This document summarizes a research paper that examines how reward schemes and moral identity affect budgetary slack. It hypothesizes that reward schemes that allow subordinates to benefit from over-reporting performance (slack-inducing schemes) will increase budgetary slack. However, it also suggests that subordinates with strong moral identities may be less likely to pad budgets even when personal gain is possible. The document reviews previous research on how agency theory and reward schemes can encourage slack but also discusses how non-instrumental factors like fairness, identity and morality may reduce it. It proposes testing these ideas in an experiment that manipulates reward schemes and measures individuals' moral identities to see how these factors jointly influence budgetary slack tendencies.
A Study and Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and its Impactsijtsrd
This paper deals with the concept of Emotional Intelligence and its importance in various fields. Emotional Intelligence having the capacity to wind up mindful of even unobtrusive changes in ones and others emotional tones and to control them, to try to avoid panicking amidst weight, to start and keep up sound associations with others, and to keep up an idealistic viewpoint towards life. Later on in this paper the focus is on the importance of emotional intelligence in various fields. Jyoti Shikha | Dr. Sanjeev Singh "A Study and Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and its Impacts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29136.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/29136/a-study-and-analysis-of-emotional-intelligence-and-its-impacts/jyoti-shikha
This document discusses 13 trends in organizational behavior. It summarizes each trend in 1-2 sentences. The trends include changes in diversity and inclusion in organizations, the consideration of ethical ideology and justice, more efficient use of time and money, evolving views of group behavior and power dynamics, greater understanding of cultural learning, breaking gender stereotypes, and moving beyond constraints to recognize employees' pro-social nature.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a longer document about factors that influence human behavior and how understanding these factors can help develop effective communications strategies. It discusses three levels that influence behavior - personal, social, and environmental factors. Personal factors include knowledge, attitudes, habits, and beliefs. Social factors refer to interpersonal influences, and environmental factors include local and wider contextual influences. The document also provides overviews of behavioral economics principles and theories of behavior change. It emphasizes that to effectively influence behavior, communications strategies need to address factors at multiple levels rather than just focusing on one.
Pengaruh Profesionalisme, Gaya Kepemimpinan, Komitmen Organisasi dan Locus Of Control Terhadap Kinerja Auditor (studi pada Kantor Akuntan Publik DKI Jakarta)
The moderating role of organizational tenure on the relationship between orga...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between organizational culture and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in Ghana's banking industry, and whether that relationship is moderated by employee organizational tenure. The study found that organizational culture positively predicts OCB. Additionally, organizational tenure moderates the relationship such that employees with longer tenure are more likely to engage in OCB than those with shorter tenure. The findings are consistent with attraction-selection-attrition and human capital theories. The implications for practice and research are discussed.
This study examined the relationship between employee commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in Nepalese companies. A survey was administered to 340 employees across five companies. The results showed that affective commitment and normative commitment were positively related to both factors of organizational citizenship behavior - altruism and compliance. Continuance commitment was not significantly related to altruism or compliance. The findings imply that affectively and normatively committed employees are more likely to exhibit organizational citizenship behaviors that benefit coworkers and the organization, while continuance commitment does not influence such extra-role behaviors. Overall, the study found employee commitment, especially affective and normative commitment, can promote organizational citizenship behavior in Nepalese workplaces.
This document provides a literature review on organizational commitment. It discusses key definitions and models of organizational commitment proposed by researchers over time, including: Porter et al.'s three-factor definition; Meyer and Allen's distinction between attitudinal and behavioral commitment; their three-component model of affective, continuance, and normative commitment; and approaches to measuring commitment like Mowday, Steers, and Porter's Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. The document also examines theories like Becker's side bet theory and conceptual frameworks that seek to understand the antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment.
A Study and Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and its Impactsijtsrd
This paper deals with the concept of Emotional Intelligence and its importance in various fields. Emotional Intelligence having the capacity to wind up mindful of even unobtrusive changes in ones and others emotional tones and to control them, to try to avoid panicking amidst weight, to start and keep up sound associations with others, and to keep up an idealistic viewpoint towards life. Later on in this paper the focus is on the importance of emotional intelligence in various fields. Jyoti Shikha | Dr. Sanjeev Singh "A Study and Analysis of Emotional Intelligence and its Impacts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29136.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/29136/a-study-and-analysis-of-emotional-intelligence-and-its-impacts/jyoti-shikha
This document discusses 13 trends in organizational behavior. It summarizes each trend in 1-2 sentences. The trends include changes in diversity and inclusion in organizations, the consideration of ethical ideology and justice, more efficient use of time and money, evolving views of group behavior and power dynamics, greater understanding of cultural learning, breaking gender stereotypes, and moving beyond constraints to recognize employees' pro-social nature.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes a longer document about factors that influence human behavior and how understanding these factors can help develop effective communications strategies. It discusses three levels that influence behavior - personal, social, and environmental factors. Personal factors include knowledge, attitudes, habits, and beliefs. Social factors refer to interpersonal influences, and environmental factors include local and wider contextual influences. The document also provides overviews of behavioral economics principles and theories of behavior change. It emphasizes that to effectively influence behavior, communications strategies need to address factors at multiple levels rather than just focusing on one.
Pengaruh Profesionalisme, Gaya Kepemimpinan, Komitmen Organisasi dan Locus Of Control Terhadap Kinerja Auditor (studi pada Kantor Akuntan Publik DKI Jakarta)
The moderating role of organizational tenure on the relationship between orga...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between organizational culture and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in Ghana's banking industry, and whether that relationship is moderated by employee organizational tenure. The study found that organizational culture positively predicts OCB. Additionally, organizational tenure moderates the relationship such that employees with longer tenure are more likely to engage in OCB than those with shorter tenure. The findings are consistent with attraction-selection-attrition and human capital theories. The implications for practice and research are discussed.
This study examined the relationship between employee commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in Nepalese companies. A survey was administered to 340 employees across five companies. The results showed that affective commitment and normative commitment were positively related to both factors of organizational citizenship behavior - altruism and compliance. Continuance commitment was not significantly related to altruism or compliance. The findings imply that affectively and normatively committed employees are more likely to exhibit organizational citizenship behaviors that benefit coworkers and the organization, while continuance commitment does not influence such extra-role behaviors. Overall, the study found employee commitment, especially affective and normative commitment, can promote organizational citizenship behavior in Nepalese workplaces.
This document provides a literature review on organizational commitment. It discusses key definitions and models of organizational commitment proposed by researchers over time, including: Porter et al.'s three-factor definition; Meyer and Allen's distinction between attitudinal and behavioral commitment; their three-component model of affective, continuance, and normative commitment; and approaches to measuring commitment like Mowday, Steers, and Porter's Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. The document also examines theories like Becker's side bet theory and conceptual frameworks that seek to understand the antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment.
There are three main types of organizational justice discussed in the document:
1. Distributive justice, which concerns the perceived fairness of outcomes and reward allocation. It involves comparisons between what employees receive versus what they expect or feel they deserve.
2. Procedural justice, which involves the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures that determine reward distribution. It includes the ability for employees to have input or "voice" in processes.
3. Interactional justice, which concerns the sensitivity and respect with which employees feel they are treated by the employer. It involves both interpersonal justice and informational justice around explanations for procedures. Perceptions of all three types of justice can impact important work attitudes and behaviors.
This study examines the relationship between attitudinal factors, structural barriers, and entrepreneurial intentions among women. The study surveyed 1,200 women in the southeastern United States intending to start businesses. Regression analyses found that both perceived structural barriers and self-confidence in abilities had significant effects on commitment to starting a business. However, the interaction between barriers and self-confidence was not significant. The results support the idea that both attitudinal and structural factors influence entrepreneurial intentions among women.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the relationship between bird watchers' recreation motivation and their recreation experiences in ecotourism. The study found that bird watchers' recreation motivation has a significant influence on their recreation experiences. It used a model to examine the relationships among motivation, experiences, and involvement in bird watching ecotourism. The results provided implications for ecotourism planners and suggestions for future research.
This document discusses the disconnect between the theoretical foundations of public administration and the actual practice of public service work. It argues that public administration theory has largely focused on "how" the work is done through an emphasis on efficiency, rationality, and scientific management principles. However, much public service work involves emotional labor and caring for others, which requires skills like empathy, compassion, and responsiveness. By examining the concept of emotional labor, the document aims to illuminate this missing element of caring and relational tasks in public administration theory. It also briefly reviews the development of the field and highlights how an ethic of care and service has been lacking compared to a focus on technical efficiency and administration as a science.
