Weaning is the process of gradually introducing an infant human or another mammal to what will be its adult diet while withdrawing the supply of its mother's milk. The process takes place only in mammals, as only mammals produce milk.
Weaning is the process of gradually introducing an infant human or another mammal to what will be its adult diet while withdrawing the supply of its mother's milk. The process takes place only in mammals, as only mammals produce milk.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
2. INTRODUCTION
• When a child gets sick, it will affect how he or she
eats. Different foods may need to be offered until the
child gets better, and more foods need to be offered
during recovery. Generally, it is recommended that a
child continue to be fed with foods of their choice
throughout an illness, rather than having his/her
foods restricted.
• This allows the child to continue to meet his/her
nutritional requirements while providing extra
nutrients that some illnesses may require for
healing.
3.
4. How to break this cycle?
• Continue feeding and increase fluids
• For a child under 6 months old: Breastfeed more
frequently and longer at each feed
• For a child 6–24 months old:
• Breastfeed more frequently and longer at each feed,
increase fluid intake, and offer food.
• Give frequent, small feeds.
• Give nutrient-dense foods that are soft, varied, and
the child’s favorite foods.
• Give mashed or soft foods if the child has trouble
swallowing (do not dilute foods or milk)
• Feed the child slowly and patiently encourage the
child to eat but do not force.
5. INDICATIONS FOR NUTRITIOUS
MEAL DURING ILLNESS
• He/she needs nutrients to fight infections and
replace nutrients that were lost during his/her
illness.
• During illness a child may be too weak to eat,
having trouble swallowing, or finding it difficult
to eat because of a cough or blocked nose
6. Continue
• Infection often reduces appetite. It also increases
the need for some nutrients if:
• Nutrients are poorly absorbed by the gut or the
body uses nutrients faster than usual (e.g. to
repair the immune system).
7. Continue
• If a sick child does not eat enough, his/her own
body fat and muscles will be used for energy and
nutrients. He/she will lose weight and become
undernourished. Even during a short illness, a
child’s growth often falters. The immune
systems may become less effective and not be
able to fight infections.
8. Diet for sick child
During illness the challenge is to continue
feeding the child. Sick children frequently reject
food or eat only small quantities of food offered
to them. It is important not to withhold foods or
liquids.
9. Continue
• Be patient but persistent; offer foods that the
child likes to increase appetite.
• Hold the child on your lap or keep him/ her
sitting up (Do not feed a child who’s lying down;
this can cause choking).
• If a child vomits, wait for ten minutes and
continue offering fluids or food after that.
10. Continue
Breastmilk
• It is the perfect food during and after illness and it is
energy rich, nutrient rich, and hygienic.Children
who are sick continue to breastfeed even when they
are not taking other food or animal milk. If a
breastfed baby cannot suck properly due to illness,
the mother should express milk and continue to feed
the child with a spoon and/or cup. If a breastfed
baby is hospitalized, mother and baby should be
kept together.
11. Continue
Energy and nutrient -rich foods
• Children, 6 months of age and older, need energy-rich
and nutrient-rich foods, during and after illness, to
regain strength. These foods include meat, poultry, fish,
eggs, and milk when possible. This can also be achieved
by adding dry milk powder to porridges or other foods or
adding groundnuts, extra fat, and/or sugar or honey. A
sick child cannot absorb food well and must be fed more
often than usual. A key practice during illness is many
small feeds.
12. FEEDING CHILD DURING
RECUPERATION
• Children often have hearty appetites and will be
eager to eat more food than usual. Continue to
feed the child frequently.
• Children should be encouraged to eat more at
every meal, and be given an extra meal each day
(or extra snacks in between meals) for at least
two weeks.
13. Continue
• Continue to give nutritious food such as meat,
fish, liver, egg, milk, and oil to meet the
requirements for catch-up growth. Extra food is
needed until the child regain his/her weight that
was lost during illness and is growing well again.
15. Diarrheal Disease
• Children are at greatest risk between the ages of
about 6 to 11 months the period when semi-solid
foods are introduced. Growth curves often dip
sharply during this period.
• The majority of deaths associated with diarrhea are
due to dehydration. In general, even a child with no
dehydration should receive additional fluids and
continued feeding to speed recovery. A child with
signs of moderate dehydration should first be
rehydrated, followed by normal feeding.
16. Continue
• Mothers may withhold fluids and food during
diarrhea. Counseling on breastfeeding is critical
for the young child with diarrhea. A child under
6 months old with diarrhea is likely not to be
exclusively breastfed. For all children, continued
breastfeeding during acute diarrhea significantly
reduces the duration of an episode.
