ADB, 2012

1. Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012
KEY INDICATORS
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012, the 43rd edition of this series, is a statistical data book
KEY INDICATORS
presenting economic, financial, social, and environmental indicators for the 48 regional members of the
Asian Development Bank (ADB). This issue of Key Indicators presents in Part I a special chapter—Green
Urbanization in Asia—followed by statistical tables in Parts II and III with short, nontechnical
commentaries on economic, financial, social, and environmental developments.
for Asia and the Pacific
Part II comprises the first set of statistical tables and commentaries, which look at the Millennium
Development Goals and progress in the region toward achieving key targets. The second set of tables in
Part III is grouped into seven themes, and provides a broader picture of economic, financial, social, and
2012
environmental developments. This publication aims to present the latest key statistics on development
issues concerning the economies of Asia and the Pacific to a wide audience, including policy makers,
development practitioners, government officials, researchers, students, and the general public. This year,
ADB also publishes the second edition of the Framework of Inclusive Growth Indicators, a special
supplement to Key Indicators.
About the Asian Development Bank
for Asia and the Pacific
ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty. Its mission is to help its developing member
countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people. Despite the region’s many
successes, it remains home to two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.8 billion people who live on less than
$2 a day, with 903 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day. ADB is committed to reducing poverty
through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration.
Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region. Its main instruments
for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees,
grants, and technical assistance.
2012
SPECIAL CHAPTER:
Green Urbanization in Asia
Asian Development Bank
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City
1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
www.adb.org
Printed on recycled paper. Printed in the Philippines

3. © 2012 Asian Development Bank
All rights reserved. Published in 2012.
Printed in the Philippines.
ISBN: 978-92-9092-816-4
Publication Stock No. FLS124810-3
Cataloging-In-Publication Data
Asian Development Bank.
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012.
Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2012.
1. economic indicators 2. financial indicators 3. social indicators 4. energy and environmental indicators
5. millennium development goals 6. infrastructure indicators 7. governance indicators
I. Asian Development Bank.
The views expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.
ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no
responsibility for any consequence of their use.
By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the
term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other
status of any territory or area.
ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use
with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating
derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB.
Asian Development Bank
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City
1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel +63 2 632 4444
Fax +63 2 636 2444
www.adb.org

4. iii
Foreword
The 43rd ĞĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ <ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ϮϬϭϮ ;<ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ϮϬϭϮͿ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ
ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ Ă ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ƐŽĐŝĂů͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ͕ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů͕ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů͕ ĂŶĚ DŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵ
Development Goals (MDGs) indicator series for the 48 regional members. The Key Indicators provides
Ă ƟŵĞůLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĞůŝĂďůĞ ƐŽƵƌĐĞ ŽĨ ĚĂƚĂ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌƐ͕
ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŽĸĐŝĂůƐ͕ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ͕ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ƉƵďůŝĐ͘ &Žƌ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ LJĞĂƌ͕ ƚŚĞ
Framework of Inclusive Growth Indicators supplements the main Key Indicators ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘
dŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ŽŶ ͞'ƌĞĞŶ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ͟ ƚĂĐŬůĞƐ ƚǁŽ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐͶ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƌĂƉŝĚ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ ƐŝĂ ŝƐ ŚŽŵĞ ƚŽ ĂůŵŽƐƚ ŚĂůĨ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŐůŽďĂů ƵƌďĂŶ
ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjŝŶŐ Ăƚ Ă ƉĂĐĞ ĨĂƐƚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ĂŶLJ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ŝŶ ĂŶ ƵŶƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŶƚĞĚ
ŐƌŽǁƚŚ ŝŶ ƵƌďĂŶ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĚĞŶƐĞůLJ ƉŽƉƵůĂƚĞĚ ŵĞŐĂĐŝƟĞƐ͘ ŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ͕
the region will be confronted with even greater environmental challenges that are already serious,
ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ Ăŝƌ ƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͕ ĐŽŶŐĞƐƟŽŶ͕ ĐĂƌďŽŶ ĚŝŽdžŝĚĞ ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ĚĞƉƌŝǀĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ďĂƐŝĐ ƐĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶ͕
ĂŶĚ ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĚŝƐĂƐƚĞƌƐ͘ Ƶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĐŽŵĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚĚůĞ ĐůĂƐƐ
ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ ŽǁŶĞƌƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ƐĞĐƚŽƌ͕ ĚĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐ ĨĞƌƟůŝƚLJ͕ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů
ĂƩĂŝŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ŐƌĞĞŶ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ĨŽƌĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ
ĂƌĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĨŽƌ ĂƩĂŝŶŝŶŐ Ă ǁŝŶͲǁŝŶ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ ŽĨ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ŐƌŽǁƚŚ͘
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĨŽƌĐĞƐ ŵĂLJ ďĞ ŝŶƐƵĸĐŝĞŶƚ ƚŽ ƌĞĂĐŚ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ĐĂƌĞĨƵůůLJ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŵĂŬŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂƌĞ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů͘ dŚƵƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ĂůƐŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ
ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞ Ă ŐƌĞĞŶ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƉĂƚŚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͘
dŚĞ ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ƚĂďůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ϮϬϭϮ clearly describes Asia
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛Ɛ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ ĂƐ ŝƚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ ŝƚƐ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJ͕ ĐĞŵĞŶƟŶŐ ŝƚƐ ĐůĂŝŵ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ
ůĂƌŐĞƐƚ ƐŚĂƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͛Ɛ ŐƌŽƐƐ ĚŽŵĞƐƟĐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŶŽǁ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞƐ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ Ă ƚŚŝƌĚ
ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌůĚ͛Ɛ ƚŽƚĂů ĞdžƉŽƌƚƐ͘ dŚƌĞĞ LJĞĂƌƐ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƚŚĞ D' ĚĞĂĚůŝŶĞ ŝŶ ϮϬϭϱ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ
ŚƵŶŐĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ŵĞĞƚ ŝƚƐ ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ ĨŽƌ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ͘ dŚĞ
ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŚĂƐ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ ŝƚƐ ƐůƵŵ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ŝƚƐ ƚĞƌƌĞƐƚƌŝĂů ĂŶĚ ŵĂƌŝŶĞ
protected areas.
dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ƐƟůů ŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ͕ ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͘ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ŶĞĞĚƐ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů
ŝƐƐƵĞƐ͕ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ĐŽǀĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ K2 ĞŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ ƚŽ ĂƩĂŝŶ
ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ DŽƐƚ ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ ŝƐ ƐƟůů ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ƵƐŝŶŐ ĐĂƌďŽŶ ĨƵĞůƐ͘ ĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƌŝƐŝŶŐ ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŝĐĞƐ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů ŝŶŇĂƟŽŶ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĂƌĞ ƉƵƚ Ăƚ ƌŝƐŬ ŽĨ ĨĂůůŝŶŐ ŝŶƚŽ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞ
ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ͕ ƉƵƫŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŐĂŝŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ŚĂƐ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ ŝŶ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƉĞƌŝů͘ DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ D'
ƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ ŽŶ ƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚ ĂŶĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŶĂů ŵŽƌƚĂůŝƟĞƐ ĂƌĞ ŶŽƚ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ŵĞƚ ďLJ ŵĂŶLJ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ
ƐŝĂŶ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƐŽŵĞ ŚĂǀĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͘
ĞƐƉŝƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͛Ɛ ƌĞŵĂƌŬĂďůĞ ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͕ ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ ƌĞŵĂŝŶ͕ ĂƐ ŶĞǁ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ ĞŵĞƌŐĞ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ŽƵƌ
hope that the Key Indicators ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ǁŝůů ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ ƚŽ ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌŝǀĞ ƚŽ
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƐŽƵŶĚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞ ĚĂƚĂ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐĞĚ ǁŝĚĞůLJ͘ DĞĂŶǁŚŝůĞ͕ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐ ƚŽ
ǁŽƌŬ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƵƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ͛ ŶĂƟŽŶĂů ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ ĂŶĚ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ŽĨ
ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽĸĐŝĂů ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĨŽƌŵ Ă ƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂů ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ƚĂďůĞƐ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘
Haruhiko Kuroda
Haruhiko Kuroda
President