Organizational behaviour involves the design of work as well as the psychological, emotional and interpersonal behavioural dynamics that influence organizational performance. Management as a discipline concerned with the study of overseeing activities and supervising people to perform specific tasks is crucial in organizational behaviour and corporate effectiveness. Management emphasizes the design, implementation and arrangement of various administrative and organizational systems for corporate effectiveness. While the individuals, and groups bring their skills, knowledge, values, motives, and attitudes into the organization, and thereby influencing it, the organization, on the other hand, modifies or restructures the individuals and groups through its structure, culture, policies, politics, power, and procedures, and the roles expected to be played by the people in the organization. This study conducted through the exploratory research design involved 125 participants, and result showed strong positive relationship between the variables of interest. The study was never exhaustive due to limitations in terms of time and current relevant literature, therefore, further study could examine the relationship between personality characteristics and performance in the public sector, where productivity is not outstanding, when compared with the private sector. Based on the result of this investigation it was recommended that organizations should provide emotional intelligence programmes for their membership as an important pattern of increasing co-operative behaviours and corporate effectiveness.
Perceived Organizational Support and Affective Commitment: A Demographic Anal...IOSRJBM
This descriptive research is conducted to study perceived organizational support and affective commitment with respect to demographic variables (gender, marital status, education etc.) and to study the relation between these variables. To realize this purpose the data on these variables was collected from 120 employees working in banking sectors with the help of standardized questionnaires. Statistical techniques of mean, standard deviation, correlation and regression and ANOVA were applied on data to test the hypothesis. Collected data was analyzed with the help of SPSS. The results highlight that perceived organizational support is positively related to affective commitment and POS accounts for 22% contribution to AC. The limitations of the study are discussed and future research areas are also highlighted
Once Thomas Kuhn said that "a mature science is governed by a single paradigm". However the lack of clear paradigm for CSR research should not necessarily be seen as weakness for a field that is still in a state of emergence and CSR is still in the stage of emergence.
This document describes a study that examines how different "regulatory focus characters" moderate the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The study develops a conceptual framework based on regulatory focus theory that proposes four regulatory focus characters: Achiever, Conservative, Rationalist, and Indifferent. The study hypothesizes that these characters will differentially moderate the relationship between extrinsic job satisfaction and two types of organizational commitment (continuance commitment and normative commitment), and that this moderation will differ between the private and public sectors. Regression analyses will test whether the relationships between extrinsic satisfaction and commitment are stronger for Conservatives and Rationalists compared to the other characters. The findings could help organizations understand how personality impacts attitudes to better manage employee commitment
Leadership: Essence of Success in Social Sector of Bihar (India)iosrjce
Leaders have been found to play a pivotal role in running and developing NGOs. This study aims to
find out the leader’s perceptions about the impact of their leadership on employees performance and
development of their NGOs. The study explicitly shows the positive and significant nexus between leader’s style
and strategy with leadership effectiveness and its sweeping impact on employees’ motivation, commitment,
employee’s satisfaction and well being as well as on enhancement of employees’ work performance and
organizational productivity through leadership practices including information sharing, problem solving,
motivation, performance rewards and role-playing
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of person-organization fit and transformational leadership on self-awareness, resilience, and organizational citizenship behavior among lecturers in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study found that:
1. Person-organization fit positively influences self-awareness, resilience, and organizational citizenship behavior of lecturers.
2. Transformational leadership positively influences resilience and organizational citizenship behavior of lecturers, but does not influence their self-awareness.
3. Self-awareness positively influences resilience and organizational citizenship behavior of lecturers.
4. Resilience positively influences organizational citizenship behavior of lecturers.
The study recommends that higher education institutions
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
U 1.2 ob bba-ii contributing disciplines to the ob fieldRai University
Psychology, social psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science all contribute to the field of organizational behavior. Psychology studies individual behavior and factors like fatigue, boredom, and work conditions. Social psychology looks at how people influence each other regarding change and reducing barriers. Sociology examines group behavior in organizations and aspects like culture, structure, and conflict. Anthropology helps understand differences in values and behavior between cultures and organizations. Political science provides insight into behavior within political environments at various levels from countries to organizations.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AMONG THE COLLEGE STAFF ...IAEME Publication
The concept of Emotional Intelligence (EI) has recently attracted a great amount of interest from HR practitioners and academics alike. Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is a behavioral model that provides a new way to understand and assess people's behaviors, management styles, attitudes, interpersonal skills, and potential. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment among college staffs. To this end The Genos Emotional Intelligence Inventory or Genos EI, is a 70-item multi rater assessment and the questionnaire by Allen and Meyer were used to collect the data. The results generally indicated that there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment among the college staff. In other words, it can be said that employees with high emotional intelligence have also higher levels of the organizational commitment.
This study examines the relationship between personality traits, organizational justice, and taking charge behavior within organizations. The researchers hypothesized that the personality trait of duty would be positively related to taking charge, whereas the trait of achievement striving would be negatively related. They also hypothesized that perceptions of both procedural and distributive justice at the organizational level would be positively related to taking charge. Across two samples, regression analyses generally supported these hypotheses, finding that duty increased taking charge whereas achievement striving decreased it, and that both forms of organizational justice increased taking charge. The study aims to provide an explanation for taking charge based on other-centered values rather than self-interest.
the relationship between normative commitment (one form of organizational commitment) and loyal boosterism (one construct of organizational citizenship behaviours)
Towards a social action analysis of organizationsAmir Ghazinoori
This document discusses different models for analyzing organizations, including their strengths and weaknesses. It argues that viewing organizations solely as closed systems or seeing their goals as separate from individuals poses problems. A social action model is proposed that focuses on 1) establishing the ends of different groups within organizations, 2) determining conflicts between these ends, and 3) understanding how ends relate to the social situation, both inside and outside the organization. This provides a paradigm that integrates individuals' goals into the analysis of organizations.
Advanced research methods research paperAlFajrQuraan
This document discusses a study examining the impact of negative workplace gossip by employees about their supervisor on the supervisor's perception of a psychological contract breach. It proposes that negative gossip threatens the supervisor's self-esteem, leading to perceived breach of the implicit obligations between employee and supervisor. The study will test whether self-affirmation by supervisors can reduce this effect by buffering threats to self-esteem. It outlines hypotheses, a research model, and methodology including field and experimental studies to collect data from supervisors and employees to test the relationships between negative gossip, self-esteem, perceived breach, and the moderating role of self-affirmation.
To stay or not to stay can organizational culture provide the staying powerAlexander Decker
This study investigated the influence of organizational culture on employee retention in the Ghanaian banking sector. A survey was administered to 301 employees from 4 banks. The study found that organizational culture significantly predicted employee retention, with innovative culture accounting for the greatest variance. Community and bureaucratic cultures also significantly predicted retention, while competitive culture did not. The findings suggest that cultures emphasizing innovation, community, and bureaucracy best promote employee retention in Ghanaian banks.
This document summarizes a critical review of the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). It finds that most research has shown a positive relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. Job satisfaction is influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. When employees are satisfied, they are more likely to display OCB through voluntary helpful behaviors towards colleagues and the organization. While a few studies found no relationship, the majority of evidence suggests higher job satisfaction translates to higher levels of OCB.
Effect of Relational Governance on Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence of Su...AJHSSR Journal
This paper attempted to identify the effect of Relational Governance on Job Satisfaction of the
supportive staff of the Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka. This paper was based on primary data collected
from 40 supportive staff who are working in the Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka. Data were analyzed
using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling. The study tested three hypothesis between three
dimensions of relational governance (i.e. Flexibility, Inter-personal Trust and Cooperation) and job satisfaction.
The results revealed that these three dimensions of relational governance have a significant positive impact on
job satisfaction of the supportive staff of the Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka.
There are three key tactics that CMOs employ to improve email deliverability:
1. Removing inactive subscribers from email lists, which reduces bounce rates and increases engagement.
2. Monitoring and lowering complaint rates by setting up feedback loops with major email providers.
3. Modifying email templates to make messages more relevant to recipients and avoid being flagged as spam. Addressing these three areas is foundational for CMOs looking to ensure their emails reach the intended inbox.
The Data Is In: Analytics does get you ahead in businessTroy Media
This document discusses how analytics can help address Canada's skilled labor shortage. It describes how analytics can increase workforce efficiency by analyzing performance data and flagging trends. This allows companies to focus efforts on minimizing downtime. However, many Canadian companies have not implemented analytics programs to measure HR impact. Leading companies use analytics to link HR initiatives to business performance and develop management plans. The document also discusses how Canada's labor shortage is expected to worsen and efforts being taken to address it through temporary foreign workers and vocational training programs. It suggests that analytics could help companies better utilize their current workforce to ease the burden in the short term while long term solutions are pursued.
There are three main types of organizational justice discussed in the document:
1. Distributive justice, which concerns the perceived fairness of outcomes and reward allocation. It involves comparisons between what employees receive versus what they expect or feel they deserve.
2. Procedural justice, which involves the perceived fairness of decision-making procedures that determine reward distribution. It includes the ability for employees to have input or "voice" in processes.
3. Interactional justice, which concerns the sensitivity and respect with which employees feel they are treated by the employer. It involves both interpersonal justice and informational justice around explanations for procedures. Perceptions of all three types of justice can impact important work attitudes and behaviors.
