This document provides an overview of artificial intelligence, including a brief history and current projects. It discusses the goals of AI as building intelligent systems and understanding intelligence. The history outlines early work in neural networks in the 1940s-1950s and the 1956 Dartmouth Conference that coined the term "artificial intelligence". Enthusiasm in the field grew from 1952-1969 but challenges emerged from 1966-1974. From 1969-1979, the focus shifted to knowledge-based expert systems. Current projects in AI include robotics like Mars rovers and humanoids, machine learning using large data sets, language translation and speech systems, and computer vision applications.

1. Artificial Intelligence
Kavikiran
For FPS
2/2/04

2. Today we’ll discus:
• Intelligence
• Artificial Intelligence
• A brief history of AI
• Cool current projects in AI

3. What’s involved in
Intelligence?
• Ability to interact with the world (speech,
vision, motion, manipulation)
• Ability to model the world and to reason
about it
• Ability to learn and to adapt

4. Goals in AI
• To build systems that exhibit intelligent
behavior
• To understand intelligence in order to
model it

5. Modeling people?
• Sometimes
• But sometimes we want AI systems to be
better and smarter than we are

6. A Brief History of AI
• 1943: McCulloch and Pitts propose a model
of artificial neurons
• 1956 Minsky and Edmonds build first
neural network computer, the SNARC

7. The Dartmouth Conference
(1956)
• John McCarthy organizes a two-month
workshop for researchers interested in
neural networks and the study of
intelligence
• Agreement to adopt a new name for this
field of study: Artificial Intelligence

8. 1952-1969 Enthusiasm:
• Arthur Samuel’s checkers player
• Shakey the robot
• Lots of work on neural networks

9. 1966-1974 Reality:
• AI problems appear to be too big and
complex
• Computers are very slow, very expensive,
and have very little memory (compared to
today)

10. 1969-1979 Knowledge-based
systems:
• Birth of expert systems
• Idea is to give AI systems lots of
information to start with

11. 1980-1988 AI in industry:
• R1 becomes first successful commercial
expert system
• Some interesting phone company systems
for diagnosing failures of telephone service

12. 1990s to the present:
• Increases in computational power
(computers are cheaper, faster, and have
tons more memory than they used to)
• An example of the coolness of speed:
Computer Chess

13. Computer Chess
• 2/96: Kasparov vs Deep Blue
– Kasparov victorious: 3 wins, 2 draws, 1 loss
• 3/97: Kasparov vs Deeper Blue
– First match won against world champion
– 512 processors: 200 million chess positions per
second
How do you think it works???

14. Cool things AI is doing now

15. Robotics
Mars rover
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html
Humanoid robots
http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-
group/
Entertainment robots
http://www.us.aibo.com/
Vacuum cleaner robots: “Roomba”

16. Machine Learning
• Looking for patterns in vast amounts of data
that is just too big for humans to analyze
• [c4.5 demos]

17. Lanuage Systems
Automatic translation
http://world.altavista.com/
You type, it types back
http://www.mrmind.com/mrmind3

18. Speech Systems
Movie ticket reservations by phone
1-800-Fandango
You talk, it types
IBM’s ViaVoice

19. Vision Systems
Face recognition and enhancement
http://www.ri.cmu.edu/labs/lab_51.html
Automated driving - No Hands across
America
Visual tracking systems
http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/CAVE/research/de
mos/.index.html

20. More Information
http://www.aaai.org/Pathfinder/html/show.h
tml