6. v
Acknowledgments
The ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ϮϬϭϮ ;ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ϮϬϭϮͿ was prepared by the
Development Indicators and Policy Research Division of the Economics and Research Department,
under the overall supervision of Douglas H. Brooks.
'ƵĂŶŐŚƵĂ tĂŶ ĂŶĚ DĂƩŚĞǁ ĂŚŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ĨƌŽŵ /ǀĂ ^ĞďĂƐƟĂŶ͕
ĞƌŶĂĚĞƩĞ ĂůĂŵďĂŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌŝƐƟŶĞ :ŽLJ ƌŝŽŶĞƐ͕ ǁƌŽƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ŽŶ ͞'ƌĞĞŶ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ
ŝŶ ƐŝĂ͟ ;WĂƌƚ /Ϳ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƐ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ ŽĨ ƐŝĂ͛Ɛ ƵƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŽ
ĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ ƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ ďĞŶĞĮƚĞĚ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůLJ ĨƌŽŵ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ
ƉĂƉĞƌƐ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ ďLJ ĞďŽƌĂŚ ĂůŬ͕ :ĂŶ ƌƵĞĐŬŶĞƌ͕ ^ƵƌĞŶĚĞƌ ƵŵĂƌ͕ ůŝĐĞ DĂƌƚŚĂ ĞĞ͕ DĂƌŬ
DŽŶƚŐŽŵĞƌLJ͕ ĂůĂ ^ĞĞƚŚĂƌĂŵ ^ƌŝĚŚĂƌ͕ ŽŶŐ ^ƵŶ͕ :ŝŶŐ :ŝŶŐ zĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ^ŝƋŝ ŚĞŶŐ͘ sĂůƵĂďůĞ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐ
ǁĞƌĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ďLJ ƌƚƵƌ ŶĚƌLJƐŝĂŬ͕ DĂƌŝĂ ^ŽĐŽƌƌŽ ĂƵƟƐƚĂ͕ ŽƵŐůĂƐ ƌŽŽŬƐ͕ EĂƚĂůŝĞ ŚƵŶ͕ :ĞƐƵƐ
ĞůŝƉĞ͕ ĂƵƐŚĂů :ŽƐŚŝ͕ ŝŶĚƵ ŽŚĂŶŝ͕ ĂůŝƐĂLJ DĂůŝŐĂůŝŐ͕ ŶŶŝĞ DĂƚĂŶ͕ ŚĞůůĂŵ WĂůĂŶLJĂŶĚLJ͕ 'ƵŶƚƵƌ
^ƵŐŝLJĂƌƚŽ͕ ^ƵƉĂĐŚŽů ^ƵƉĂĐŚĂůĂƐĂŝ͕ ĂŶĚ :ƵnjŚŽŶŐ ŚƵĂŶŐ͘ tĞ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ ďLJ ŐƵƐƟŶ
ƌĐĞŶĂƐ͕ ^ĞŬŚĂƌ ŽŶƵ͕ ŶĂŶĚ ŚŝƉůƵŶŬĂƌ͕ ZƵĚŽůĨ ƌĂƵĞŶĚŽƌĨĞƌ͕ LJƵŵŝ ŽŶŝƐŚŝ͕ DŝĐŚĂĞů ŝŶĚĮĞůĚ͕
dŽďLJ DĞůŝƐƐĂ DŽŶƐŽĚ͕ ŝǁĞƐŚ E͘ ^ŚĂƌĂŶ͕ :ĂŵĞƐ ^ƉĞŶĐĞƌ͕ DĂƩŚĞǁ dƵƌŶĞƌ͕ ĂŶĚ :ĞīƌĞLJ Ădž ŝŶ ƚŚĞ
ƚǁŽ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚ ĨŽƌ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘ :ŝŶŐŵŝŶ ,ƵĂŶŐ͕ ĞĂ ^ƵŵƵůŽŶŐ͕ ĂŶĚ
ŝŵŝŶŐ ŚŽƵ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ DŝĐŚĂĞů ƌĂĚLJ ĂŶĚ ŚĞŶ ŝƵ ĂƐƐŝƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͘
WĞƚĞƌ EĞǁŵĂŶ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐƐ ĞĚŝƚŽƌ ĨŽƌ WĂƌƚ /͘ :ŽƐĞ ,ĞƌŵĂŶ ZĂŵŽƐ ĂŶĚ ŶŐĞů sŝůůĂƌĞnj ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ
ǀĂůƵĂďůĞ ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƉƐ ƵƐĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘
tĞ ĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐ ĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƐŝĂŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ĂŶŬ͛Ɛ ; Ϳ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ĚĂƚĂ ǁŝƚŚ ƵƐ͘ tĞ ĂůƐŽ
ĂĐŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŽĨ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ ŽĸĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŝŶ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŶŐ ĚĂƚĂ ŽŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘
Glenita Amoranto, Barbara Dizon, Nalwino Billones, Eileen Capilit, Modesta de Castro, Anna
ŚƌŝƐƟŶĞ Ğ WĂĚƵĂͲƵƌĂŶƚĞ͕ :ŽƐĞƉŚŝŶĞ ĞƌƌĞ͕ ĂƌĞŶ ŝƌƐŚĂŶ͕ ƵŐĞŶŝĂ 'Ž͕ WĂŵĞůĂ ĂƉŝƚĂŶ͕ ĞŶũĂŵŝŶ
EĂǀĂƌƌŽ͕ DĞůŝƐƐĂ WĂƐĐƵĂ͕ ĂƵƌĂ WƌĂĚŽ͕ ĞĂ ZŽƚĂŝƌŽ͕ /ǀĂ ^ĞďĂƐƟĂŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƌŝĐ ^ƵĂŶ ĐŽŵƉŝůĞĚ ĂŶĚ
ĂŶĂůLJnjĞĚ ĚĂƚĂ ĨƌŽŵ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ƚĂďůĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ DŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
Goals (MDGs), regional trends and tables, and country tables. They also wrote the analysis of key
D'Ɛ ;WĂƌƚ //Ϳ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ƚƌĞŶĚƐ ;WĂƌƚ ///Ϳ͘ ƌƚƵƌ ŶĚƌLJƐŝĂŬ͕ EĂƚĂůŝĞ ŚƵŶ͕ ĂƵƐŚĂů :ŽƐŚŝ͕ ĂůŝƐĂLJ ^͘
DĂůŝŐĂůŝŐ͕ ŚĞůůĂŵ WĂůĂŶLJĂŶĚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ 'ƵŶƚƵƌ ^ƵŐŝLJĂƌƚŽ ƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ƚĂďůĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂů
ƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ͘ DĂƌŝĂ ^ŽĐŽƌƌŽ ĂƵƟƐƚĂ ĂůƐŽ ƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ŽĨ ŬĞLJ ƚƌĞŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ DĂ͘ EŝŵĨĂ DĞŶĚŽnjĂ ǁĂƐ
the economics editor for Parts II and III.
dŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ϮϬϭϮ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŝůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ăůů ƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ƚĂďůĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ
ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ĂůŝƐĂLJ ^͘ DĂůŝŐĂůŝŐ͕ ĂƐƐŝƐƚĞĚ ďLJ ĂƌďĂƌĂ ŝnjŽŶ ĂŶĚ WĂŵĞůĂ ĂƉŝƚĂŶ͘ :ŝůů 'ĂůĞ ĚĞ sŝůůĂ
and Guia De Guzman were the copy editors. Francis Manio designed the cover. Rhommell Rico did
ƚŚĞ ŐƌĂƉŚŝĐƐ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ůĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƚLJƉĞƐĞƫŶŐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ăůů ĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ :ŽĞ DĂƌŬ 'ĂŶĂďĂŶ ŚĞůƉĞĚ ŝŶ ƚLJƉĞƐĞƫŶŐ͘
Ma. Roselia Babalo and Clarita Dalaguit-Truong rendered secretarial and proofreading services.
^ĞĂŶ ƌŽǁůĞLJ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ 'ŝůĚĂ EĂŶƋƵŝů͕ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƐƐĞŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘ tĞ
ƚŚĂŶŬ ƚŚĞ KĸĐĞ ŽĨ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ dĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ ĨŽƌ ĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ džƚĞƌŶĂů ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŽŐŝƐƟĐƐ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ hŶŝƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ KĸĐĞ
ŽĨ ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƟŵĞůLJ ĂŶĚ ƐŵŽŽƚŚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Key
/ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ϮϬϭϮ.
Changyong Rhee
Chief Economist

8. vii
Contents
Foreword.................................................................................................................................................................. iii
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................... v
^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ .................................................................................................................................................. xvi
Guide for Users ....................................................................................................................................................... xxi
Highlights ...................................................................................................................................................... xxvii
PART I – SPECIAL CHAPTER
'ƌĞĞŶ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ
^ƉĞĐŝĂů ĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ ŽĨ hƌďĂŶ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ ............................................................................................................... 4
ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů /ŵƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ ............................................................................................... 9
hƌďĂŶ ŝƌ WŽůůƵƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ ............................................................................................................................. 11
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ............................................................................................................................ 13
ĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ůĞĂŶ tĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ^ĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶ ........................................................................................................... 14
Resilience to Climate Change ......................................................................................................................... 15
ŽƐƐ ŽĨ EĂƚƵƌĂů ĐŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ ĂŶĚ ŵĞŶŝƟĞƐ .................................................................................................... 19
Urban Slums and Urban Poverty.................................................................................................................... 19
ƐŝĂ͛Ɛ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐ͗ dŚĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ƵnjŶĞƚƐ ƵƌǀĞ............................................................ 19
dŚĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚͲhƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ EĞdžƵƐ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ ....................................................................................................... 21
hƌďĂŶ ŐŐůŽŵĞƌĂƟŽŶ ,ĞůƉƐ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƚŚĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ................................................................................ 22
DĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ ZĞůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ZŝƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ DŝĚĚůĞ ůĂƐƐ ĂŶĚ WƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ KǁŶĞƌƐ ............................................ 24
ĞĐůŝŶŝŶŐ ĞƌƟůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĂů ƩĂŝŶŵĞŶƚ ............................................................................ 25
YƵĂŶƟĨLJŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚͲhƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ EĞdžƵƐ ........................................................................................ 26
Summary........................................................................................................................................................ 28
WŽůŝĐLJ KƉƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ 'ƌĞĞŶ ŝƟĞƐ .............................................................................................................................. 28
ŶŚĂŶĐŝŶŐ ĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ ĂŶĚ ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ......................................................................................................... 29
WƌŽŵŽƟŶŐ EĞǁ ƌŽŶƟĞƌƐ............................................................................................................................... 34
WƌŽƚĞĐƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ WŽŽƌ ........................................................................................................................................ 38
Finance, Transparency, and Accountability .................................................................................................... 38
Summary........................................................................................................................................................ 40
DĂũŽƌ ŝŶĚŝŶŐƐ ĂŶĚ ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ.............................................................................................................................. 40
ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ......................................................................................................................................................... 42