This study examines the relationship between attitudinal factors, structural barriers, and entrepreneurial intentions among women. The study surveyed 1,200 women in the southeastern United States intending to start businesses. Regression analyses found that both perceived structural barriers and self-confidence in abilities had significant effects on commitment to starting a business. However, the interaction between barriers and self-confidence was not significant. The results support the idea that both attitudinal and structural factors influence entrepreneurial intentions among women.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the relationship between bird watchers' recreation motivation and their recreation experiences in ecotourism. The study found that bird watchers' recreation motivation has a significant influence on their recreation experiences. It used a model to examine the relationships among motivation, experiences, and involvement in bird watching ecotourism. The results provided implications for ecotourism planners and suggestions for future research.
This document discusses the disconnect between the theoretical foundations of public administration and the actual practice of public service work. It argues that public administration theory has largely focused on "how" the work is done through an emphasis on efficiency, rationality, and scientific management principles. However, much public service work involves emotional labor and caring for others, which requires skills like empathy, compassion, and responsiveness. By examining the concept of emotional labor, the document aims to illuminate this missing element of caring and relational tasks in public administration theory. It also briefly reviews the development of the field and highlights how an ethic of care and service has been lacking compared to a focus on technical efficiency and administration as a science.
Organizational behaviour involves the design of work as well as the psychological, emotional and interpersonal behavioural dynamics that influence organizational performance. Management as a discipline concerned with the study of overseeing activities and supervising people to perform specific tasks is crucial in organizational behaviour and corporate effectiveness. Management emphasizes the design, implementation and arrangement of various administrative and organizational systems for corporate effectiveness. While the individuals, and groups bring their skills, knowledge, values, motives, and attitudes into the organization, and thereby influencing it, the organization, on the other hand, modifies or restructures the individuals and groups through its structure, culture, policies, politics, power, and procedures, and the roles expected to be played by the people in the organization. This study conducted through the exploratory research design involved 125 participants, and result showed strong positive relationship between the variables of interest. The study was never exhaustive due to limitations in terms of time and current relevant literature, therefore, further study could examine the relationship between personality characteristics and performance in the public sector, where productivity is not outstanding, when compared with the private sector. Based on the result of this investigation it was recommended that organizations should provide emotional intelligence programmes for their membership as an important pattern of increasing co-operative behaviours and corporate effectiveness.
Perceived Organizational Support and Affective Commitment: A Demographic Anal...IOSRJBM
This descriptive research is conducted to study perceived organizational support and affective commitment with respect to demographic variables (gender, marital status, education etc.) and to study the relation between these variables. To realize this purpose the data on these variables was collected from 120 employees working in banking sectors with the help of standardized questionnaires. Statistical techniques of mean, standard deviation, correlation and regression and ANOVA were applied on data to test the hypothesis. Collected data was analyzed with the help of SPSS. The results highlight that perceived organizational support is positively related to affective commitment and POS accounts for 22% contribution to AC. The limitations of the study are discussed and future research areas are also highlighted
Once Thomas Kuhn said that "a mature science is governed by a single paradigm". However the lack of clear paradigm for CSR research should not necessarily be seen as weakness for a field that is still in a state of emergence and CSR is still in the stage of emergence.
This document describes a study that examines how different "regulatory focus characters" moderate the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The study develops a conceptual framework based on regulatory focus theory that proposes four regulatory focus characters: Achiever, Conservative, Rationalist, and Indifferent. The study hypothesizes that these characters will differentially moderate the relationship between extrinsic job satisfaction and two types of organizational commitment (continuance commitment and normative commitment), and that this moderation will differ between the private and public sectors. Regression analyses will test whether the relationships between extrinsic satisfaction and commitment are stronger for Conservatives and Rationalists compared to the other characters. The findings could help organizations understand how personality impacts attitudes to better manage employee commitment
Leadership: Essence of Success in Social Sector of Bihar (India)iosrjce
Leaders have been found to play a pivotal role in running and developing NGOs. This study aims to
find out the leader’s perceptions about the impact of their leadership on employees performance and
development of their NGOs. The study explicitly shows the positive and significant nexus between leader’s style
and strategy with leadership effectiveness and its sweeping impact on employees’ motivation, commitment,
employee’s satisfaction and well being as well as on enhancement of employees’ work performance and
organizational productivity through leadership practices including information sharing, problem solving,
motivation, performance rewards and role-playing
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of person-organization fit and transformational leadership on self-awareness, resilience, and organizational citizenship behavior among lecturers in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study found that:
1. Person-organization fit positively influences self-awareness, resilience, and organizational citizenship behavior of lecturers.
2. Transformational leadership positively influences resilience and organizational citizenship behavior of lecturers, but does not influence their self-awareness.
3. Self-awareness positively influences resilience and organizational citizenship behavior of lecturers.
4. Resilience positively influences organizational citizenship behavior of lecturers.
The study recommends that higher education institutions
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
U 1.2 ob bba-ii contributing disciplines to the ob fieldRai University
Psychology, social psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science all contribute to the field of organizational behavior. Psychology studies individual behavior and factors like fatigue, boredom, and work conditions. Social psychology looks at how people influence each other regarding change and reducing barriers. Sociology examines group behavior in organizations and aspects like culture, structure, and conflict. Anthropology helps understand differences in values and behavior between cultures and organizations. Political science provides insight into behavior within political environments at various levels from countries to organizations.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AMONG THE COLLEGE STAFF ...IAEME Publication
The concept of Emotional Intelligence (EI) has recently attracted a great amount of interest from HR practitioners and academics alike. Emotional Intelligence (EQ) is a behavioral model that provides a new way to understand and assess people's behaviors, management styles, attitudes, interpersonal skills, and potential. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment among college staffs. To this end The Genos Emotional Intelligence Inventory or Genos EI, is a 70-item multi rater assessment and the questionnaire by Allen and Meyer were used to collect the data. The results generally indicated that there is a significant relationship between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment among the college staff. In other words, it can be said that employees with high emotional intelligence have also higher levels of the organizational commitment.
This study examines the relationship between personality traits, organizational justice, and taking charge behavior within organizations. The researchers hypothesized that the personality trait of duty would be positively related to taking charge, whereas the trait of achievement striving would be negatively related. They also hypothesized that perceptions of both procedural and distributive justice at the organizational level would be positively related to taking charge. Across two samples, regression analyses generally supported these hypotheses, finding that duty increased taking charge whereas achievement striving decreased it, and that both forms of organizational justice increased taking charge. The study aims to provide an explanation for taking charge based on other-centered values rather than self-interest.
the relationship between normative commitment (one form of organizational commitment) and loyal boosterism (one construct of organizational citizenship behaviours)
Towards a social action analysis of organizationsAmir Ghazinoori
This document discusses different models for analyzing organizations, including their strengths and weaknesses. It argues that viewing organizations solely as closed systems or seeing their goals as separate from individuals poses problems. A social action model is proposed that focuses on 1) establishing the ends of different groups within organizations, 2) determining conflicts between these ends, and 3) understanding how ends relate to the social situation, both inside and outside the organization. This provides a paradigm that integrates individuals' goals into the analysis of organizations.
Advanced research methods research paperAlFajrQuraan
This document discusses a study examining the impact of negative workplace gossip by employees about their supervisor on the supervisor's perception of a psychological contract breach. It proposes that negative gossip threatens the supervisor's self-esteem, leading to perceived breach of the implicit obligations between employee and supervisor. The study will test whether self-affirmation by supervisors can reduce this effect by buffering threats to self-esteem. It outlines hypotheses, a research model, and methodology including field and experimental studies to collect data from supervisors and employees to test the relationships between negative gossip, self-esteem, perceived breach, and the moderating role of self-affirmation.
To stay or not to stay can organizational culture provide the staying powerAlexander Decker
This study investigated the influence of organizational culture on employee retention in the Ghanaian banking sector. A survey was administered to 301 employees from 4 banks. The study found that organizational culture significantly predicted employee retention, with innovative culture accounting for the greatest variance. Community and bureaucratic cultures also significantly predicted retention, while competitive culture did not. The findings suggest that cultures emphasizing innovation, community, and bureaucracy best promote employee retention in Ghanaian banks.
This document summarizes a critical review of the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). It finds that most research has shown a positive relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. Job satisfaction is influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. When employees are satisfied, they are more likely to display OCB through voluntary helpful behaviors towards colleagues and the organization. While a few studies found no relationship, the majority of evidence suggests higher job satisfaction translates to higher levels of OCB.
Effect of Relational Governance on Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence of Su...AJHSSR Journal
This paper attempted to identify the effect of Relational Governance on Job Satisfaction of the
supportive staff of the Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka. This paper was based on primary data collected
from 40 supportive staff who are working in the Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka. Data were analyzed
using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling. The study tested three hypothesis between three
dimensions of relational governance (i.e. Flexibility, Inter-personal Trust and Cooperation) and job satisfaction.
The results revealed that these three dimensions of relational governance have a significant positive impact on
job satisfaction of the supportive staff of the Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka.
There are three key tactics that CMOs employ to improve email deliverability:
1. Removing inactive subscribers from email lists, which reduces bounce rates and increases engagement.
2. Monitoring and lowering complaint rates by setting up feedback loops with major email providers.
3. Modifying email templates to make messages more relevant to recipients and avoid being flagged as spam. Addressing these three areas is foundational for CMOs looking to ensure their emails reach the intended inbox.
