointerstitial injury. A human study of 134 CKD patients found that oral bicarbonate slowed decline in kidney function and reduced risks of rapid progression and end-stage renal disease over 2 years. The mechanisms of renal protection with alkali therapy involve reducing kidney endothelin-1 production and tubular injury.
This document discusses the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including monitoring disease activity, initiating and monitoring therapies, and practical considerations. It provides guidelines on using fecal calprotectin to monitor ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It also summarizes the types of medications available to treat IBD including mesalazines, immunomodulators, biologics, and their effectiveness and monitoring. Trial results are presented comparing medications for inducing remission and preventing relapse in IBD.
This document reviews the management of ascites in a patient with cirrhosis. Key points include:
1. Paracentesis was performed on the patient which showed ascitic fluid with a SAAG of 2.4, indicating portal hypertension.
2. Initial management involved salt restriction and diuretic therapy. However, the ascites became refractory to treatment.
3. For tense or refractory ascites, serial large volume paracentesis with albumin infusion is the standard treatment when diuretics fail.
This document discusses predicting postoperative outcomes for patients undergoing surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It finds that acceptable postoperative mortality in cirrhotic patients is less than 5%. Pre-operative parameters like liver stiffness measurement, hepatic venous pressure gradient, and indocyanine green clearance can help predict outcomes. Laparoscopic surgery and modulating portal flow may help improve outcomes compared to open surgery for cirrhotic patients undergoing liver resection. Direct assessment of liver function and parenchyma quality are important to predict postoperative liver decompensation risk, especially for patients with a MELD score greater than 8 undergoing minor hepatectomy.
This document discusses liver stiffness measurement (FibroScan) for assessing liver fibrosis. It begins by describing FibroScan as a non-invasive test that measures liver stiffness using ultrasound to evaluate the velocity of shock wave propagation through liver tissue. FibroScan has several advantages over liver biopsy as it is simple, reproducible, readily available, less expensive, and can predict the full spectrum of fibrosis. The document then reviews factors that can affect liver stiffness measurements such as obesity, operator experience, acute liver injury, extrahepatic cholestasis, increased central venous pressure, and ascites. It concludes that while FibroScan is a useful test, its results must be interpreted in the overall clinical context while considering potential limitations and pitfalls
This document summarizes information about renal cell carcinoma (RCC), including epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment guidelines. It provides details on the incidence and risk factors for RCC. Diagnosis is often made through imaging techniques and biopsy. Treatment involves surgery, targeted drug therapies, and immunotherapy depending on cancer stage and biomarkers. Several clinical trials are summarized that evaluated drugs for advanced RCC such as sunitinib, pazopanib, axitinib, everolimus, and sorafenib. Overall survival and progression-free survival results are presented from these studies.
The document discusses follow up care after colorectal cancer surgery. It reviews literature on intensive versus routine follow up. Meta-analyses found intensive follow up with frequent testing and imaging reduced mortality by 9-13% and time to relapse by around 8 months. Current guidelines recommend intensive follow up, though optimal tests and timing are not firmly established. Colonoscopy, CEA, and CT scans are commonly used in follow up.
Use of iohexol clearance in dogs as a diagnostic testDr.hema hassan
This document discusses the use of iohexol clearance in dogs as a diagnostic test for early kidney disease. It begins with background on current markers used to diagnose kidney disease like creatinine, blood urea, and urinary specific gravity. It notes limitations of these markers including lack of specificity and insensitivity in early disease. The document then discusses iohexol clearance testing methodology, interpretation, and four case studies where iohexol clearance provided useful information for diagnosis and monitoring of kidney function earlier than other markers. In conclusion, iohexol clearance is presented as a valuable test for early identification of decreased kidney function and understanding variability between dogs.
1) The AURELIA trial evaluated bevacizumab combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for platinum-resistant recurrent ovarian cancer.
2) The trial found that progression-free survival was significantly longer in the bevacizumab combination group compared to the chemotherapy alone group (median 6.7 months vs 3.4 months).
3) Rates of objective response were also significantly higher in the bevacizumab combination group compared to chemotherapy alone (30.9% vs 12.6%).
The document describes a case report of an 80-year-old male who presented with abdominal pain for 4 days. On examination, he had tenderness in the epigastric and right upper quadrant regions. Laboratory tests showed elevated lipase, amylase and CRP, consistent with acute pancreatitis. CT imaging revealed a relatively enlarged pancreas. He was admitted and treated supportively with IV fluids, antibiotics and pain medications. His condition gradually improved and he was discharged. Common scoring systems for evaluating severity of acute pancreatitis like Ranson's criteria and BISAP score are discussed.