9. viii ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ϮϬϭϮ
dĂďůĞƐ
dĂďůĞ ϭ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĞǀĞů ĂŶĚ ŚĂŶŐĞƐ ;ĂĐƚƵĂů ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚͿ....................................................................... 4
dĂďůĞ Ϯ hƌďĂŶ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ Ăƚ ZŝƐŬ ŽĨ ŽĂƐƚĂů ůŽŽĚŝŶŐ ďLJ ZĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ϮϬϬϬ .......................................................... 15
dĂďůĞ ϯ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂ Ăƚ ZŝƐŬ ŽĨ ŽĂƐƚĂů ůŽŽĚŝŶŐ͕ ϮϬϬϬ ...................................................................... 16
dĂďůĞ ϰ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƌĞĂ Ăƚ ZŝƐŬ ŽĨ /ŶůĂŶĚ ůŽŽĚŝŶŐ͕ ϮϬϬϬ ........................................................................ 16
dĂďůĞ ϱ dŽƉ ϰϬ ƐŝĂŶ ŝƟĞƐ;хϭ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ ŝŶ sƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ ŽĂƐƚĂů ůŽŽĚŝŶŐ ................................. 17
dĂďůĞ ϲ dŽƉ ϰϬ ƐŝĂŶ ŝƟĞƐ;хϭ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ ŝŶ sƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ /ŶůĂŶĚ ůŽŽĚŝŶŐ .................................. 17
Table 7 The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Asia ......................................................................................... 21
Table 8 United States Imports of High-Tech Green Equipment (%) ................................................................. 23
dĂďůĞ ϵ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ĂŶĚ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ................................................................................................. 25
dĂďůĞ ϭϬ WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ ZĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ͛ tŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐ ƚŽ ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů WƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ................................ 26
dĂďůĞ ϭϭ dŚĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚʹhƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ DŽĚĞů............................................................................................... 27
Table 12 Water Pricing ...................................................................................................................................... 31
ŝŐƵƌĞƐ
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ EƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ zĞĂƌƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĂďŽƵƚ ϭϬй ƚŽ ϱϬй hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ....................................................................... 5
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ hƌďĂŶ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ ;ŵŝůůŝŽŶƐͿ .................................................................................... 5
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϯ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ hƌďĂŶ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ϭϵϱϬʹϮϬϭϬ............................................................................................ 5
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ^ŚĂƌĞƐ ŽĨ 'ůŽďĂů hƌďĂŶ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ϮϬϭϬ ;йͿ ........................................................................ 6
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ ĞǀĞů ŽĨ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ďLJ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ;йͿ ..................................................................................................... 6
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϲ EƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ DĞŐĂĐŝƟĞƐ .......................................................................................................................... 7
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ^ŚĂƌĞ ŽĨ ĂƌŐĞƐƚ ŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ /ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ ϮϬϬϵ ;й ŽĨ ƚŽƚĂů ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ .......... 9
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ dŽƉ Ϯϱ ŝƟĞƐ ZĂŶŬĞĚ ďLJ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĞŶƐŝƚLJ͕ ϮϬϬϳ ............................................................................... 9
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϵ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĞǀĞůƐ͕ ^ƵďƌĞŐŝŽŶ ;йͿ ............................................................................................. 10
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϬ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ĞǀĞůƐ͕ ^ĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ƐŝĂŶ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ;йͿ ........................................................................... 10
Figure 11 Urban and Rural Inequality in Asia (%) ............................................................................................... 10
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϮ dŚĞŌ ZĂƚĞ ǀĞƌƐƵƐ ĞǀĞů ŽĨ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͗ 'ůŽďĂů ĂƚĂ ......................................................................... 11
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϯ /ŶƚĞŶƟŽŶĂů ,ŽŵŝĐŝĚĞ ZĂƚĞƐ ŝŶ ^ĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ .............................................................................. 11
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϰ ŝƟĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ WD10 above 100 μg/m3, 2008–2009 ................................................................................. 12
Figure 15 PM10 Kernel Density, 2008–2009 ........................................................................................................ 12
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϲ dŽƚĂů ^ƵƐƉĞŶĚĞĚ WĂƌƟĐƵůĂƚĞƐ Ăƚ DĂŶŝůĂ ^ŝƚĞƐ ..................................................................................... 12
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϳ dŽƉ ϱ ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ŝŶ dŽƚĂů K2 Emissions in 2008 .................................................................................. 13
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϴ K2 Emissions (t/capita) ..................................................................................................................... 13
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭϵ sƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŽ /ŶůĂŶĚ ;ƚŽƉͿ ĂŶĚ ŽĂƐƚĂů ;ďŽƩŽŵͿ ůŽŽĚŝŶŐ .............................................................. 18
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϮϬ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ Ăƚ ZŝƐŬ ŽĨ ŽĂƐƚĂů ůŽŽĚŝŶŐ ................................................................................................ 19
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯϭ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ Ăƚ ZŝƐŬ ŽĨ /ŶůĂŶĚ ůŽŽĚŝŶŐ ................................................................................................. 19
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϮϮ ^ĐĂƩĞƌƉůŽƚ ŽĨ K2 Emissions (t/capita) and GDP Per Capita (in 2005 PPP) ........................................ 21
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯϯ WƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚ WĞƌ ĂƉŝƚĂ K2 ŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƐƟŵĂƚĞĚ ............................................................ 21
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯϰ 'W WĞƌ ĂƉŝƚĂ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞů ŽĨ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ ϭϵϴϬʹϮϬϭϬ ; ůů ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͕ ƐŝĂ͕
ADB Developing Member Economies) ................................................................................................ 22
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯϱ /ŶĨĂŶƚ DŽƌƚĂůŝƚLJ ZĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞů ŽĨ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ tŽƌůĚ͕ ϭϵϱϱʹϮϬϭϬ ................................................. 23
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯϲ ĞƌƟůŝƚLJ ZĂƚĞƐ ǀƐ͘ ĞǀĞů ŽĨ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ................................................................................... 25
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯϳ ZĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ WƌŽũĞĐƚĞĚ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ .................................................................... 25
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯϴ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ǀƐ͘ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ͕ ϭϵϴϬʹϮϬϭϬ ................................................................................. 26
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯϵ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚʹhƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ZĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ................................................................................. 27
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϯϬ /ůůƵƐƚƌĂƟǀĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚʹhƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƵƌǀĞ ..................................................................................... 28
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϯϭ ^ŚŝŌ ŝŶ ŝƩĞĚ WD10 ŝŶĞ ŝŶ WZ ŝƟĞƐ ................................................................................................. 32
ŽdžĞƐ
Box 1 Metros Moving People in Delhi and Shanghai ............................................................................................ 14
Ždž Ϯ ƐƟŵĂƟŶŐ ZŝƐŬƐ ŽĨ /ŶůĂŶĚ ĂŶĚ ŽĂƐƚĂů ůŽŽĚŝŶŐ ......................................................................................... 15