The Data Is In: Analytics does get you ahead in businessTroy Media
This document discusses how analytics can help address Canada's skilled labor shortage. It describes how analytics can increase workforce efficiency by analyzing performance data and flagging trends. This allows companies to focus efforts on minimizing downtime. However, many Canadian companies have not implemented analytics programs to measure HR impact. Leading companies use analytics to link HR initiatives to business performance and develop management plans. The document also discusses how Canada's labor shortage is expected to worsen and efforts being taken to address it through temporary foreign workers and vocational training programs. It suggests that analytics could help companies better utilize their current workforce to ease the burden in the short term while long term solutions are pursued.
Mallorca is an island located in the Mediterranean Sea, with Palma as its capital. Like nearby islands Ibiza, Formentera and Minorca, Mallorca is a popular tourist destination, particularly for visitors from Germany, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. The island's name derives from Latin meaning "the largest island."
Health Literacy through Clear Communication, TX HIV/AIDS ConferenceMaskay
This document discusses improving health literacy through clear communication. It notes that nearly half of US adults have low literacy skills and many health materials are written above reading levels. Effective communication strategies are outlined, including using plain language, explaining concepts, and tailoring messages for specific audiences. The document emphasizes that health literacy is important for preventing and treating conditions like HIV/AIDS, and stresses the need for all parties to communicate more effectively.
The document discusses the concept of presence in online communication and social networks. It defines presence as the exposure of personal states to others and awareness of others' states through ambient communication. It describes how presence has evolved from features like away messages to modern microblogging. Common ways presence is used include managing attention, facilitating casual interactions, providing a sense of activity, and allowing self-expression. The document outlines different types of presence and models for conceptualizing presence information in systems. It provides examples of how presence is implemented and consumed in technologies like Skype, Facebook, and online learning platforms.
MASSPAY is a mobile payment system that allows any phone to make payments by scanning a merchant sticker or dialing a number, without requiring new infrastructure or modified phones. It addresses the problem that cash is still widely used for most transactions despite most people having mobile phones. The system provides a simple user experience where users can confirm payment details, authorize payments, and receive confirmations. MASSPAY aims to make payments as easy as making a phone call by allowing users to pay from any phone without the need for apps or upgrades.
The document provides contact information for home care services located at 1 South Third Street Suite 508 Easton, PA 18042. It lists toll free, phone, and fax numbers to contact the home care services. A website, www.focushomecare.org, is also provided.
1. Aizawl Venglai Kohhran held a joint fellowship with Mualhuam North Branch KP on September 18-19, 2010 to discuss future projects.
2. The fellowship included reports from both branches, special worship items, and fellowship meals. It aimed to strengthen relationships between the two congregations.
3. The editorial encourages Christians to uphold the teachings of Christ and strengthen the church through unity.
An Investigation of Behavioral Syndromes and Individual Differences in Explor...Danielle N. Lee, PhD
This study examined exploratory behavior in prairie voles to determine if they demonstrate a
behavioral syndrome. Exploratory behavior was tested in three contexts: an open-field with novel
objects, a two-way novel choice apparatus, and a complex maze. Each test measured a different
aspect of exploratory behavior: interactive behavior, general activity, and proactive/reactive
responses. Behavior in the tests was not correlated, providing no evidence of an overall
exploratory behavioral syndrome. However, litter size and age explained variation in open-field
behavior, and litter sex ratio explained variation in maze behavior. Across families, most voles
demonstrated similar tendencies
This document summarizes Hany SalahEldeen's doctoral research proposal on detecting, modeling, and predicting user temporal intention in social media. The proposal aims to analyze how shared resources in social media change over time, estimate users' intentions in sharing content, and develop models to predict intentions and maintain temporal consistency. The research goals are to analyze archived coverage of social media, understand shortened URL resolving, and estimate loss of shared resources. The proposed work includes gathering data, extracting features of intention, modeling intention, evaluation, and applications for prediction and preservation.
This chapter discusses how men and women cope with stress differently due to hormonal differences. Recent research shows that women release oxytocin to cope with stress, while men release testosterone. Oxytocin is released in safe, cooperative situations and helps lower stress levels, while testosterone is an emergency hormone released in urgent problem-solving situations that also helps lower male stress. To cope effectively, men need opportunities to release and rebuild testosterone through problem-solving and rest, while women need to release and rebuild oxytocin through nurturing activities and receiving nurturing support from others. Understanding these hormonal differences can help explain why men and women sometimes struggle to understand each other's needs and behaviors when coping with stress.
1. The document appears to be a collection of letters, numbers, and symbols with no clear meaning. It includes sections that are not in any known human language.
2. There are a few words that appear to be names or places such as "ACE", "DA", and "BL", but no context is provided.
3. The majority of the text consists of unintelligible characters, numbers, and graphics that provide no discernible information on their own.
What Random House anticipates will be the biggest books for group discussion coming up in Fall 2011. (Presented to 600+ librarians via ALA Booklist webinar on 7/26)
El medio rey sigue siendo la televisión, y los datos que aparecen recogido en este resumen del ejercicio 2011 así lo ponen de manifiesto: la oferta se multiplica y los minutos de consumo frente a la pantalla aumentan.
Este documento presenta una introducción al análisis dimensional, incluyendo tablas con las principales ecuaciones dimensionales absolutas y gravitacionales que relacionan magnitudes como masa, longitud, tiempo, velocidad, fuerza, entre otras. También incluye una breve bibliografía de referencia sobre física.
Here are the key points from the introduction:
- The report assesses Greece's compliance with the conditions of the third review of its economic adjustment programme.
- The assessment is based on Greece's quarterly progress report and findings from a joint Commission/ECB/IMF mission to Athens from January 27-February 11, 2011.
- The mission assessed compliance with conditionality for the fourth disbursement of funds and progress towards the key programme objectives of financial stability, fiscal sustainability, competitiveness, growth and jobs.
- The mission discussed policy challenges and updated conditionality requirements for future quarters.
- Updated programme documents were agreed with the Greek authorities on February 11, 2011 and are attached to the report.
7th International Conference ORBIT, 2010Anne Menert
The document discusses sulfate-dependent anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in wastewater from a baker's yeast factory. It suggests that anammox bacteria can use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor to oxidize ammonium to nitrite, followed by the standard anammox reaction of oxidizing ammonium and nitrite to nitrogen gas. This two-step anammox process was observed in a methanogenic reactor treating high-sulfate, high-nitrogen wastewater. The document also examines how the organic compound betaine, present in yeast wastewater, may influence sulfate reduction and methanogenesis during anaerobic treatment.
The MCP3901 ADC Evaluation Board provides a development platform to evaluate the dual channel 16-bit MCP3901 ADC using a dsPIC33FJ256GP710 PIM module, and includes graphical PC software to analyze system and ADC performance through noise histograms, FFTs, oscilloscope plots, and statistics. The board features separate analog and digital power supplies and ground planes for low noise evaluation of the MCP3901, and is compatible with Explorer 16 and other PIC MCU demo boards via PICtail Plus connectors. Communication between the PC software and PIM module is through a USB serial interface.
Patricia Carolina Baez Herrera is an expert in team building, head hunting, organizational development, and outplacement with over 15 years of experience. She owns Team People Be, a consulting firm specializing in these areas. Some of her main services include massive recruiting, head hunting, organizational diagnostics, teamwork assessments, executive and group coaching, and outsourcing of human resources functions. She has received several awards for her work in team building, coaching, and as a motivational speaker.
Running head Discussion Week 32Organizati.docxjeanettehully
Running head: Discussion Week 3 2
Organizational Behavior
Melanie Fore
University of the Cumberlands
Introduction
At the very beginning of this course the authors stated the core topics of organizational behavior are motivation, leader behavior and power, interpersonal communication, group structure and processes, attitude development and perception, change processes, conflict and negotiation, and work design. This week’s reading goes into depth of a couple of those topics: perception and motivation.
Chapter Six
Chapter six defines for us what perception is, “a process by which we organize and interpret sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.” There are a few factors that shape our perception, perceiver, target, and context. Our perception of people often come from our first impressions of them, we don’t get to know them. This is because of four shortcuts people take in judging someone. First, is selective perception, this means people judge based on their interest and background. Next, the halo effect, where people judge on a single characteristic. The contrast effects are where individuals compare someone who has a distinctive characteristic to others you know with the same characteristics. And lastly, is stereotyping. We know from previous chapters that stereotyping is based on the group to which someone belongs. When someone makes a decision, it is based on their perception. Generally, in organizational behavior there are three things that determine what kind of decision someone makes. One is the rational model. This is where someone decides, after they know all the information, on the option that has the highest utility. Bounded rationality is another. This means the person making the decision doesn’t know all of the information, but they can construct models that extract the essential features. Finally, there is intuition. This is where someone doesn’t know all the information, but they make their decision based on experience. There are several biases that can take place in decision making, these include overconfidence bias, anchoring bias, confirmation bias, availability bias, and hindsight bias. Along with biases, there are errors as well. These are escalation of commitment, randomness error, and risk aversion. Your decisions influence you as an individual and your organization. One of the most important things to know in any career and something that is taught in almost every class are ethics and that is also covered in the end of chapter six.