This document summarizes key points about the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. It finds that surgical resection provides the best chance for long-term survival, with 5-year survival rates of 20-30% for resectable disease. For unresectable tumors, options include liver transplantation in select patients and local therapies like radiofrequency ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and yttrium-90 microsphere treatment, which have shown some promise for improving survival. Systemic chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin is the standard first-line treatment based on improved survival seen in a phase III trial, while various targeted agents in combination with chemotherapy are under investigation in clinical trials
This document summarizes the pre-operative diagnosis, operative findings, and specimens collected for a patient undergoing an exploratory laparotomy for a suspected ovarian tumor. The 53-year-old patient presented with abdominal distension and discomfort and imaging showed a large pelvic mass arising from the left ovary. During surgery, an extensive left adnexal mass measuring 20x20x22cm was found involving the left pelvic side wall and colon. The uterus, right ovary, and both fallopian tubes were embedded in the mass. Specimens including the uterus with left ovarian tumor, omentum, and appendix were sent for histopathological examination.
Diabetic KetoAcidosis is a condition of formation of ketone bodies in body due to which body goes to acidic condition and this is due to elevated glucose levels in blood.
Pre operative assessment of patient with liver diseaseHan Naung Tun
The patient is a 55-year-old male with liver cirrhosis and a history of empyema gallbladder who is scheduled for an elective cholecystectomy. Pre-operative assessments found elevated liver enzymes and signs of portal hypertension on ultrasound. The patient's MELD score placed him at moderate to high risk for surgery. Pre-operative optimization and risk stratification were performed, and the cholecystectomy was carried out with monitoring and treatment for liver disease and infection.
This document summarizes the case of a 56-year-old Thai woman who presented with hemoptysis and renal failure. She has a history of tuberculosis as a child and rheumatoid arthritis. On examination, she had coarse lung crepitations and signs of renal impairment. Tests showed p-ANCA positivity. She was diagnosed with microscopic polyangiitis and treated with plasma exchange, antibiotics, and steroids. Her condition gradually improved with treatment.
Capurso G. Le Pancreatiti Acute: quelle vere e quelle false. ASMaD 2014Gianfranco Tammaro
1. The document discusses the management of acute pancreatitis, noting that contrast-enhanced CT or MRI should be reserved for unclear diagnoses or patients who do not improve clinically within 48-72 hours of admission.
2. Early fluid resuscitation, with 2 ml/kg/hour and an initial bolus of 20 ml/kg within 30-45 minutes is recommended, preferably with crystalloids like lactated Ringer's solution.
3. For mild pancreatitis, early oral feeding is recommended once pain resolves, while for severe cases enteral nutrition within 48 hours is recommended to prevent infectious complications.
The document summarizes several studies presented at the 2008 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. The PACCE trial found that adding panitumumab to oxaliplatin or irinotecan chemotherapy did not improve outcomes and increased toxicity. The FFCD trial found higher response rates with 5-FU/irinotecan vs 5-FU alone in elderly patients with colorectal cancer. The X-ACT trial showed a trend toward improved survival with capecitabine vs 5-FU/LV as adjuvant therapy. Studies also suggested intermittent oxaliplatin dosing may improve outcomes and that KRAS mutation status predicts response to anti-EGFR antibodies like panitumumab.
Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and dangerously low blood pressure.
Amelioration of Metabolic Acidosis and Progression of CKD (Journal Club)Raj Kiran Medapalli
This document summarizes several studies on the effects of metabolic acidosis and alkali therapy in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Animal studies found that alkali therapy slowed CKD progression by reducing kidney endothelin-1 levels and tubulointerstitial injury. A human study of 134 CKD patients found that oral bicarbonate slowed decline in kidney function and reduced risks of rapid progression and end-stage renal disease over 2 years. The mechanisms of renal protection with alkali therapy involve reducing kidney endothelin-1 production and tubular injury.
This document discusses the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including monitoring disease activity, initiating and monitoring therapies, and practical considerations. It provides guidelines on using fecal calprotectin to monitor ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It also summarizes the types of medications available to treat IBD including mesalazines, immunomodulators, biologics, and their effectiveness and monitoring. Trial results are presented comparing medications for inducing remission and preventing relapse in IBD.
This document reviews the management of ascites in a patient with cirrhosis. Key points include:
1. Paracentesis was performed on the patient which showed ascitic fluid with a SAAG of 2.4, indicating portal hypertension.
2. Initial management involved salt restriction and diuretic therapy. However, the ascites became refractory to treatment.
3. For tense or refractory ascites, serial large volume paracentesis with albumin infusion is the standard treatment when diuretics fail.