10. Contents ŝdž
Box 3 The Environmental Kuznets Curve .............................................................................................................. 20
Ždž ϰ DĂůĂLJƐŝĂŶ ĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ......................................................................................................................... 24
Ždž ϱ ƵƐ ZĂƉŝĚ dƌĂŶƐŝƚ͗ dŚĞ WĞŽƉůĞ͛Ɛ tĂLJ ŝŶ ŚŵĞĚĂďĂĚ .................................................................................. 34
Box 6 From Waste to Energy in Singapore ............................................................................................................ 34
Box 7 Kawasaki Eco-Town ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Ždž ϴ ^ŵĂƌƚ 'ƌŝĚ ŶĞƌŐLJ ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ................................................................................................................... 37
Box 9 Small-Scale Energy Systems: Garment Factories in Bangladesh ................................................................. 37
Ždž ϭϬ ĞůŚŝ͛Ɛ ^ŚŝŌ ƚŽ ŽŵƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ EĂƚƵƌĂů 'ĂƐ .................................................................................................... 37
Box 11 Kampung Code River: Upgrading a Slum .................................................................................................... 39
Box 12 Restoring the Cheonggyecheon River ......................................................................................................... 40
PART II ʹ DŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ 'ŽĂůƐ dƌĞŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ dĂďůĞƐ
/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ DŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ 'ŽĂůƐ....................................................................................... 49
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ ƵƚŽī sĂůƵĞƐ ĨŽƌ ^ĞůĞĐƚĞĚ D' /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ..................................................................... 51
Table 2. Millennium Development Goals Progress Tracking ........................................................ 52
'ŽĂů ϭ͗ ƌĂĚŝĐĂƚĞ džƚƌĞŵĞ WŽǀĞƌƚLJ ĂŶĚ ,ƵŶŐĞƌ............................................................................................... 54
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϭ dĂƌŐĞƚ ϭ͘ ͗ ,ĂůǀĞ͕ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϭϵϵϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϱ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ
whose income is less than one dollar a day.................................................................... 62
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘Ϯ dĂƌŐĞƚ ϭ͗͘ ĐŚŝĞǀĞ ĨƵůů ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ ĚĞĐĞŶƚ ǁŽƌŬ ĨŽƌ Ăůů͕
including women and young people .............................................................................. 63
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϯ dĂƌŐĞƚ ϭ͗͘ ,ĂůǀĞ͕ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϭϵϵϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϱ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ
ǁŚŽ ƐƵīĞƌ ĨƌŽŵ ŚƵŶŐĞƌ .................................................................................................. 64
'ŽĂů Ϯ͗ ĐŚŝĞǀĞ hŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů WƌŝŵĂƌLJ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ.................................................................................................. 65
Table 2.1 Target 2.A: Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike,
will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling ........................................... 69
'ŽĂů ϯ͗ WƌŽŵŽƚĞ 'ĞŶĚĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ŵƉŽǁĞƌ tŽŵĞŶ ................................................................................ 72
dĂďůĞ ϯ͘ϭ dĂƌŐĞƚ ϯ͘ ͗ ůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞ ŐĞŶĚĞƌ ĚŝƐƉĂƌŝƚLJ ŝŶ ƉƌŝŵĂƌLJ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕
ƉƌĞĨĞƌĂďůLJ ďLJ ϮϬϬϱ͕ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ Ăůů ůĞǀĞůƐ ŽĨ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŶŽƚ ůĂƚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ϮϬϭϱ........................... 76
'ŽĂů ϰ͗ ZĞĚƵĐĞ ŚŝůĚ DŽƌƚĂůŝƚLJ ....................................................................................................................... 78
Table 4.1 Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015,
ƚŚĞ ƵŶĚĞƌͲĮǀĞ ŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚLJ ƌĂƚĞ .......................................................................................... 82
'ŽĂů ϱ͗ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞ DĂƚĞƌŶĂů ,ĞĂůƚŚ .................................................................................................................. ϴϯ
Table 5.1 Target 5.A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015,
ƚŚĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŶĂů ŵŽƌƚĂůŝƚLJ ƌĂƟŽ ........................................................................................... 88
dĂďůĞ ϱ͘Ϯ dĂƌŐĞƚ ϱ͗͘ ĐŚŝĞǀĞ͕ ďLJ ϮϬϭϱ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀĞ ŚĞĂůƚŚ .......................... 89
'ŽĂů ϲ͗ ŽŵďĂƚ ,/sͬ /^͕ DĂůĂƌŝĂ͕ ĂŶĚ KƚŚĞƌ ŝƐĞĂƐĞƐ.................................................................................. 91
dĂďůĞ ϲ͘ϭ dĂƌŐĞƚ ϲ͘ ͗ ,ĂǀĞ ŚĂůƚĞĚ ďLJ ϮϬϭϱ ĂŶĚ ďĞŐƵŶ ƚŽ ƌĞǀĞƌƐĞ ƚŚĞ ƐƉƌĞĂĚ ŽĨ ,/sͬ /^ ĂŶĚ
dĂƌŐĞƚ ϲ͗͘ ĐŚŝĞǀĞ ďLJ ϮϬϭϬ͕ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ĨŽƌ ,/sͬ /^
for all those who need it ................................................................................................. 96
Table 6.2 Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence
of malaria and other major diseases .............................................................................. 97
'ŽĂů ϳ͗ ŶƐƵƌĞ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů ^ƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ................................................................................................... 99
Table 7.1 Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country
policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources ..................... 106
Table 7.2 Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010,
Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĂƚĞ ŽĨ ůŽƐƐ ...................................................................... 108

11. dž ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ϮϬϭϮ
dĂďůĞ ϳ͘ϯ dĂƌŐĞƚ ϳ͗͘ ,ĂůǀĞ͕ ďLJ ϮϬϭϱ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ
ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ ƐĂĨĞ ĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ďĂƐŝĐ ƐĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶ .................................... 109
dĂďůĞ ϳ͘ϰ dĂƌŐĞƚ ϳ͗͘ LJ ϮϬϮϬ͕ ƚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ Ă ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŝǀĞƐ
of at least 100 million slum dwellers ............................................................................ 111
'ŽĂů ϴ͗ ĞǀĞůŽƉ Ă 'ůŽďĂů WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐŚŝƉ ĨŽƌ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ................................................................................ 112
Table 8.1 Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable,
ŶŽŶͲĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂƚŽƌLJ ƚƌĂĚŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĮŶĂŶĐŝĂů ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ......................................................... 117
Table 8.2 Target 8.B: Address the special needs of least developed countries ........................... 118
Table 8.3 Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries
and small island developing states .............................................................................. 120
DŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ 'ŽĂůƐ ʹ ŝŐƵƌĞƐ
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϭ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŝǀŝŶŐ ŽŶ ĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ Ψϭ͘Ϯϱ Ă ĂLJ͕ ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϵϬʹϮϬϬϯͿ
ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϵϲʹϮϬϭϬͿ zĞĂƌƐ ;йͿ ....................................................................................................... 55
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘Ϯ ŶŶƵĂů WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ WŽŝŶƚ ŚĂŶŐĞ ŝŶ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŝǀŝŶŐ
ŽŶ ĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ Ψϭ͘Ϯϱ Ă ĂLJ ;ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ƉŽŝŶƚƐͿ .................................................................................... 55
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϯ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŝǀŝŶŐ ŽŶ ĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ ΨϮ Ă ĂLJ͕ ϭϵϵϱ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϵϴʹϮϬϬϵͿ zĞĂƌƐ ;йͿ....... 56
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϰ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŝŶ WĞŽƉůĞ ;ŝŶ ƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐͿ ŝǀŝŶŐ ĞůŽǁ ΨϮͲĂͲĂLJ WŽǀĞƌƚLJ ŝŶĞ ŝŶ ^ĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ......... 56
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϱ WŽǀĞƌƚLJ 'ĂƉ ZĂƟŽƐ͕ ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϵϬʹϮϬϬϯͿ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϵϲʹϮϬϭϬͿ zĞĂƌƐ ;йͿ .................................... 57
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϲ ^ŚĂƌĞ ŽĨ WŽŽƌĞƐƚ YƵŝŶƟůĞ ŝŶ EĂƟŽŶĂů /ŶĐŽŵĞ Žƌ ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ͕ ϭϵϵϲʹϮϬϭϬ ;йͿ ................................ 57
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϳ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚͲƚŽͲWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ZĂƟŽ͕ ϮϬϭϭ ;йͿ ....................................................................................... 58
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϴ WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ WŽŝŶƚ ŚĂŶŐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚͲƚŽͲWŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ZĂƟŽ ĨƌŽŵ ϭϵϵϭ ƚŽ ϮϬϭϭ ;йͿ ............... 58
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϵ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵƉůŽLJĞĚ WĞŽƉůĞ ŝǀŝŶŐ ĞůŽǁ Ψϭ͘Ϯϱ Ă ĂLJ͕ ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϵϭʹϮϬϬϮͿ
ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϵϲʹϮϬϬϵͿ zĞĂƌƐ ;йͿ ....................................................................................................... 59
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϭϬ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ KǁŶͲ ĐĐŽƵŶƚ ĂŶĚ ŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŶŐ ĂŵŝůLJ tŽƌŬĞƌƐ ŝŶ dŽƚĂů ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ͕
ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϵϬʹϮϬϬϳͿ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϵϭʹϮϬϬϵͿ zĞĂƌƐ ;йͿ ..................................................................... 59
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϭϭ WƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ hŶĚĞƌǁĞŝŐŚƚ ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƵŶĚĞƌ ŝǀĞ zĞĂƌƐ ŽĨ ŐĞ͕ ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϴϵʹϮϬϬϱͿ
ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ ;ϭϵϵϵʹϮϬϭϭͿ zĞĂƌƐ ;йͿ ....................................................................................................... 60
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϭ dŽƚĂů EĞƚ ŶƌŽůůŵĞŶƚ ZĂƚĞ ŝŶ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ĞůŽǁ ϵϱй͕ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ;йͿ..................................... 66
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘Ϯ WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ WƵƉŝůƐ ^ƚĂƌƟŶŐ 'ƌĂĚĞ ϭ tŚŽ ZĞĂĐŚ ƚŚĞ ĂƐƚ 'ƌĂĚĞ ŽĨ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ͕
ϭϵϵϵ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϬϵ Žƌ EĞĂƌĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ .......................................................................................................... 66
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϯ ŝƚĞƌĂĐLJ ZĂƚĞ ĞůŽǁ ϵϱй ŵŽŶŐ ϭϱͲϮϰ zĞĂƌͲKůĚƐ ďLJ 'ĞŶĚĞƌ͕ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ;йͿ ................................... 67
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϯ͘ϭ 'ĞŶĚĞƌ WĂƌŝƚLJ /ŶĚĞdž ŝŶ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ͕ ^ĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ ĂŶĚ dĞƌƟĂƌLJ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ϮϬϭϬ Žƌ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌƐ ................. 73
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϯ͘Ϯ WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ tŽŵĞŶ ŝŶ EŽŶĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĂů tĂŐĞ ŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ͕ ϮϬϭϬ Žƌ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ........................... 74
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϯ͘ϯ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ^ĞĂƚƐ ,ĞůĚ ďLJ tŽŵĞŶ ŝŶ EĂƟŽŶĂů WĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ϮϬϬϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϮ Žƌ EĞĂƌĞƐƚ zĞĂƌƐ ;йͿ . 74
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ͘ϭ hŶĚĞƌͲŝǀĞ DŽƌƚĂůŝƚLJ ZĂƚĞ͕ WĞƌĐĞŶƚ ZĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ϭϵϵϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϬ ........................................... 79
Figure 4.2 Under-Five and Infant Mortality Rates, 1990 and 2010 ...................................................................... 80
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ͘ϯ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ϭͲzĞĂƌͲKůĚ ŚŝůĚƌĞŶ /ŵŵƵŶŝnjĞĚ ŐĂŝŶƐƚ DĞĂƐůĞƐ͕
ϭϵϵϬ Žƌ ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϬ ;йͿ ..................................................................................................... 80
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϭ DĂƚĞƌŶĂů DŽƌƚĂůŝƚLJ ZĂƟŽ͕ ϭϵϵϬ͕ ϮϬϬϬ͕ ϮϬϭϬ ;ĚĞĂƚŚƐ ƉĞƌ ϭ͕ϬϬϬ ůŝǀĞ ďŝƌƚŚƐͿ ....................................... 84
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘Ϯ DĂƚĞƌŶĂů DŽƌƚĂůŝƚLJ ZĂƟŽ͕ ϭϵϵϬ͕ ϮϬϬϬ͕ ϮϬϭϬ ;ĚĞĂƚŚƐ ƉĞƌ ϭϬϬ͕ϬϬϬ ůŝǀĞ ďŝƌƚŚƐͿ ................................... 84
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϯ ŝƌƚŚƐ ƩĞŶĚĞĚ ďLJ ^ŬŝůůĞĚ ,ĞĂůƚŚ WĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů͕ ŶŶƵĂů WĞƌĐĞŶƚ ŚĂŶŐĞ͕ ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ........ 85
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϰ ŶƚĞŶĂƚĂů ĂƌĞ ŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ ŝǀĞ ŝƌƚŚƐ͕ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ................................................. 85
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϱ ĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶƚ ŝƌƚŚ ZĂƚĞ͕ ǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŶŶƵĂů ŚĂŶŐĞ͕ ϭϵϵϬ Žƌ ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ..................... 86
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϲ ŽŶƚƌĂĐĞƉƟǀĞ WƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞ ZĂƚĞ͕ ǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŶŶƵĂů ŚĂŶŐĞ͕ ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌƐ ........................... 86
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϲ͘ϭ ,/s WƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞ ;WĞƌĐĞŶƚ ŽĨ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ϭϱʹϰϵ zĞĂƌƐͿ͕ ϮϬϬϭ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϬϵ ................................................ 91
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϲ͘Ϯ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĚǀĂŶĐĞĚ ,/s /ŶĨĞĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĐĐĞƐƐ ƚŽ
ŶƟƌĞƚƌŽǀŝƌĂů ƌƵŐƐ͕ ϮϬϬϵ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϬ ................................................................................................... 92
Figure 6.3 Change in Tuberculosis Incidence Rates, 1990 and 2010.................................................................... 93
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϲ͘ϰ WƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ dƵďĞƌĐƵůŽƐŝƐ͕ ƉĞƌ ϭϬϬ͕ϬϬϬ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ϭϵϵϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϬ ................................................ 93
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϲ͘ϱ ĞĂƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ dƵďĞƌĐƵůŽƐŝƐ͕ ƉĞƌ ϭϬϬ͕ϬϬϬ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ϭϵϵϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϬ ........................ 94
Figure 7.1 Percentage of Land Area Covered by Forest, 1990 and 2010 ........................................................... 100
Figure 7.2 Percentage of Protected Terrestrial and Marine Areas, 1990 and 2010 ........................................... 101