Chapter Seven
Chapter 7 and 8 cover the motivation topic of organizational behavior. Our authors define motivation as “the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.” Chapter seven is full of motivation theories. The early theories included, the hierarchy of needs, two-factor theory, and McClelland’s theory of needs. The hierarchy of needs include five needs: physiological, safety-sec ...
The Influence of External Locus of Control, Machiavellian-Nature, and Work Et...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Indonesian Corruption Watch (ICW) released findings from 2005-2017, there were at least 6
bribery cases involving 23 BPK auditors. A total of 4 bribery cases related to obtaining BPK's opinion on
financial audit reports, 1 bribery case to change BPK findings, and 1 bribery case to rule out suspicious BPK
findings. In 2019 there was a case where BPK member Rizal Djalil became a suspect in a bribery case related to
a drinking water system development project at the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing.The purpose
of this research is to test and obtain empirical evidence of external Locus of Control, Machiavellian-nature and
Work Ethic on Dysfunctional Behavior of the Indonesian Supreme Audit Board, Bali Province representative.
This research was conducted at the office of Bali Province representative of the Audit Board of The Republic of
Indonesia with the criteria used, namely the examiner's functional position as a sample. The collection of data in
this study used a questionnaire which was distributed directly to the respondents. Therefore, the samples
obtained amounted to 45 samples. Statistical testing was carried out using the SPSS application. The results of
this study indicate that external locus of control, Machiavellian-nature, and work ethicsimultaneously influence
the dysfunctional behavior. The results of the quantitative data show that the examiner who has an external
locus of control with higher intensity will have a greater tendency to behave dysfunctionally. In Machiavellian,
the higher the Machiavellian nature possessed by the examiner, the higher the tendency to perform
dysfunctional actions. Whereas in the work ethic the higher the examiner's commitment to his duties, the lower
the tendency to engage in dysfunctional behavior.
KEYWORDS: External Locus of control, Machiavellian-nature, Work ethics, Disfungsional-behavior
Different approaches in accounting researchNasrin Azar
1) The document discusses different approaches to accounting research, including positivistic, naturalistic, and institutional/contextual perspectives.
2) Positivistic research views accounting objectively and aims to identify laws and relationships through statistical analysis. Common theories used include rational choice and agency theory.
3) Naturalistic research assumes multiple interpretations of reality and focuses on interpretation over explanation. Grounded theory is a common approach.
4) Institutional research examines accounting in its social/political context and considers organizational legitimacy important for survival. Legitimacy and institutional theories are discussed.
The document discusses several behavioral health theories that are used by advanced practice nurses, including the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Planned Behavior holds that behavioral intentions are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The document also discusses other related theories like the Theory of Reasoned Action, Social Cognitive Theory, and Diffusion of Innovation Theory. It provides examples of how these theories examine factors that influence individuals' intentions to engage in certain behaviors.
Corporate efficiency through cultural narrativesQuinn Thurman
This document provides a literature review and proposed methodology for a study examining how cultural narratives contribute to corporate efficiency at Southern Utah University. The literature review discusses previous research showing that strong organizational culture and internal communication can improve efficiency. The proposed methodology is to interview university staff involved in recruitment to identify common narratives told to students. These narratives will then be analyzed using grounded theory methods to develop categories of stories and evaluate which types of stories align with factors known to increase efficiency, such as those identified in the literature review. The goal is to determine what narrative themes and types are most effective for establishing an efficient organizational culture.
This document provides an introduction and literature review on employee motivation and productivity in the banking sector of Ghana. It begins by defining motivation and its importance for organizational success. Productivity is discussed as being influenced by motivation. The research aims to analyze motivation tools at Trust Bank Ghana and their impact on productivity. It will survey employees at four branches to understand their views on motivation. The literature review covers definitions of motivation and debates around what motivation is and is not. It discusses how motivation influences employee involvement, satisfaction, and performance.
Veterinary drenches are oral liquid formulations used to deworm livestock by killing internal parasites. There are different types of drenches including suspensions, solutions, and emulsions. Drenches can treat a broad or narrow range of internal parasites. They contain active ingredients from different chemical groups that act on parasites in specific ways. Regular drench testing and careful administration are important to ensure effectiveness and prevent resistance. Combining different drenches can help reduce resistance issues. Drenches are a necessary tool for parasite control on farms.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the impact of ethics training on budgetary decision making. The study involved four groups that received different combinations of a pre-test, ethics intervention, and post-test. The findings indicate that formal ethics training had little to no impact on individual choices, and in some cases seemed to have a negative correlation. The data suggest that individual ethical standards are a stronger predictor of ethical behavior than other variables like ethics training. Further research is needed to identify the most effective ways to guide budgetary decisions along ethical lines.
The document discusses Madeleine Leininger's transcultural nursing theory. Leininger recognized that care is deeply embedded within cultural worldviews and values, making it difficult to study. However, cultural competence is important for holistic nursing care and positive patient outcomes. Leininger developed transcultural nursing to understand care from diverse cultural perspectives in order to provide culturally congruent care. The theory posits that culture and care influence one another and aims to preserve cultural integrity while promoting well-being.
Relationship between performance appraisal politics, organizational commitmen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between performance appraisal politics, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. The study was conducted in the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. Data was collected through questionnaires from 10 companies, with a 90% response rate. The study found that perceptions of political motives in performance appraisals were negatively related to organizational commitment and positively related to turnover intention. Organizational commitment was also found to be negatively related to turnover intention.
Change management by neurological aspects of organizational behaviourIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study on how neurological aspects impact organizational behavior and change management. The study examined how changes can influence employee performance, decision-making, teamwork, creativity and engagement. It surveyed 40 small and medium enterprises to understand their perspective on neurology and behavior correlations. The study aims to formulate effective change management policies considering probable deviations in behavior caused by neurological stimuli. Key findings suggest training and experience can improve ethical sensitivity, which influences behavior through neurological aspects. Engaged employees show higher cognitive function, social skills and self-regulation through certain brain networks. High-performing workplaces consider elements like job design and leadership that motivate commitment and focus on results.
Change management by neurological aspects of organizational behaviourIAEME Publication
Dynamic changes affect inter-relationships between different stakeholders of organization.
The remarkable impact may be on individual and group decisions, performance at work, work-life
balance etc. Group dynamics and leadership have direct impact on cognitive behaviour. This paper is
an outcome of a research focused on impact of neurological aspects on behaviour affecting change
management initiatives. It includes changes in performance, decision making ability, team work,
creativity and engagement among employees from selective micro and small scale enterprises. This
study attempts to formulate suitable design of change management policy to cope up with probable
deviations in the organizational behaviour.
Characteristics Of The Methodological Approach And Data...Megan Espinoza
This document discusses methodological approaches for research. It describes the study as using an exploratory research inquiry to identify and analyze best practices related to innovation in project management in the construction sector. The research design is explained as blueprint for conducting a study with maximum control over interfering factors. Research projects can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory. This study uses an exploratory approach to develop a framework to increase project management competencies in construction.
HR Practices and Internal Corporate Social Responsibilityscmsnoida5
This paper made an attempt to put forward the
relationship between human resource practices
and internal corporate social responsibility
(CSR) in Indian Service sector. The paper is
based on extensive literature review and has
documented evidences from previous researches,
wherein similar relationship has been shown. We
argue intrinsic corporate social responsibility goes
parallel to human resource practices in order to
attain higher better. Literature review showed
that internal corporate social responsibility in
combination with human resource practices
leads to improvement in outcome. This study
makes a contribution to the relationship between
corporate social responsibility and human
resource practices by suggesting a relational model
that may be tested in further researches.
What is Organizational Behavior
The study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations.
Its framework,history and importance to manager.
This document discusses the relationship between motivation and performance in organizational contexts. It argues that motivation can determine performance, as motivated employees tend to perform better, but that performance can also determine motivation. High individual, group, or organizational performance can generate motivation for future high performance. The relationship between motivation and performance is bidirectional, with each one influencing the other. Strategically managing this relationship can help organizations better align employee efforts with strategic goals to increase involvement, engagement, and results.
The document discusses three theories of stakeholder engagement - descriptive, instrumental, and normative - and how they relate to a company obtaining a social license to operate (SLO). It presents a framework called the "Golden Stakeholder Circle" which shows that starting with normative stakeholder theory and moving inward correlates with a company obtaining an SLO, while starting outward with descriptive theory correlates with operating without an SLO. The framework maps the three theories onto concepts of "why, how, what" and levels of community acceptance from rejection to co-ownership. The document analyzes three mining operations in Peru using interviews and documents to understand how the theories enable SLO.
This document summarizes a paper presented at the Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference in November 2014.