This document discusses predicting postoperative outcomes for patients undergoing surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It finds that acceptable postoperative mortality in cirrhotic patients is less than 5%. Pre-operative parameters like liver stiffness measurement, hepatic venous pressure gradient, and indocyanine green clearance can help predict outcomes. Laparoscopic surgery and modulating portal flow may help improve outcomes compared to open surgery for cirrhotic patients undergoing liver resection. Direct assessment of liver function and parenchyma quality are important to predict postoperative liver decompensation risk, especially for patients with a MELD score greater than 8 undergoing minor hepatectomy.
This document discusses liver stiffness measurement (FibroScan) for assessing liver fibrosis. It begins by describing FibroScan as a non-invasive test that measures liver stiffness using ultrasound to evaluate the velocity of shock wave propagation through liver tissue. FibroScan has several advantages over liver biopsy as it is simple, reproducible, readily available, less expensive, and can predict the full spectrum of fibrosis. The document then reviews factors that can affect liver stiffness measurements such as obesity, operator experience, acute liver injury, extrahepatic cholestasis, increased central venous pressure, and ascites. It concludes that while FibroScan is a useful test, its results must be interpreted in the overall clinical context while considering potential limitations and pitfalls
This document summarizes information about renal cell carcinoma (RCC), including epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment guidelines. It provides details on the incidence and risk factors for RCC. Diagnosis is often made through imaging techniques and biopsy. Treatment involves surgery, targeted drug therapies, and immunotherapy depending on cancer stage and biomarkers. Several clinical trials are summarized that evaluated drugs for advanced RCC such as sunitinib, pazopanib, axitinib, everolimus, and sorafenib. Overall survival and progression-free survival results are presented from these studies.
The document discusses follow up care after colorectal cancer surgery. It reviews literature on intensive versus routine follow up. Meta-analyses found intensive follow up with frequent testing and imaging reduced mortality by 9-13% and time to relapse by around 8 months. Current guidelines recommend intensive follow up, though optimal tests and timing are not firmly established. Colonoscopy, CEA, and CT scans are commonly used in follow up.
Similar to LAL BDR TAMANG.pptxdfdfdfdfsdsdsdsdsdsdsdsds (20)
ANTI GBM DISEASE final hellllo hiiiii.pptxManoj Aryal
This document provides an overview of anti-GBM disease and Goodpasture's syndrome. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathology, treatment and prognosis. The key points are:
- It is a rare disease caused by autoantibodies against type IV collagen in the glomerular basement membrane, leading to lung hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.
- Treatment involves plasma exchange to remove antibodies, immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide and steroids, and supportive care. Prognosis is good with over 90% survival if treated early, though kidney recovery depends on disease severity at presentation.
- Smoking cessation is important
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function lasting over 3 months. The document summarizes guidelines for staging CKD based on cause and glomerular filtration rate, evaluating CKD, managing progression through controlling blood pressure and protein intake, and addressing complications like anemia and cardiovascular disease. The timing of renal replacement therapy like dialysis depends on symptoms and declining kidney function.
The kidney develops from intermediate mesoderm along the posterior abdominal wall. It progresses through three stages - the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidney. The ureteric bud induces metanephric mesenchyme to form nephrons. Nephrogenesis is complete by birth. The kidney ascends from the pelvis to the abdomen during development. Genetic factors like WT1 regulate kidney development. Anomalies can occur in kidney number, position, rotation and ascent during embryogenesis.
The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs located in the posterior abdominal cavity. Each kidney is reddish-brown and ovoid in shape, measuring approximately 10-12 cm long. The kidneys receive blood supply from the renal arteries and drain into the renal veins. The internal anatomy of the kidneys includes the renal cortex, medulla, pyramids, calyces and pelvis which collect urine drained from nephrons. Variations can occur in the number and branching pattern of renal vessels.
The kidneys develop from intermediate mesoderm and progress through three stages - pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys. It develops from interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. Nephrons develop from mesenchyme and the collecting system from the ureteric bud. The kidneys ascend during development due to body growth. Common anomalies include horseshoe kidney and abnormal rotation or position of the kidneys.
The document discusses lung volumes, capacities, and pulmonary function tests. Key points include:
- Pulmonary function testing measures ventilation, diffusion, and blood flow to evaluate lung health. Spirometry is the cornerstone test and measures volumes inhaled and exhaled over time.
- Other tests include lung volume determination, diffusing capacity tests, and six-minute walk tests. Results are compared to predicted normal values.
- Spirometry evaluates the airways and lung parenchyma. It measures volumes like forced vital capacity and flows like FEV1. Pattern recognition from these values helps diagnose restrictive or obstructive lung diseases.