12. Contents džŝ
Figure 7.3 Percentage Change of Per Capita Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, 2009 compared with 1990 ........... 101
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ͘ϰ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ hƐŝŶŐ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ tĂƚĞƌ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕
ϭϵϵϬ ;Žƌ ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ zĞĂƌͿ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϬ ;Žƌ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌͿ .............................................................................. 102
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ͘ϱ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ hƐŝŶŐ ŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ tĂƚĞƌ͕ ϮϬϭϬ............................... 102
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ͘ϲ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ hƐŝŶŐ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ^ĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶ ĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕
ϭϵϵϬ ;Žƌ ĂƌůŝĞƐƚ zĞĂƌͿ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϬ ;Žƌ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌͿ .............................................................................. 103
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ͘ϳ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ hƐŝŶŐ ŝīĞƌĞŶƚ dLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ^ĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶ ĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕ ϮϬϭϬ ........................... 103
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ͘ϴ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ hƐŝŶŐ /ŵƉƌŽǀĞĚ ^ĂŶŝƚĂƟŽŶ ĂĐŝůŝƟĞƐ͕
hƌďĂŶ ĂŶĚ ZƵƌĂů͕ ϮϬϭϬ ;Žƌ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌͿ ............................................................................................. 104
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ͘ϵ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ^ůƵŵ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ;й ŽĨ ƵƌďĂŶ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ͕ ϭϵϵϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϬϵ ........................................ 104
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϭ K ĂŶĚ KĸĐŝĂů ůŽǁƐ ĨƌŽŵ ůů ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƚŽ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ͕
ϮϬϬϬʹϮϬϭϬ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ h^Ψ ;ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚͿ ...................................................................................................... 113
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘Ϯ ŽŶŽƌ ůůŽĐĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ĂƐŝĐ ^ŽĐŝĂů ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͕ ϮϬϬϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϬ ;ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ K Ϳ .............................. 113
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϯ dŽƚĂů ĂŶĚ hŶƟĞĚ ŝůĂƚĞƌĂů K ͕ ϮϬϬϬʹϮϬϭϬ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ h^Ψ ;ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚͿ ................................................... 114
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϰ ^ŚĂƌĞ ŽĨ hŶƟĞĚ K ƚŽ dŽƚĂů K ͕ ϮϬϭϬ ;йͿ.................................................................................... 114
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϱ Ğďƚ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ ZĂƟŽ͕ ϮϬϬϬʹϮϬϭϬ ;йͿ................................................................................................... 114
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϲ dŽƚĂů džƉŽƌƚƐ͕ ϮϬϬϬʹϮϬϭϬ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ h^Ψ ;ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚͿ ............................................................................... 115
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϳ K ZĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ďLJ ĂŶĚůŽĐŬĞĚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĂƐ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ 'E/͕ ϮϬϬϬʹϮϬϭϬ ;йͿ .... 115
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϴ͘ϴ K ZĞĐĞŝǀĞĚ ďLJ ^ŵĂůů /ƐůĂŶĚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ^ƚĂƚĞƐ ĂƐ WƌŽƉŽƌƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ 'E/͕ ϮϬϬϬʹϮϬϭϬ ;йͿ ......... 116
Box 1 Millennium Development Goals ......................................................................................................... 49
Ždž ϲ͘ϭ /ŶĐŝĚĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ DĂůĂƌŝĂ͕ ϮϬϬϴ ;ƉĞƌ ϭϬϬ͕ϬϬϬ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ ........................................................................ 94
W Zd /// ʹ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů dƌĞŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ dĂďůĞƐ
/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů dƌĞŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ dĂďůĞƐ ............................................................................................ ϭϮϯ
WĞŽƉůĞ.......................................................................................................................................................... 125
WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϭ DŝĚLJĞĂƌ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ;ŵŝůůŝŽŶƐͿ....................................................................................... 134
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘Ϯ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŝŶ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ;йͿ .................................................................................... 135
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϯ DŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ hƌďĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ ......................................................................................... 136
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϰ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŐĞĚ Ϭʹϭϰ zĞĂƌƐ ;й ŽĨ ƚŽƚĂů ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ .................................................... 137
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϱ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŐĞĚ ϭϱʹϲϰ zĞĂƌƐ ;й ŽĨ ƚŽƚĂů ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ .................................................. 138
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϲ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŐĞĚ ϲϱ zĞĂƌƐ ĂŶĚ KǀĞƌ ;й ŽĨ ƚŽƚĂů ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ ......................................... 139
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϳ ŐĞ ĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJ ZĂƟŽ .................................................................................................. 140
Labor Force and Employment
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϴ ĂďŽƌ ŽƌĐĞ WĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ZĂƚĞ ;йͿ................................................................................ 141
Table 1.9 Unemployment Rate (%)............................................................................................... 142
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϭϬ hŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ZĂƚĞ ŽĨ ϭϱʹϮϰͲzĞĂƌͲKůĚƐ ;йͿ ............................................................... 143
Table 1.11 Employment in Agriculture (% of total employment) .................................................. 144
Table 1.12 Employment in Industry (% of total employment) ....................................................... 145
Table 1.13 Employment in Services (% of total employment) ....................................................... 146
Poverty Indicators
Table 1.14 Poverty and Inequality .................................................................................................. 147
Table 1.15 Human Development Index .......................................................................................... 148
Social Indicators
Table 1.16 Life Expectancy at Birth (years) ..................................................................................... 149
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϭϳ ŝƌƚŚƐ͕ ĞĂƚŚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞƌƟůŝƚLJ ZĂƚĞƐ ................................................................................. 150
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϭϴ WƌŝŵĂƌLJ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶ ZĂƚĞ ;йͿ....................................................................... 151
Table 1.19 Adult Literacy Rate (15 years and over, %) .................................................................... 152
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϮϬ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ..................................................................................................... 153
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘Ϯϭ ,ĞĂůƚŚ ĂƌĞ ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ ;ƉĞƌ ϭ͕ϬϬϬ ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶͿ ............................................................. 154
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϮϮ ƐƟŵĂƚĞĚ EƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĚƵůƚƐ ŝǀŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ,/s ;ĂŐĞĚ ϭϱ LJĞĂƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŽǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐͿ .... 155