The paper examines contemporary views on including modern forms of wealth, such as salaries, shares, and bank accounts, within the scope of zakat. It discusses how Muslim scholars have incorporated newly discovered sources of wealth not mentioned in the Quran or hadith.
The objectives and obligations of zakat are outlined, including establishing social welfare and protecting people from poverty. While some deny zakat obligations on non-traditional wealth, scholars justify including modern assets by citing Quranic principles of imposing zakat on all wealth.
The paper aims to advocate expanding z
This document discusses the phenomenon of life for the poor in city slums. It notes that slums tend to grow rapidly along with population growth, as low-income communities can only afford to build homes in undesignated areas. These slum settlements lack proper infrastructure and facilities. The document examines theories related to urban poverty and slums, and notes that existing theories are incremental and do not fully explain the links between urban poverty and slum formation. It also provides details on the locations and growth of slums in Semarang City, Indonesia, noting that slum areas lack orderly development and proper sanitation.
This document summarizes a paper presented at the Kuala Lumpur International Business, Economics and Law Conference in 2014. The paper discusses the relationship between open trade, economic growth, and environmental regulations in Iran. It notes that while economic growth is important, fast growth can damage the environment. There is a potential conflict between policies promoting growth and those protecting the natural world. The paper also examines international environmental law and various trade measures used by governments to protect the environment, as well as how free trade approaches in agreements like GATT can potentially limit some environmental regulations and protections.
This document discusses the impacts of establishing the Indonesian Financial Services Authority (OJK) on Indonesia's central bank. It notes that previously, different institutions regulated different types of financial institutions, which caused weak oversight. The OJK now regulates all financial institutions. Its establishment impacted various aspects of banks and non-bank financial institutions. It also shifted regulatory and supervisory tasks from Bank Indonesia to the OJK. There is a debate around whether oversight should be consolidated or separated, and the document discusses arguments on both sides regarding maintaining monetary stability and preventing conflicts of interest.
This document discusses the role and mandate of the UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) office in Malaysia and the challenges it faces. It provides background on the establishment of UNHCR and its core mandate to protect refugees internationally on a non-political basis. The document outlines UNHCR's functions such as determining refugee status, providing shelter and assistance, and promoting international refugee conventions. It also discusses UNHCR's supervisory role over the 1951 Refugee Convention and challenges in fulfilling its mandate given limitations but need to engage with political issues among states. The relationship between UNHCR and authorities in Malaysia needs improvement to better respect UNHCR's role and powers in protecting refugees.
This document discusses establishing the "best interests of the child" principle as an international custom. It begins by defining the principle and how it was codified in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It then analyzes whether the principle has become customary international law by examining its widespread acceptance and application by states. The document aims to show that treating the principle as customary law would strengthen protections for children by binding all states to consider children's best interests.
This document provides an overview of setting up a business in Indonesia. It discusses Indonesia's geography, political institutions, economy, and key business entities under Indonesian law. The main business structures available for foreign investors are representative offices, limited liability companies (PTs), and foreign direct investment through a PMA company. It also covers important considerations like employment laws, the banking and finance system, and insolvency regulations. The document aims to help foreign businesses understand Indonesia's legal framework for investment and establishing operations.
This document discusses factors that influence the regulation of sustainable watershed ecosystems in Indonesia. It notes that watershed degradation has accelerated due to increased natural resource utilization from population growth and economic development. Integrated watershed management is needed to balance ecosystem protection and sustainability. The Solo River watershed management requires stakeholder coordination and an integrated resource management plan developed participatorily. Local regulations are also needed to govern natural resource use across ecosystems and provinces in a sustainable manner balancing optimal utilization and conservation.
This document discusses financing of terrorism and its relationship to money laundering. It explains that financing of terrorism can occur through legitimate sources of money that are then used to fund terrorist activities, known as reverse money laundering. Indonesia has laws that criminalize financing of terrorism from both legal and illegal sources. The document provides background on definitions of terrorism and money laundering. It also outlines Indonesia's laws regarding money laundering and how they have evolved to incorporate financing of terrorism and address recommendations from the Financial Action Task Force.
This document discusses the use of discretionary authority by government officials in Indonesia to issue policy regulations. It argues that discretionary authority is an important tool for officials to carry out their duties optimally and realize good governance, even when existing laws do not provide complete regulation. However, officials often hesitate to use discretion due to doubts about contradicting the principle of legality. The ideal approach is for discretionary authority and policy regulations to work together as responsive and progressive law, facilitating diverse public needs. Officials need guidance to adopt progressive attitudes and confidence that discretionary actions will be legally justified if they realize good governance.
The document discusses indigenous community-based management as a new paradigm for natural resource management. It argues that current top-down management by the government does not involve local communities, but management should directly involve local communities given the complex, diverse characteristics of rural areas and communities' relationship with natural resources. The goal is to review management, find policies that improve local community welfare, and establish principles for resource management that affirm local communities.
This document discusses the regulatory regime of the internet in Malaysia. It provides an overview of how the internet was initially unregulated but licensing requirements were introduced with the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998. It also discusses Malaysia's policy of no censorship of the internet, though some websites have been blocked and individuals prosecuted for unlawful content. The document examines how laws like the Computer Crimes Act and CMA are used to regulate online content within this framework, seeking to understand the interplay between no censorship and regulation of the internet in Malaysia.
The document discusses the role of housewives in consumer protection in the village of Tianyar, Bali, Indonesia. It finds that housewives have an important role in selecting products for family consumption, but lack an understanding of consumer protection laws. Efforts are made through socialization to increase housewives' knowledge of identifying fraudulent products and standards. The role of housewives in product selection and awareness of consumer rights is important for implementing consumer protection laws.
This document summarizes the impact of coal mining waste on women micro, small and medium enterprises in the coastal fisheries sector in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Coal mining in the upstream watershed pollutes rivers with coal washing waste, impacting coastal ecosystems and fish resources. This greatly affects the fishing and fish processing businesses run by women in the coastal areas. The coal waste pollution can be detrimental to the women's businesses and livelihoods. Environmental regulations and policies need to provide better protection for coastal communities, especially women involved in fisheries.
This document discusses restorative justice as an approach to criminal justice that focuses on the needs of victims, offenders, and communities. It defines restorative justice and outlines its key principles, including viewing crimes as conflicts between individuals that cause injuries, aiming to reconcile parties and repair harm, and facilitating active participation of victims, offenders, and communities to find solutions. The document also discusses using restorative justice and mediation in Indonesia's criminal justice system to provide alternatives to punishment and protect victims' human dignity while encouraging offenders to take responsibility.
This document summarizes a paper about local wisdom in the customary law system of Penglipuran Village in Bali, Indonesia. It discusses how the indigenous peoples of Penglipuran Village have preserved their customary law and social order, respecting the values of their ancestors. The village was founded in 1833 and the people are descendants of inhabitants from an older village before Javanese influence arrived in Bali. The people of Penglipuran still highly respect their customary legal system and have maintained their unique identity and culture through the generations.
This document summarizes the concept of a populist economy in Indonesia's welfare state laws. It discusses how Indonesia's 1945 Constitution established it as a welfare state and features provisions to realize people's welfare through economic regulations. Key aspects of Indonesia's populist economy system include empowering small and medium enterprises, cooperatives, fair market mechanisms, and balancing national planning with decentralization. The document also briefly discusses how Indonesia qualifies as a state of law based on its founding constitution and aspirations of individual rights.
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Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
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STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
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INTERACTION EFFECTS OF REWARD SCHEME AND IDENTITY ON BUDGETARY SLACK: THE PERSPECTIVE OF MORALITY
Dr. Monika Palupi M
Soegijapranata Catholic University, Indonesia
Email: Monikalika87@gmail.com,
Dr. CB Mulyatno, Pr
Sanata Dharma University, Indonesia
Email: carlomul@gmail.com,
ABSTRACT
This research was basically to develop and examine the budgetary slack behavior with two different theories, namely agency theory and moral identity theory. Assumption of agency theory, self-interested behavior, explain how the behavior of budgetary slack arguments do. In many researchs, budgetary slack in research is perceived by many unethical acts, but in fact the budgetary slack is still being done. The development of non-instrumental research literature explains that procedural justice, distribution and identity become non istrumental argument which reduces the tendency of budgetary slack behavior.
Moral dilemmas occured when someone is in the decision-making process that provides opportunities for the receipt of benefits. The need for a good identity, social identification, can control the self-interested behavior. Moral identity is the basis of social identification that is used by individuals to define themselves as individuals who own good moral identity. Cognitive theory and socio-cognitive theory explains how the moral behavior of individuals is formed, will be used to explain the formation of positive behavior of individuals when they are in a state of moral dilemmas. Internalization and symbolization are dimensions of moral identity measurement used in the development of hypotheses in this research.