17. Diarrhea with no dehydration
Infant under 6 months old
If exclusively breastfed - breastfeed frequently and longer at each
feed. Give additional clean water or ORS to prevent dehydration.
If not breastfed - give the normal milk or formula at least every
three hours. Give additional clean water or ORS.
If receiving mixed feeding - breastfeed more frequently and longer
at each feed. Give other liquids with a cup and spoon, not a bottle.
18. Child over 6 months old
Breastfeed frequently and longer at each feed.
Give more fluids than usual to prevent dehydration.
When possible, give “home fluids” that normally contain salt
(e.g.,soup, rice water, and yogurt drinks).
Dangerous fluids to avoid during diarrhea include drinks sweetened
with sugar such as commercial sodas, commercial fruit juices, and
sweetened tea. Fluids with stimulant, diuretic, or purgative effects
(such as coffee or some medicinal teas) should also be avoided.
Continue to give normal food.
Continued feeding speeds recovery of intestinal function and the
ability to digest and absorb nutrients. If the child is not yet being
given semi-solid foods, the mother should be counseled to begin soon
after the diarrhea stops.
19. Diarrhea and moderate dehydration
A child with signs of dehydration should be rehydrated, preferably with
packaged ORS according to weight and age. Use a clean spoon or cup.
Rehydration may take four hours or longer.
In addition:
For an infant under 6 months old, continue breastfeeding during
rehydration whenever the child wants.
For a non-breastfed infant under 6 months old, give 100-200 ml of
clean water during rehydration; then resume full strength milk or
formula.
For an older child, continue breastfeeding whenever the child wants.
Begin feeding after the initial four-hour rehydration period.
20. Severe dehydration
A child with severe dehydration requires intravenous treatment and
should be hospitalized.
Rehydration: The gold standard for rehydration is packaged
ORS.
Administering ORS can be challenging. It may take four or more
hours to rehydrate a child, giving ORS by cup or spoon.
Use of antidiarrheals can be harmful. WHO now recommends a
newly formulated low osmolarity ORS product that does reduce
stool volume and duration of illness.
Rehydration with food-based fluids such as thin rice gruel that is
“normally salty” is as effective as giving standard ORS.
This has the advantage of providing some nutrients during the
immediate period of rehydration.
21. Foods during diarrhea:
A child with diarrhea should be fed a normal diet as soon
as possible.
Foods should be well cooked and mashed or ground to
make them easy to digest, but not diluted. Fermented
foods are also easy to digest. Fats and oils provide energy.
Meat, fish, or egg should be given if available.
Foods rich in potassium, such as bananas, are very
beneficial. The banana and pectin diets also significantly
reduced the amount of stool and vomiting.
22. Acute Respiratory infection
(Pneumonia)
• Even mild ARI may cause stuffy nose or cough,
creating problems for breastfeeding.
• Child of any age may aspirate food while
coughing
• Feed child sitting up; give small feeds slowly.
• Mother may require more time, patience, and
confidence than usual for breastfeeding.
• If a breastfed child is unable to suckle properly,
milk should be expressed fed with cup and
spoon.
23. Measles
• Child may have severe diarrhea as well as
respiratory problems accompanied by high fever.
• Child may have sores inside the mouth.
• Keep child hydrated.
• Give soft, mashed foods that are not spicy
• Child should given vitamin A supplement.
24. HIV/AIDS Mother
For infants <6 months on full replacement feeding
• As part of determining what method of feeding is
acceptable, feasible, affordable,sustainable, and safe
(AFASS), the mother may have elected not to breastfeed
her child during the first 6 months of life, or to
discontinue breastmilk after 6 months. Lack of
breastfeeding makes the child vulnerable to frequent
illness.
• Provider should counsel on hygienic preparation of
milk/formula
• During diarrhea, give yogurt-based drinks if possible.
Mix animal milk with cereal do not dilute the milk.
25. For the child who is symptomatic
A symptomatic child may have 50–100 percent greater energy requirements.
Child may suffer frequently from thrush, fever, diarrhea, or vomiting.
Child’s medications may cause loss of appetite or changes in taste that make
it difficult to eat.
If child is breastfeeding, continue breastfeeding.
Feed frequently to ensure adequate intake.
If child has thrush, avoid spicy, salty, or sticky foods, or strong citrus fruits
and juices that may irritate mouth sores.
Avoid sugary foods; these encourage yeast.