13. džŝŝ ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ϮϬϭϮ
ĐŽŶŽŵLJ ĂŶĚ KƵƚƉƵƚ ................................................................................................................................... 156
EĂƟŽŶĂů ĐĐŽƵŶƚƐ
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϭ 'ƌŽƐƐ ŽŵĞƐƟĐ WƌŽĚƵĐƚ Ăƚ WWW ;ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĚŽůůĂƌƐ͕ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ...................... 163
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘Ϯ 'W WĞƌ ĂƉŝƚĂ Ăƚ WWW ;ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĚŽůůĂƌƐͿ ................................................. 164
Table 2.3 GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method (current dollars) ............................................................ 165
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϰ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ sĂůƵĞ ĚĚĞĚ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ ............................................................................. 166
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϱ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ sĂůƵĞ ĚĚĞĚ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ ................................................................................. 167
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϲ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ sĂůƵĞ ĚĚĞĚ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ.................................................................................. 168
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϳ WƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ džƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ .............................................................. 169
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϴ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ džƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ ..................................................... 170
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϵ 'ƌŽƐƐ ŽŵĞƐƟĐ ĂƉŝƚĂů ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ ............................................................. 171
Table 2.10 Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP) ................................................................... 172
Table 2.11 Imports of Goods and Services (% of GDP) ................................................................... 173
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϭϮ 'ƌŽƐƐ ŽŵĞƐƟĐ ^ĂǀŝŶŐ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ ................................................................................ 174
Table 2.13 Growth Rates of Real GDP (%) ...................................................................................... 175
Table 2.14 Growth Rates of Real GDP Per Capita (%) ..................................................................... 176
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϭϱ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ ZĞĂů sĂůƵĞ ĚĚĞĚ ;йͿ ...................................................... 177
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϭϲ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ /ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ ZĞĂů sĂůƵĞ ĚĚĞĚ ;йͿ ........................................................... 178
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϭϳ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ZĞĂů sĂůƵĞ ĚĚĞĚ ;йͿ ........................................................... 179
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϭϴ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ZĞĂů WƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ džƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ ;йͿ ....................................... 180
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϭϵ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ZĞĂů 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ džƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ ;йͿ .............................. 181
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘ϮϬ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ZĞĂů 'ƌŽƐƐ ŽŵĞƐƟĐ ĂƉŝƚĂů ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ;йͿ ....................................... 182
Table 2.21 Growth Rates of Real Exports of Goods and Services (%) ............................................. 183
Table 2.22 Growth Rates of Real Imports of Goods and Services (%) ............................................ 184
WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘Ϯϯ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ /ŶĚĞdž ;йͿ ....................................................... 185
dĂďůĞ Ϯ͘Ϯϰ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ DĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ /ŶĚĞdž ;йͿ ............................................... 186
DŽŶĞLJ͕ ŝŶĂŶĐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ WƌŝĐĞƐ ......................................................................................................................... 187
Prices
Table 3.1 Growth Rates of Consumer Price Index (%) .................................................................. 193
Table 3.2 Growth Rates of Food Consumer Price Index (%) ......................................................... 194
Table 3.3 Growth Rates of Wholesale/Producer Price Index (%) ................................................. 195
dĂďůĞ ϯ͘ϰ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ 'W ĞŇĂƚŽƌ ;йͿ ............................................................................... 196
Money and Finance
Table 3.5 Growth Rates of Money Supply (M2) (%) ..................................................................... 197
Table 3.6 Money Supply (M2) (% of GDP) .................................................................................... 198
Table 3.7 Interest Rate on Savings Deposits (% per annum, period averages) ............................. 199
Table 3.8 Interest Rate on Time Deposits of 12 Months (% per annum, period averages) .......... 200
Table 3.9 Lending Interest Rate (% per annum, period averages) ................................................ 201
dĂďůĞ ϯ͘ϭϬ zŝĞůĚ ŽŶ ^ŚŽƌƚͲdĞƌŵ dƌĞĂƐƵƌLJ ŝůůƐ ;йͿ .......................................................................... 202
dĂďůĞ ϯ͘ϭϭ ŽŵĞƐƟĐ ƌĞĚŝƚ WƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ďLJ ĂŶŬŝŶŐ ^ĞĐƚŽƌ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ ............................................. 203
Table 3.12 Bank Nonperfoming Loans (% of total gross loans) ...................................................... 204
Table 3.13 Growth Rates of Stock Market Price Index (%) ............................................................. 205
dĂďůĞ ϯ͘ϭϰ ^ƚŽĐŬ DĂƌŬĞƚ ĂƉŝƚĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ........................................................................ 206
dĂďůĞ ϯ͘ϭϱ ^ƚŽĐŬ DĂƌŬĞƚ ĂƉŝƚĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ ........................................................................ 207
Exchange Rates
dĂďůĞ ϯ͘ϭϲ KĸĐŝĂů džĐŚĂŶŐĞ ZĂƚĞ ;ůŽĐĂů ĐƵƌƌĞŶĐLJ ƵŶŝƚƐ ƉĞƌ Ψ͕ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƐͿ............................ 208
Table 3.17 Purchasing Power Parity Conversion Factor
;ůŽĐĂů ĐƵƌƌĞŶĐLJ ƵŶŝƚƐ ƉĞƌ Ψ͕ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƐͿ ............................................................... 209
Table 3.18 Price Level Indices
;WWWƐ ƚŽ ŽĸĐŝĂů ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞ ƌĂƚĞƐ͕ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƐ͕ hŶŝƚĞĚ ^ƚĂƚĞƐ с ϭϬϬͿ ....................... 210

14. Contents džŝŝŝ
'ůŽďĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ ................................................................................................................................................ 211
Balance of Payments
Table 4.1 Trade in Goods Balance (% of GDP) .............................................................................. 216
Table 4.2 Trade in Services Balance (% of GDP)............................................................................ 217
Table 4.3 Current Account Balance (% of GDP) ............................................................................ 218
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϰ tŽƌŬĞƌƐ͛ ZĞŵŝƩĂŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐ͕ ZĞĐĞŝƉƚƐ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ............. 219
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϱ tŽƌŬĞƌƐ͛ ZĞŵŝƩĂŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŽŵƉĞŶƐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐ͕ ZĞĐĞŝƉƚƐ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ ............ 220
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϲ ŽƌĞŝŐŶ ŝƌĞĐƚ /ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͕ EĞƚ /ŶŇŽǁƐ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ....................................................... 221
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϳ ŽƌĞŝŐŶ ŝƌĞĐƚ /ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ͕ EĞƚ /ŶŇŽǁƐ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ ...................................................... 222
External Trade
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϴ DĞƌĐŚĂŶĚŝƐĞ džƉŽƌƚƐ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ .................................................................................. 223
Table 4.9 Growth Rates of Merchandise Exports (%) ................................................................... 224
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϭϬ DĞƌĐŚĂŶĚŝƐĞ /ŵƉŽƌƚƐ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ .................................................................................. 225
Table 4.11 Growth Rates of Merchandise Imports (%)................................................................... 226
Table 4.12 Trade in Goods (% of GDP) ............................................................................................ 227
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϭϯ ŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ dƌĂĚĞ͗ DĞƌĐŚĂŶĚŝƐĞ džƉŽƌƚƐ ;й ŽĨ ƚŽƚĂů ŵĞƌĐŚĂŶĚŝƐĞ ĞdžƉŽƌƚƐͿ ................ 228
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϭϰ ŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ dƌĂĚĞ͗ DĞƌĐŚĂŶĚŝƐĞ /ŵƉŽƌƚƐ ;й ŽĨ ƚŽƚĂů ŵĞƌĐŚĂŶĚŝƐĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚƐͿ .............. 229
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ZĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϭϱ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ZĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ ;ĞŶĚ ŽĨ LJĞĂƌ͖ Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ............................................................. 230
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϭϲ ZĂƟŽ ŽĨ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ZĞƐĞƌǀĞƐ ƚŽ /ŵƉŽƌƚƐ ;ŵŽŶƚŚƐͿ ................................................... 231
Capital Flows
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϭϳ KĸĐŝĂů ůŽǁƐ ĨƌŽŵ ůů ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƚŽ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ DĞŵďĞƌ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ............ 232
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϭϴ EĞƚ WƌŝǀĂƚĞ ůŽǁƐ ĨƌŽŵ ůů ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ ƚŽ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ DĞŵďĞƌ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ..... 233
Table 4.19 Aggregate Net Resource Flows from All Sources
ƚŽ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ DĞŵďĞƌ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ............................................................. 234
External Indebtedness
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘ϮϬ dŽƚĂů džƚĞƌŶĂů Ğďƚ ŽĨ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ DĞŵďĞƌ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ .............................. 235
Table 4.21 Total External Debt of Developing Member Economies (% of GNI) .............................. 236
Table 4.22 Total External Debt of Developing Member Economies
(% of exports of goods, services, and income) ............................................................. 237
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘Ϯϯ dŽƚĂů Ğďƚ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ WĂŝĚ ďLJ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ DĞŵďĞƌ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ....................... 238
Table 4.24 Total Debt Service Paid by Developing Member Economies
(% of exports of goods, services, and income) ............................................................. 239
Tourism
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘Ϯϱ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů dŽƵƌŝƐƚ ƌƌŝǀĂůƐ ;ƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚͿ ...................................................................... 240
dĂďůĞ ϰ͘Ϯϲ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů dŽƵƌŝƐŵ͕ ZĞĐĞŝƉƚƐ ;Ψ ŵŝůůŝŽŶͿ ................................................................... 241
dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ͕ ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ .................................................................................................. 242
Transport
Table 5.1 Road Indicators: Network ............................................................................................. 247
dĂďůĞ ϱ͘Ϯ ZŽĂĚ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ͗ sĞŚŝĐůĞƐ ............................................................................................. 248
Table 5.3 Road Indicators: Safety ................................................................................................. 249
Table 5.4 Rail Indicators ............................................................................................................... 250
Electricity
dĂďůĞ ϱ͘ϱ ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ^ŽƵƌĐĞƐ ............................................................................... 251
dĂďůĞ ϱ͘ϲ ůĞĐƚƌŝĐ WŽǁĞƌ ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ůĞĐƚƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ .......................................................... 252
ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ
dĂďůĞ ϱ͘ϳ dĞůĞƉŚŽŶĞ ĂŶĚ /ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ ^ƵďƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐ .......................................................................... 253
ŶĞƌŐLJ ĂŶĚ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ .............................................................................................................................. 254
Energy
dĂďůĞ ϲ͘ϭ 'W WĞƌ hŶŝƚ ŽĨ ŶĞƌŐLJ hƐĞ ;ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ϮϬϬϱ WWW Ψ ƉĞƌ ŬŝůŽŐƌĂŵ ŽĨ Žŝů ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚͿ ...... 258
dĂďůĞ ϲ͘Ϯ ŶĞƌŐLJ WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ;ŬŝůŽƚŽŶƐ ŽĨ Žŝů ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚͿ.............................................................. 259