This research uses experimental methods to the preparation of the budget framework that gives tritmen for reward schemes and moral identity measure to explain the tendency of the individual performing the budgetary. GLM is used to provide empirical evidence of the reward system and the interaction effect of moral identity on behavior subject budgetary slack
Keyword: Reward Scheme, Budgetary Slack and Moral Identity
INTRODUCTION
Goal setting theory explains that subordinate participation in determining the purpose of achievement motivation can be a better performance. Within the framework of budget planning, participation has another effect, namely the availability of opportunities for subordinates to commit budgetary slack. Budgetary slack is the behavior of subordinates while doing her underestimate when prompted to specify a destination. Agency theory describes the behavior of budgetary slack assuming self interested behavior. When the individual has the opportunity to obtain a benefit for himself, then the individual will use it to obtain benefits.
Financial motivation becomes the main focus in research with the view of instrumental. Reward scheme is the basic of financial considerations, subordinate to capitalize on opportunities that can provide the benefit. Meaning to say, the reward scheme is the reason for the individual to make budgetary slack. This argument can explain that partisans do not always give a positive effect for the behavior of the individual. Shields and Shields (1998) explain the existence of asymmetry information between superiors and subordinate an opportunity for subordinate participation to gain rewards individuals for reasons that will be accepted. Behavior that promotes the interests of self (self-interested behavior) occurs when individuals have private information and opportunities for individual gain (Eisenhart, 1989). The studies done by Onsi (1973), Merchant (1985), Young (1985), Govindarajan (1986) Lukka (1988) and Shield and Young (1993) show inconclusive result about the relationship between the participation and budgetary slack.
How much slack occurs, can be explained by several theories being tested in some research. This suggests that the direction of the research budget slack is shifted from the instrumental focus to non instrumental. This means explaining the factors that can reduce budgetary slack is an important concern. Lind and Tyler (1986) stated that justice theory is used to explain how the positive behaviors of individuals are formed. Murniati (2011) tested this theory in terms of budget participation and found that the perception of fairness subordinates on procedures and
This Research supported by DIKTI
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reward schemes to reduce budgetary slack behavior. This means the perception of fairness toward subordinates and decision making procedure of reward scheme is experienced in the process of budget participation has a positive effect on formation behavior of subordinates.
Many researches provide empirical findings that procedural justice and distributive justice has a positive influence on the formation behavior of subordinates. A point that must be observed are several factors that are used to explain the formation of positive behavior which comes from individual external parties. Decision making procedure and reward scheme are created by the Organization to his subordinates. This means the formation of positive behaviors depend largely with procedural factors, owned by an organization.
Group engagement model developed by Tyler and Blader (2003) uses social identity theory to explain the formation of the positive behavior of individuals in organizations. Individual needs will be a social identity that can be achieved by means of joining the Organization into positive behavior and the formation of argumentation in the organization. Positive behavior makes the organization be able to maintain the identity of the individuals who join either. This argument has its limits, if the organization no longer able to provide a positive identity for the individual; the positive behaviors would not be formed.
The phenomenon of so many individuals who have power and stay in an organization that has a good identity thus showed a negative behavior that is detrimental to the organization. This reality is the basis for this research to explain the importance of the moral identity of internal motivation and to explain the formation of the positive behavior of the individual. Aquino and Reed (2002) explain that the moral identity was able to explain the formation of moral behavior. Moral identity explains the cognitive and social processes of the individual regulating to conduct immoral. Moral reasoning, moral standard and self sanction will affect the moral thinking of the individual. Moral thinking shows the process of how moral behavior formed. Moral behavior will be the identity of the individual who distinguish it by unscrupulous individuals.
This research is based on the logic of thought that explains the importance of the research as the basis of a review of the theory and research that has been done:
Figure 1: Theoritical Review and Research of Budget Slack
This research will examine the role of individual moral identity when faced with the opportunity to gain benefits for him. Budget participation framework that provides opportunities for budgetary slack is used to test the theory of moral identity. The importance of findings of this research is be able to explain how the cognitive and social processes can form the moral behavior of individuals even though the individual faced with the chance of unethical behavior.
INSTRUMENTAL APPROACH NON INSTRUMENTAL APPROACH
External Trigger
External Trigger
Budgetary Slack
Positive Behavior
Agency Theory
Motivation Theories
Justice Theory
Internal Trigger Moral Identity
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LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESIS
Reward Scheme and Budget Slack
The economic reason was the basis for the research development of the budgetary slack. When the boss asked subordinates to participate in determining the target budget, there will be an opportunity for subordinates to open the slack. This practice is consistent with the findings of the Schiff and Lewin (1970) statement that even though budget participation partnerships become an important source of improvements, participation can also give rise to the existence of budgetary slack. The finding of the Dunk (1993) gives a similar argument that the high participation in budgeting will provide opportunities for subordinates to do a budget for vaginal laxity. Young (1985) and Lukka (1988) found that participation has a positive correlation to the subordinate tendencies make budgetary slack this means the higher participation rates have the effect of increasing budgetary slack committed by subordinates.
Agency theory with assuming a self interested explained that the consequence of recieving reward becomes slack behavior argument. Although the subordinates achieved an actual performance, but the reward is received by subordinates is based on artificial performance targets and it does not indicate the real capability (Agyris, 1955, Schiff dan Lewin, 1970, Brownell, 1982 dan Chong dan Chong, 2002). This means that the reward is the reason for the individual to do slack behavior and it becomes an important concern for superiors. How slack behavior occurred is influenced by the benefits received from subordinate that a particular reward scheme.
Stevens (2002) and Hobson et al., (2011) using a reward scheme in the Fisher (2002) research to examine the effects of reward scheme against slack behavior. Reward scheme are slack- inducing and truth-inducing. Slack inducing is a reward scheme that gives rewards remain and provide additional rewards when the subordinate has exceeded performance targets. Slack-inducing scheme provides great opportunities for subordinates to do the slack by specifying a target intensity as minimum as possible to earn extra reward which can be obtained from the difference between the actual performance with performance targets. Truth-inducing scheme is a reward scheme that gives a penalty to subordinates if the performance achieved is smaller than the proposed budget and reward for achievement of targets given the proposed variables.
Moral Identity
Research on the factors that form the positive behaviors of individuals become the focus for testing the reduction behavior of budgetary slack. Non instrumental research begins with testing justice theory to explain the effect of subordinate perceptions regarding the decision making procedure and fairness of distribution (reward) which experienced in an organization. The examples are group value model, relation model and group engagement model.
The concept of identity begins to be used in the groups of engagement model which explain how individual needs would identify the positive behavior of individual’s former. Murniati (2011) found that identity has the effect of decreasing budgets for vaginal laxity behavior. Identity is a positive argument to behave as individual needs to have an identity that can be acquired when it became a member in an organization that is able to give a positive identity. The motivation of individuals to behave positively influenced by the ability of the company to provide a positive identity, so it's important to explain how the positive behavior of argumentation can be formed by an individual's own intense. This research uses moral identity to explain the formation of positive behavior with indicators of decreasing slack behavior.
Moral identity explains that moral behavior is formed by social identification theory argumentation. Cognitive developmental theory that explains how the moral reasons can predict the behavior of moral behavior is not enough to explain the formation of positive behaviors (Aquino and Reed, 1002). Sociocognitve theory tells us that moral behavior is formed by the moral standard and self-saction. If there is no self-regulatory mechanism and moral thinking ability individuals will be weak, so the effect on the moral behavior of individuals. Both of theory above will be developed into moral identity to predict moral behavior.
Moral identity is the identity of the specific aspects relating to morals that owned by individuals (Bergman, 2002). The moral aspect that is owned by an individual roles as a regulator in order to meet the norms of social behavior (moral behavior). Moral identity and social identification is the basis used by the individual to define him. In social identity theory, identity is what makes the individual needs of different individuals with other individuals. Shih at al. (1999) states that moral identity will affect the individuals’ belief, attitude and behavior, especially when the individual in need of identity.
Social identity theory is used to explain why the moral identity drives into moral behavior. Identification of individual desire levels defined as cognitively to combine himself with something that can give identity. When an individual requires the identity, the individual will identify themselves with the appropriate behavior with social norms, so as to obtain the identity of the individual is that he was immoral. The necessity of moral identity will drive behaviors in accordance with the formation of social norms (moral behavior). This means that when the need to
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behave according to social norm (moral) to individual needs, then the behavior for vaginal laxity budget can be decreased.
Moral identity consist of two dimension, they are internalization and symbolization. Internalization refers to moral trait which becomes the focus of the individual to define himself and a symbol that represents the real behavior of immoral acts. When an individual uses to identify itself a moral judgment, it would be morally and control important consideration in any decision making.
Hypothesis Development
Reward scheme is being the arguments for subordinates to perform slack behavior when participation in budgeting is intended to increase motivation in achieving the target which is an indicator of performance. This means the reward scheme is subordinate reason to slack. Agency theory explains the slack behavior assuming self-interested. Subordinates have a tendency to take opportunities that can provide benefit for him. Young (1985) and Lukka (1988) research found that participation has a positive correlation to the subordinate tendencies make budgetary slack.
