The document discusses climate change as a critical global issue stemming from human activities, particularly emphasizing the urgent need for international cooperation to address its adverse effects. Key international agreements, such as the Kyoto Protocol and Montreal Protocol, highlight the importance of enforceability and accountability in climate action, while the Paris Agreement aims to limit global temperature rise. Challenges to cooperation include varying national priorities, free-riding concerns, and the need for financing, yet technological innovations and grassroots movements signify hope for meaningful change.

2. Climate Change & International
Cooperation
A Study of Global
Environmental Agreements

3. Presented By:
Aqsa
Munir
Saher Faiza

4. Climate Change

5. What is Climate
Change?
"Climate change refers to long-term
shifts in temperatures and weather
patterns, primarily due to human
activities like burning fossil fuels.“
Key Causes: Greenhouse gases (CO2,
methane), deforestation,
industrialization.
Stat: Since 1880, Earth’s
temperature has risen by 1.1°C.

6. Why Climate Change is
Urgent?
Impacts: Rising sea levels, increased extreme weather
(hurricanes, wildfires), and biodiversity loss.
Stat: "If global temperatures rise by 2°C, more than 99% of coral
reefs will be lost."

7. Earth’s Average
Temperatures
Rising to
Catastrophic
Levels?
Continued fossil fuel use will
lead to a temperature rise
of 3-8°C.
Catastrophic impacts:
extreme weather,
disappearing glaciers, rising
sea levels

8. Impacts of Climate Change
• Disrupted rainfall, droughts, island disappearance, coastal
flooding.
• Political instability, migration crises, and intrastate conflict.
Sea Rise= Flooding and
Damage

9. A New Threat Tied to Old
Habits
Deforestation may have
contributed to COVID-19.
While not a direct result,
climate change
exacerbates zoonotic
diseases.

10. International Cooperation

11. Why International Cooperation is Key?
Climate change
transcends national
borders.
Shared
responsibility is
necessary to
mitigate global
warming and its
effects.

12. UN’s Role in
Climate
Action?
UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
launched in 1992.
Purpose: “Stabilize greenhouse
gas concentrations to prevent
dangerous interference with
the climate system.”

13. Kyoto
Protocol: The
First Climate
Agreement?
Set binding targets for 37
industrialized countries.
Introduced carbon trading markets.
Outcome: Mixed results—some
reductions but global emissions
continued to rise.
Stat: Global emissions rose by 40%
between 1990 and 2010.

14. Montreal Protocol: A Model for Climate
Success
What: International treaty (1987) to phase out ozone-depleting
substances (CFCs).
Impact: Reduced greenhouse gases 4-5x more than the Kyoto
Protocol.

15. Success Factors:
Penalties & trade
sanctions for non-
compliance.
Specific Targets:
Focused on
individual
substances (e.g.,
CFCs).
Global
Cooperation:
Universal
participation by all
UN member
states..

16. Lessons for
Climate
Action:
Enforceability and
accountability are crucial.
Targeted pollutant
reduction yields better
results.
Demonstrates the power of
global commitment

17. Paris Agreement: A New Hope
Aims to limit global
temperature rise to
below 2°C.
Nationally
Determined
Contributions
(NDCs) set by
individual countries.
Progress: Over 190
countries have
submitted NDCs, but
stronger action is
needed

18. Barriers to International
Cooperation and Its
solution

19. Why Global Cooperation Has Stalled?
Free-riding problem:
benefits of emission
reductions are shared
globally.
Developing nations
reluctant to sacrifice
growth without
compensation.

20. Self-Interest in Climate Policy
Nations prioritize
local benefits
(infrastructure,
schools) over
global climate.
Immediate threats
(wars, invasions)
unite countries,
climate change
does not.

21. The Need for Reluctant Cooperation?
Climate change is
an existential
threat;
cooperation is
necessary.
Learning from past
success like the
Montreal Protocol
can guide future
efforts.

22. Financing Climate Action
Developed countries
agreed to mobilize
$100 billion annually
by 2020 to assist
developing nations.
Mechanisms: Green
Climate Fund (GCF),
adaptation finance.
Challenge: The $100
billion target has not
been fully met.

23. Barriers to Global Climate Cooperation?
Different Priorities:
Developed nations
prioritize emissions cuts,
while developing nations
seek adaptation finance.
1
Enforcement Issues: Lack
of binding targets and
accountability.
2
Fairness: Inequalities in
emissions contributions
vs. vulnerability.
3

24. Global Progress: Where Do We Stand?
Some countries have made significant strides in renewable energy
and emissions reductions (e.g., EU nations).
Others are falling behind, particularly in meeting their NDC targets.
Stat: Global renewable energy capacity increased by 12% in 2022

25. Technology:
The Game
Changer?
Innovations such as Carbon
Capture and Storage (CCS),
solar and wind energy,
electric vehicles.
Stat: Solar power costs have
dropped by 89% since 2010.

26. The Power of
Non-State
Actors?
Corporations, cities, and
civil society play an
increasing role in climate
action.
Examples: Amazon’s carbon
neutrality pledge, city-level
climate initiatives.

27. Building Resilience: Adaptation
Adaptation is
essential for
countries already
affected by
climate change.
Examples: Coastal
defenses in the
Netherlands,
drought-resistant
crops in Africa.

28. Climate Movements and Public Awareness
The rise of global
movements like
Fridays for Future
and Extinction
Rebellion.
Role of social
media and
documentaries in
raising awareness.
Stat: 70% of people
globally see
climate change as
a major threat
(2023 poll).

29. Examples of Success
The European
Union’s Emissions
Trading System
(ETS) as a case
study.
Other regional
efforts like China’s
vast solar energy
expansion.