15. džŝǀ ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ϮϬϭϮ
Table 6.3 Energy Imports, Net (% of energy use) ......................................................................... 260
Table 6.4 Energy Use (kilotons of oil equivalent) ......................................................................... 261
Environment
Table 6.5 Agriculture Land Use (% of land area) .......................................................................... 262
dĂďůĞ ϲ͘ϲ ĞĨŽƌĞƐƚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ WŽůůƵƟŽŶ ......................................................................................... 263
'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ĂŶĚ 'ŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ ...................................................................................................................... 265
Government Finance
Table 7.1 Fiscal Balance (% of GDP).............................................................................................. 271
Table 7.2 Tax Revenue (% of GDP) ................................................................................................ 272
Table 7.3 Total Government Revenue (% of GDP) ........................................................................ 273
Table 7.4 Total Government Expenditure (% of GDP)................................................................... 274
dĂďůĞ ϳ͘ϱ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ džƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ ŽŶ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ;й ŽĨ 'WͿ ..................................................... 275
Table 7.6 Government Expenditure on Health (% of GDP)........................................................... 276
Table 7.7 Government Expenditure on Social Security and Welfare (% of GDP).......................... 277
Governance
Table 7.8 Doing Business Start-Up Indicators ............................................................................... 278
dĂďůĞ ϳ͘ϵ ŽƌƌƵƉƟŽŶ WĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐ /ŶĚĞdž ....................................................................................... 279
ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů dƌĞŶĚƐ ĂŶĚ dĂďůĞƐ ʹ ŝŐƵƌĞƐ
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϭ ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ďLJ ZĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ϮϬϭϭ ;йͿ ................................................................................ 125
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘Ϯ ǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŶŶƵĂů WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞ͕ ϭϵϵϬʹϮϬϭϭ ;йͿ ............................................................... 126
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϯ dŽƚĂů ĞƌƟůŝƚLJ ZĂƚĞ͕ ϭϵϵϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϬ Žƌ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ............................................................................ 128
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϰ ^ŚĂƌĞ ŽĨ hƌďĂŶ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ dŽƚĂů WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ϮϬϭϭ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϱϬ ;йͿ ................................................ 129
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϱ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ďLJ ŐĞ 'ƌŽƵƉ͕ ϮϬϭϭ ........................................................................................................ 130
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϭ WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ 'W Ăƚ WWW͗
ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ tŽƌůĚ ĐŽŶŽŵLJ͕ ϮϬϬϬ͕ ϮϬϭϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϭ ....................................... 156
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘Ϯ WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ 'W Ăƚ WWW͗
ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ZĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ϮϬϬϬ͕ ϮϬϭϬ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϭ ........................................................................... 156
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϯ /ŶĚŝĐĞƐ ŽĨ WĞƌ ĂƉŝƚĂ 'W͕ ϮϬϬϭ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϭ ;ZĞŐŝŽŶĂů ǀĞƌĂŐĞ с ϭϬϬͿ .............................................. 157
Figure 2.4 Real GDP Growth, 2010 and 2011 (%) .............................................................................................. 158
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϱ ,ŝŐŚĞƐƚ ǀĞƌĂŐĞ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ZĞĂů 'W ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĂƚĞƐƚ ŝǀĞ zĞĂƌƐ ;йͿ .................. 159
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϲ ŽǁĞƐƚ ǀĞƌĂŐĞ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ZĞĂů 'W ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĂƚĞƐƚ ŝǀĞ zĞĂƌƐ ;йͿ ................... 159
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϳ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ WĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ͕ ǀĞƌĂŐĞ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ZĞĂů 'W
ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĂƚĞƐƚ ŝǀĞ zĞĂƌƐ ;йͿ .............................................................................................................. 159
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϴĂ ŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞ sĂůƵĞ ĚĚĞĚ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W͕ ϮϬϬϭ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ .......................................... 159
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϴď /ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ sĂůƵĞ ĚĚĞĚ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W͕ ϮϬϬϭ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ............................................... 160
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϴĐ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ sĂůƵĞ ĚĚĞĚ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W͕ ϮϬϬϭ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ............................................... 160
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϵĂ WƌŝǀĂƚĞ ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ džƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W͕ ϮϬϬϭ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ .......................... 161
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϵď 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ džƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W͕ ϮϬϬϭ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ......................................... 161
ŝŐƵƌĞ Ϯ͘ϵĐ 'ƌŽƐƐ ŽŵĞƐƟĐ ĂƉŝƚĂů ŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W͕ ϮϬϬϭ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ........................... 162
Figure 3.1 Percentage Growth of Money Supply, 2010–2011 (annual percentage change) .............................. 187
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϯ͘Ϯ zŝĞůĚ ŽŶ ^ŚŽƌƚͲƚĞƌŵ dƌĞĂƐƵƌLJ ŝůůƐ͕ ϮϬϭϬʹϮϬϭϭ ;йͿ ........................................................................... 188
Figure 3.3 Nominal and Ex-post Real Interest Rates on Short Term Treasury Bills, 2011................................... 188
Figure 3.4 Bank Non-performing Loans, 2009–2011 (% of total gross loans) .................................................... 188
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϯ͘ϱ /ŶŇĂƟŽŶ ZĂƚĞ͕ ϮϬϭϬʹϮϬϭϭ................................................................................................................. 190
Figure 3.6 All Items and Food Price Indices, 2011 (annual percentage change)................................................ 191
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ͘ϭ ƵƌƌĞŶƚ ĐĐŽƵŶƚ ĂůĂŶĐĞ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W ; ǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŽĨ ĂƐƚ Ϯ zĞĂƌƐͿ ................................... 211
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ͘Ϯ ^ŚĂƌĞƐ ŝŶ dŽƚĂů tŽƌůĚ džƉŽƌƚƐ͕ ƐŝĂͲWĂĐŝĮĐ ǀŝƐͲăͲǀŝƐ ZĞŐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ tŽƌůĚ͕ ϮϬϭϭ ;йͿ ...................... 212
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ͘ϯ ĞƐƟŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ DĞƌĐŚĂŶĚŝƐĞ džƉŽƌƚƐ ŽĨ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ZĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ϮϬϭϭ ;йͿ ................................ 212
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ͘ϰ dŽƉ ϭϬ ƐŝĂͲWĂĐŝĮĐ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ŝŶ dĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ džƉŽƌƚƐ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W͕ ϮϬϬϬ
;Žƌ EĞĂƌĞƐƚ zĞĂƌͿ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ...................................................................................................... 212
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ͘ϱ dŽƉ ϭϬ ƐŝĂͲWĂĐŝĮĐ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ŝŶ dĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ dŽƵƌŝƐŵ ZĞĐĞŝƉƚƐ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W
; ǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŽĨ ĂƐƚ dŚƌĞĞ zĞĂƌƐͿ ............................................................................................................ 213