Steven (2002) uses the slack-inducing scheme and truth-inducing scheme to explain the effects of reward schemes to slack behavior. Slack-inducing scheme is a scheme that gives the opportunity for subordinates to set minimum targets and also to get fixed reward and utilize its ability to achieve high performance, so the variable reward obtained high. On the other side, truth-inducing scheme limits the opportunities for subordinates to determine the minimum targets, as a reward for achieving the target given variable. Excess performance of the target will get a reward and performance below targets to get a penalty. The consequences of different reward schemes will have different effects on behavior slack.
Moral identity describes cognitive processes and self-regulation that has an effect on the individual moral behavior. Two dimensions of moral identity and moral trait explain that an individual will be the identity of the individual when there is a symbol in the form of immoral behavior. Aquino and Reed (2002) explain that the moral identity can be managed to be a trait of the person. This means that the individual needs to define itself as an unscrupulous individual and will regulate itself to perform actions that are unscrupulous.
Internalization provide an explanation on the subject opinion of the importance of moral characteristics for themselves. For individuals who have a perception that has the moral characteristics as individual is important, the possibility of moral behavior is formed. Slack opportunities provided by the slack inducing scheme. Slack inducing scheme gives individuals the opportunity to propose a minimum targets and receive the higher rewards than truth inducing scheme. Achieving the proposed targets will earn rewards that are variable and the proposed targets are not achieved will be sanctioned.
H1: individuals with truth inducing scheme and high internalization have lower slack
than individuals with slack inducing scheme and high internalization.
Symbolization refers to the manifestation of the importance of individual moral characteristics in the form of moral behavior. he higher symbolization undertaken by individuals to show the moral behavior, the lower the likelihood of slack that occurs. have good moral identity be argued that explains the symbolization. Vitell et al. (2009) explains that moral identity is to be the reason for an individual to create his or her identity by commit the moral behavior. Individuals with truth inducing scheme will have little chance to make immoral behavior. This condition is supported by the need to define themselves as individuals who has morals and do not slack behavior
H2: individuals with truth inducing scheme and high symbolization have lower budgetary
slack than individuals with slack inducing scheme dan high symbolization.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research is research with experimental methods that do treatment against the independent variables in the design experiments that are arranged within the framework of budgeting. Subjects in this experiment are a student S-1. The Research focuses on individual behavior without considering the capacity and professional practice into the use of student argumentation in this experiment. Tasking code and numbers translation to letters is a simple task that can be done by anyone (Nahartyo, 2010). The independent variable in this research is reward scheme that manipulated with slack inducing scheme and truth inducing scheme.
Reward scheme manipulated by slack inducing scheme and truth inducing scheme. Slack inducing scheme and truth inducing scheme manipulation is based on research Steven (2002) and make adjustments to the intercept for the customized design of experiments were made. Moral identity refers to the individual's perception about the characteristics of individual moral characteristics and the characteristics expression characteristic-in behavior. Moral
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identity is measured by the internalization and symbolizing Aquino and scale based on Reed's (2002). Budgetary slack is the difference in the ability of the code subject and the proposed budget as targets performance. This research uses GLM to do hypothesis testing.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Subjects who had survived manipulation check as many as 36 subjects from 45 subjects involved in this experiment.
Table 1: Subject Homogenity
Dependent Var: Slack
T Sig
Gender
0.526
Age
0.939
Department
0.320
Religious
0.838
Table 1 shows that there are not budgetary slack as the dependent variable by gender, age, department and the importance of religiosity. This means there is homogeneity of subjects in each cell experiments. Homogenity of subjects will be able to show that slack change occurs due to manipulation of the reward scheme, Internalization and symbolization.
Table 2: Hypothesis Testing
Dependent Variable: Budgetary Slack
Source
Internalization
Symbolization
F
Sig
F
Sig
INTERNAL
16.834
.000
.503
.483
SR
1.843
.184
2.043
.163
INTERNAL * SR
4.418
.044
SYMBOLZ * SR
.196
.661
High
Low
High
Low
SLACK IND
102,25
141
90,667
112,09
TRUTH IND
87,83
108
87,625
98,91
CONTRAST
0,00
0,483
R Square
.415
,086
Table 2 shows the effect of the interaction between internalization and reward systems of the slack with a significance value of 0.044. This result support H1. Contingent effects of internalization showed that the subjects who received the slack inducing scheme and in high internalization condition has lower slack than subjects with low internalization. Similar happened to truth inducing scheme, slack of individuals with high internalization is lower than subjects with low internalization.
The differences of slack in the cells on table 2 show significant results. The lowest mean of slack found in subjects receiving truth inducing scheme and has a high internalization. The results of this research show that the truth inducing scheme has a mechanism that can make the subject think that its reward scheme providing barriers to be able to do the slack. Rewards that are variable for the proposed targets and an additional reward for the achievement of performance exceeding the target will motivate the subject to propose a budget that is almost the same performance with real ability. Sanctions should be accepted when the performance of the proposed budget is not reached will make the subject motivated to achieve the budgeted target.
Contingency effects of internalization prove that the subject's perception of the importance of moral characteristics of individual has an effect on the interaction with the reward scheme on slack behavior. Table 2 shows that subjects in the high internalization and truth inducing scheme conditions has the lowest slack. These findings
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support the concept of truth inducing scheme and internalization. Subjects who had the perception that importance of moral characteristics and are in truth inducing scheme conditions which has a small chance to do the slack.
Table 3 shows the ranking of the four conditions of the internalization interaction and reward schemes.
Table 3: Slack based Interaction of Reward Scheme and Level of Internalization
Interaction
Slack
Truth Inducing * High Internalization
87,83
Slack Inducing * High Internalization
102,25
Truth Inducing * Low Internalization
108
Slack Inducing * Low Internalization
141
Table 3 shows the interaction effect of internalization and reward schemes on slack. Subjects which in slack inducing conditions and high internalization have the lower slack than subjects in truth inducing scheme conditions and highiInternalization. These findings indicate that the effects of internalization may reduce slack behavior despite subjects receiving slack inducing scheme that allows the subject to perform slack.
Truth inducing scheme which inhibits the subjects possibility to perform slack behavior has a smaller effect than in the condition of high internalization. It is powered by a smaller slack when the subject is in slack inducing scheme and high internalization. These findings are consistent with the findings of Aquino and Reed (2002) who found a positive effect internalization on moral behavior. Vitell et al. (2009) have the same results that internalization has a positive effect on moral behavior
The examination of hypothesis 2 shows that the interaction of symbolization and reward scheme had no effect on budgetary slack. The results of the interaction effects of symbolization and reward schemes on budgetary slack showed sig 0.661, so the hypothesis 2 is not supported. Table 2 shows there is no budgetary slack difference between cells that are in a state of reward scheme and different symbolization. This means that the sensitivity of the subject symbolization to realize the importance of moral characteristics in the form of contingent behavior has no effect on subjects with in both slack inducing scheme and scheme inducing truth.
The finding that there is no difference of slack in the reward scheme and the level of symbolization indicates that the individual's desire to realize the moral behavior can not be formed when the individual has both large and small opportunities to be able to perform slack represented by the reward scheme. The results of this study are consistent with most findings of Aquino and Reed (2002) who explains that symbolization is not correlated with the behavior of donations but has a correlation with the symbolization of moral behavior that do not have economic consequences.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH
The research findings provide an explanation of the effects of individual moral identity on moral behavior when individuals are in decision making decisions that have instrumental consequences. The effects of moral identity described by the dimensions of the internalization and symbolization on individual behavior showed different results. Internalization which shows the importance of moral characteristics for individual that have an effect on the magnitude of budgetary slack.
The difference of slack on four cells showed interaction between reward scheme and the level of internalization provide any significant difference. Internalization was even able to explain the effect of decreasing the behavior of budgetary slack when individuals have the opportunity to do the slack. This is evident can be showed by the lower levels of slack for individuals in high internalization condition and slack inducing scheme than individuals with low internalization and truth inducing scheme. Contingency effects of internalization can be seen from the mean budgetary slack between the two cells. The importance of defining himself as a moral individual will influence the behavior of slack.
In contrast to the results of internalization testing, interaction of each of symbolization level and reward scheme has no effect on budgetary slack. These findings indicate that the sensitivity of the individual to realize the importance of individual characteristics with the moral behavior does not affect the slack. Mean of slack in the four cells of the interactions of reward schemes and symbolization did not show any significant differences on the behavior of the slack. This means the perception of the importance of the moral characteristics of the individual indicated by internalization is not manifested by individuals when faced with decisions that have economic consequences. Opportunity to do slack that provide benefits to individuals still taken by a subject who has a slack inducing truth inducing scheme and scheme to all levels of symbolization.
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This research explains how ethical behavior is formed within the instrumental framework is very limited. In general, the consequences of ethical research is non-instrumental, so the role of moral identity can be seen clearly. But the role of moral identity when individuals facing conditions that have economic consequences, will give a different decision. The results of this research provide research opportunities to generalize the model of moral identity in explaining the behavior of slack. Experimental methods have limitations to generalize a model that can be performed by other research methods. Interaction symbolization and reward schemes that do not have an effect on the behavior of slack provide opportunities for further research to identify the factors that may drive internalization owned by the individual to be symbolized in moral behavior.
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