- Flow-volume loops provide additional information, showing concave loops in asthma and dog-
Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve that occurs most commonly as a result of rheumatic fever. It is characterized by thickening and scarring of the mitral valve leaflets that causes the opening to narrow over time. The narrowing obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, causing elevated pressures in the left atrium and lungs. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, hemoptysis, and right-sided heart failure. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram and treatment involves medications, balloon valvuloplasty, or valve replacement surgery depending on severity.
Atrial fibrillation is characterized by disorganized electrical activity in the atria leading to irregular heartbeat. Risk factors include increasing age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, sleep apnea, smoking, and family history. Symptoms include irregular pulse and murmurs. Diagnosis is made through ECG and echocardiogram. Treatment involves rate or rhythm control with medications, catheter ablation, anticoagulation to prevent stroke, and treating any underlying causes. Guidelines from AHA and ESC provide recommendations on management strategies.
This document provides an overview of acute pancreatitis, including:
- The epidemiology, with highest rates in the US and among males related to alcohol use.
- The pathophysiology, involving premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas.
- Diagnosis is based on abdominal pain plus elevated pancreatic enzymes or imaging findings. Severity is assessed using scores like Ranson's criteria or CT severity index.
- Treatment involves fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, pain management, and antibiotics only for proven or suspected infected pancreatic necrosis. The goals are to prevent complications and infections.
1) Tuberculosis remains a major global health problem, with over 10 million new cases in 2017. South East Asia accounts for nearly 45% of global TB cases.
2) Diagnosis involves screening high-risk groups, examining symptoms, and testing sputum samples with staining, culturing or newer techniques like PCR and quantiferon testing. Chest x-rays can also identify abnormalities.
3) Standard first-line TB treatment involves a combination of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide over 6-9 months. Drug-resistant TB requires longer, more toxic multi-drug regimens. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination and contact tracing.
At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified as the cause of a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. It rapidly spread globally, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. Coronaviruses can cause illnesses ranging from common cold to more severe respiratory diseases. This particular virus is designated SARS-CoV-2 and causes the disease COVID-19. Symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath. Diagnosis is made through PCR testing of respiratory samples. Treatment is supportive and includes oxygen supplementation. Several investigational agents are being studied but no proven treatments currently exist.
Motor neuron disease (MND) is a neurodegenerative condition caused by the loss of upper and lower motor neurons. MND includes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), with ALS being the most common type. MND is characterized by a combination of upper and lower motor neuron signs without sensory involvement. Diagnosis can be difficult and is often delayed. While treatment can prolong survival, MND is relentlessly progressive. Management involves a multidisciplinary team and non-invasive ventilation to prolong survival and quality of life.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is an acute, autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy that causes rapid progressive ascending paralysis. It is usually preceded by a respiratory or gastrointestinal infection. Clinical features include rapidly evolving areflexic motor paralysis that starts in the legs and may involve the face. Treatment involves intravenous immunoglobulin or plasmapheresis to prevent progression of symptoms. Most patients recover fully within months, but some have recurring or chronic symptoms.
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by bradykinesia and other motor symptoms like rigidity, tremor, and impaired balance. It results from the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. The average age of onset is 60, and it is more common in men. While motor symptoms are prominent, non-motor symptoms like cognitive impairment and mood issues become predominant as the disease progresses. Levodopa remains the most effective treatment but can cause side effects, so other drugs and therapies are also used to manage symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Cerebrovascular Accident or stroke is defined as an abrupt onset of neurological deficit caused by a focal vascular issue. Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The clinical manifestations of stroke can vary widely due to the complex anatomy of the brain and vasculature. Imaging such as CT and MRI are used to determine if the cause is ischemia or hemorrhage. Treatment focuses on rapid evaluation, managing risk factors, IV thrombolysis if appropriate, and rehabilitation to prevent complications and encourage recovery.
The Octavia range embodies the design trend of the Škoda brand: a fusion of
aesthetics, safety and practicality. Whether you see the car as a whole or step
closer and explore its unique features, the Octavia range radiates with the
harmony of functionality and emotion
What Could Be Behind Your Mercedes Sprinter's Power Loss on Uphill RoadsSprinter Gurus
Unlock the secrets behind your Mercedes Sprinter's uphill power loss with our comprehensive presentation. From fuel filter blockages to turbocharger troubles, we uncover the culprits and empower you to reclaim your vehicle's peak performance. Conquer every ascent with confidence and ensure a thrilling journey every time.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
Welcome to ASP Cranes, your trusted partner for crane solutions in Raipur, Chhattisgarh! With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, we offer a comprehensive range of crane services tailored to meet your lifting and material handling needs.
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Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
2. DESCRIPTIONS
DESCRIPTION RECIPIENT DONOR
NAME Lal Bahadur Tamang Bishnu Maya Tamang
AGE 45yrs 38yrs
SEX Male Female
RELATION HUSBAND WIFE
BLOOD GR/TYP O positive A positive
ADDRESS Ramechhap,Gokulganga Rural
Municipality
Ramechhap,Gokulganga
Rural Municipality
Height 5 feet 6 inches 5 feet 5 inches
Weight 57 kg 60 kg
BMI 20.2kg/m2 22kg/m2
3. VIRAL MARKER
DESCRIPTION RECIPIENT DONOR
HIV I / II (2081/01/03)
Non-Reactive Non-Reactive
HBs Ag (2081/01/03) Non-Reactive Non-Reactive
Anti HCV(2081/01/03) Non-Reactive Non-Reactive
CMV IgG Positive Positive
CMV IgM Negative Negative
4. RECIPIENT CLINICAL DETAILS
HISTORY/ PRIMARY DISEASE: CKD WITH HTN
DIALYSIS STATUS : HD via Left Radio cephalic AV Fistula
Under MHD since 12 months (Sunday/Tuesday/Friday)
9. RECIPIENT INVESTIGATION
ECG :NSR
USG: Rt 7.2 cm , Left 7.6 cm; B/l small echogenic kidneys
with loss of CMD.
ECHO: (2080/10/17) LVEF 60%,DILATED LA,LV,MOD
MR,MOD TR ,MODERATE PAH WITH PASP
68mmHg,LVDD-I,ECCENTRIC LVH.
CXR –PA: (2081/01/02) NORMAL STUDY
SPIROMETRY(2080/10/26):Normal Spirometry.
10. • UGI ENDOSCOPY done on 2080/12/21 showed
Gastrodudenal Ulcers Forest III ,H pylori eradication
was done .
• Colonoscopy done on 2081/01/05 showed Normal
Study except External Hemorrhoids.
11. • Stress ECG Test Patient Exercised for 8’01’’
with workload of 9.3 METS on Bruce Protocol.
Exercise terminated due to 100% THR
achieved. Good Effort Tolerance.
• No significant ST-T changes during exercise
and recovery as compared to Baseline ECG.
12. • Stress Echo revealed Baseline LVEF 40% and
Peak LVEF 50%.Good contractile reserve.NO
RWMA.
• Test is Negative for Exercise Induced
Reversible Myocardial Ischemia.
13. TREATMENT CARDEX
S.N MEDICATION DOSE ROUTE DIRECTIONS
1 TAB AMLODIPINE 10 MG PO OD
2 TAB PRAZOPRESS-
XL
5 MG PO BD
3 TAB METOP-XR 25MG PO OD
4 TAB FEBU 40MG PO OD
5 TAB IFOL-XT 1 TAB PO OD
6 TAB REDUPHOS 400 MG PO BD
7 TAB CALVIT 500MCG PO BD
8 INJ EPOFIT 4000U S/C Once week
14. Recipient Systemic Evaluation Clearance
Chest Evaluation: Done and Cleared
Cardiac Evaluation: Done and Cleared
ENT Evaluation : Done and Cleared
Dental Evaluation : Done and Cleared
UROLOGY: Done and Cleared
PSYCHIATRY No active intervention required
PAC : To be reviewed
15. DONOR EVALUATION
• No Known Comorbidity.
• Has Two children Female:25 yrs,Male:26 yrs. both
via Normal Vaginal Delivery.
• Has CU-T in situ.
20. DONOR INVESTIGATION
ECG: NSR
USG: Both kidneys are normal in size Rt 10.3cm,Lt 10.7cm,
outline and echotexture. CMD is maintained.
ECHO: RHD with Mild MR, Mild TR,LVEF: 60%
CXR –PA: Grossly normal
SPIROMETRY(2080/10/26):Normal Spirometry.
21. DONOR Systemic Evaluation Clearance
Chest Evaluation: Done and Cleared
Cardiac Evaluation: Done and cleared
ENT Evaluation : Done and cleared
Dental Evaluation : Done and Cleared
UROLOGY: Done and Cleared
PSYCHIATRY Done and Cleared
PAC To be Reviewed
CTVS Done and cleared
22. DSA(04/03/2024)
ANTI HLA IgG antibodies MFI Result
CLASS I <500 NEGATIVE
CLASS II <500 NEGATIVE
CDC Cross Match
Auto:- IgM NEGATIVE
DTT cross match:- T &
B cell cross match
NEGATIVE