16. Contents džǀ
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ͘ϲ dŽƉ ϭϬ ƐŝĂͲWĂĐŝĮĐ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ŝŶ dĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ tŽƌŬĞƌƐ͛ ZĞŵŝƩĂŶĐĞƐ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W͕ ϮϬϬϬ
;Žƌ EĞĂƌĞƐƚ zĞĂƌͿ ĂŶĚ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ...................................................................................................... 213
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ͘ϳ 'ƌŽǁƚŚ ZĂƚĞƐ ŝŶ DŝŐƌĂŶƚƐ͛ ZĞŵŝƩĂŶĐĞƐ͕ ϮϬϬϵ͕ ϮϬϭϬ͕ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϭϭ ....................................................... 213
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϰ͘ϴ ŽƌĞŝŐŶ ŝƌĞĐƚ /ŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ 'W ; ǀĞƌĂŐĞ ŽĨ ĂƐƚ ϯ zĞĂƌƐͿ................................... 214
Figure 4.9 External Debt as a Percentage of GNI, 2000 and 2010 .................................................................... 214
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϭ ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ŽĨ ZŽĂĚ EĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ͕ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ;йͿ ........................................... 242
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘Ϯ ZŽĂĚ ĞŶƐŝƚLJ͕ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ................................................................................................................. 243
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϯ DŽƚŽƌ sĞŚŝĐůĞƐ ƉĞƌ ŝůŽŵĞƚĞƌ ŽĨ ZŽĂĚ͕ ϮϬϬϵ ................................................................................... 243
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϰ dŽƉ ϭϬ ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ WƌŽĚƵĐĞƌƐ͕ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ͕ ϮϬϬϵ ................................................................. 244
Figure 5.5 Sources of Electricity (Top Producers), 2009 .................................................................................... 244
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϲ WĞƌ ĂƉŝƚĂ ůĞĐƚƌŝĐ WŽǁĞƌ ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ;ŬtŚͿ͕ ϭϵϵϬ ƚŽ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌƐ .............................................. 244
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϳ ůĞĐƚƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ZĂƚĞ͕ ĂƚĞƐƚ zĞĂƌ ;ƉĞƌ ĐĂƉŝƚĂ ŬtŚͿ ............................................................................. 245
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϱ͘ϴ ŝdžĞĚ ƌŽĂĚďĂŶĚ ^ƵďƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ ƉĞƌ ϭϬϬ /ŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ͕ ϮϬϭϭ ............................................................... 245
Figure 6.1 Percentage Breakdown of Energy Use by Region, 2009 (kilotons of oil equivalent) ......................... 254
Figure 6.2 Net Energy Imports as a Percentage of Energy Use, 2007–2009 ..................................................... 255
Figure 6.3 Percentage Change in GDP per Unit of Energy Use between 2000 and 2009 .................................. 255
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϲ͘ϰ WĞƌ ĂƉŝƚĂ ŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ĂƌďŽŶ ŝŽdžŝĚĞ͕ DĞƚŚĂŶĞ͕ ĂŶĚ EŝƚƌŽƵƐ KdžŝĚĞ͕ ϮϬϬϱ ;ƚŽŶƐͿ ...................... 257
Figure 7.1 Fiscal Balance as a Percentage of GDP, 2010 and 2011 ................................................................... 265
Figure 7.2 Tax Revenue as a Percentage of GDP, 2010 and 2011 ...................................................................... 266
Figure 7.3 Total Government Expenditure as a Percentage of GDP, 2010 and 2011 ......................................... 266
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ͘ϰ 'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ džƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ ŽŶ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ,ĞĂůƚŚ
and Social Security Welfare as a Percentage of GDP, 2011 ............................................................... 267
Figure 7.5 Cost of Business Start-up Procedure (% of GNI per capita)............................................................... 267
Figure 7.6 Days Required to Start Up Business, 2006 and 2011 ........................................................................ 268
Figure 7.7 Time and Cost Required to Start a Business, 2011 ........................................................................... 269
ŝŐƵƌĞ ϳ͘ϴ ŽƌƌƵƉƟŽŶ WĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶƐ ^ĐŽƌĞƐ͕ ϮϬϭϭ................................................................................................ 269
dĂďůĞ ϭ͘ϭ ĂƌŐĞƐƚ hƌďĂŶ ŐŐůŽŵĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ ϮϬϭϭ ĂŶĚ ϮϬϮϱ ;ŵŝůůŝŽŶƐͿ ................................................................ 129
Table 1.2 Human Development Index, 2011 .................................................................................................... 132
Ždž ϭ͘ϭ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ WƌŽũĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ϮϬϭϬʹϮϭϬϬ .................................................................................................. 127
Ždž ϭ͘Ϯ KŶ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŐŝŶŐ ......................................................................................................................... 131
Ždž ϭ͘ϯ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ĞŶƐƵƐ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ZĞŐŝŽŶ͗ Ŷ hƉĚĂƚĞ ......................................................... 133
Ždž ϯ͘ϭ DŽŶĞƚĂƌLJ WŽůŝĐLJ ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ^ĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ........................ 189
Ždž ϯ͘Ϯ īĞĐƚ ŽĨ ŽŽĚ WƌŝĐĞƐ ƚŽ W/ ĂŶĚ WŽǀĞƌƚLJ ........................................................................................... 191
Ždž ϲ͘ϭ ŽƐƐŝů ƵĞů ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ^ƵďƐŝĚŝĞƐ ................................................................................................... 256
Ždž ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϭ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ WƌŽũĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ ϮϬϭϭʹϮϭϬϬ ............................................................. 127
Ždž ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘Ϯ WŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ WLJƌĂŵŝĚƐ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ͕ ϮϬϭϭ͕ ϮϬϱϬ͕ ĂŶĚ ϮϭϬϬ ............................................ 131
Ždž ŝŐƵƌĞ ϭ͘ϯ ĞŶƐƵƐ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ zĞĂƌƐ ŝŶ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ZĞŐŝŽŶ ............................................................... 133
Ždž ŝŐƵƌĞ ϲ͘ϭ ŽƐƐŝůͲĨƵĞů ŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ^ƵďƐŝĚLJ ĂƐ Ă WĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ŽĨ ^ƵƉƉůLJ ŽƐƚ͕ ϮϬϭϬ ..................................... 256
Ždž dĂďůĞ ϯ͘ϭ DŽŶĞƚĂƌLJ WŽůŝĐLJ ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ ĂŶĚ ǀĞƌĂŐĞ hŶǁĞŝŐŚƚĞĚ /ŶŇĂƟŽŶ
ĨŽƌ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĞƐ͕ ϮϬϭϬʹϮϬϭϭ ;йͿ͘...................................................................... 189
Ždž dĂďůĞ ϯ͘Ϯ /ŵƉĂĐƚ ŽĨ ŽŵĞƐƟĐ ŽŽĚ WƌŝĐĞ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ ŽŶ WŽǀĞƌƚLJ ĨŽƌ ĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐ ƐŝĂ
;ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ΨϭͲĂͲĚĂLJ ƉŽǀĞƌƚLJ ůŝŶĞͿ ............................................................................................. 191
Box Table 3.3 Food Weights in CPI ....................................................................................................................... 191
W Zd /s ʹ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ
Millennium Development Goals ........................................................................................................................... 283
Regional Trends and Tables ................................................................................................................................... 293

17. džǀŝ ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ϮϬϭϮ
Statistical Partners
dŚĞ ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ϮϬϭϮ would not have been possible without
ƚŚĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚ͕ ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĞŐŝŽŶĂů ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐŝĂŶ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ĂŶŬ ; Ϳ
ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů͕ ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŶŽŶŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ͕ ǁŚŽ ƐŚĂƌĞĚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚĂƚĂ͕ ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕
ĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ ŚĞůƉ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ͕ ƉŽůŝĐLJ ŵĂŬĞƌƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌ ĚĂƚĂ ƵƐĞƌƐ Ă ďĞƩĞƌ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ďĞƩĞƌ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƚŚĞ
quality of life of people around the region.
Z'/KE DDZ^
ĨŐŚĂŶŝƐƚĂŶ ĞŶƚƌĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ
Da Afghanistan Bank
Armenia Central Bank of Armenia
EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ ŽĨ ƌŵĞŶŝĂ
Australia Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences
ƵƐƚƌĂůŝĂŶ ƵƌĞĂƵ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics
Reserve Bank of Australia
Azerbaijan Central Bank of the Republic of Azerbaijan
^ƚĂƚĞ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ ŽĨ njĞƌďĂŝũĂŶ
Bangladesh Bangladesh Bank
ĂŶŐůĂĚĞƐŚ ƵƌĞĂƵ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
Ministry of Finance
Bhutan Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Labor and Human Resources
EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ƵƌĞĂƵ
Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan
ƌƵŶĞŝ ĂƌƵƐƐĂůĂŵ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
Ministry of Finance
Cambodia Ministry of Economy and Finance
EĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶŬ ŽĨ ĂŵďŽĚŝĂ
EĂƟŽŶĂů /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
ŚŝŶĂ͕ WĞŽƉůĞ͛Ɛ ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ ŽĨ EĂƟŽŶĂů ƵƌĞĂƵ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
WĞŽƉůĞ͛Ɛ ĂŶŬ ŽĨ ŚŝŶĂ
^ƚĂƚĞ ĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŽƌĞŝŐŶ džĐŚĂŶŐĞ
ŽŽŬ /ƐůĂŶĚƐ ŽŽŬ /ƐůĂŶĚƐ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ KĸĐĞ
Ministry of Finance and Economic Management
ŝũŝ ƵƌĞĂƵ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
Reserve Bank of Fiji

18. ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ džǀŝŝ
Georgia Ministry of Finance of Georgia
EĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶŬ ŽĨ 'ĞŽƌŐŝĂ
EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ KĸĐĞ
,ŽŶŐ ŽŶŐ͕ ŚŝŶĂ ĞŶƐƵƐ ĂŶĚ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ
Hong Kong Monetary Authority
/ŶĚŝĂ ĞŶƚƌĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ
Ministry of Finance
Reserve Bank of India
Indonesia Bank Indonesia
ĂĚĂŶ WƵƐĂƚ ^ƚĂƟƐƟŬͲ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ
;ĨŽƌŵĞƌůLJ ĞŶƚƌĂů ƵƌĞĂƵ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐͿ
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
PT Pertamina (Persero)
:ĂƉĂŶ ĂŶŬ ŽĨ :ĂƉĂŶ
ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů ZĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ
:ĂƉĂŶ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ƵƌĞĂƵ
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ministry of Finance
ĂnjĂŬŚƐƚĂŶ ŐĞŶĐLJ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ ŽĨ ĂnjĂŬŚƐƚĂŶ
EĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶŬ ŽĨ ĂnjĂŬŚƐƚĂŶ
ŝƌŝďĂƟ ŝƌŝďĂƟ EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ KĸĐĞ
EĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ KĸĐĞ
Korea, Republic of Bank of Korea
Ministry of Strategy and Finance
^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ŽƌĞĂ
LJƌŐLJnj ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ EĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶŬ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ LJƌŐLJnj ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ
EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ LJƌŐLJnj ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ
ĂŽ WĞŽƉůĞ͛Ɛ ĞŵŽĐƌĂƟĐ ĂŶŬ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂŽ WZ
ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ ĂŽ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ƵƌĞĂƵ ;ĨŽƌŵĞƌůLJ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐͿ
Ministry of Finance
Malaysia Bank Negara Malaysia
ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
Ministry of Finance
DĂůĚŝǀĞƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ EĂƟŽŶĂů WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ
Maldives Monetary Authority
Ministry of Finance and Treasury
DĂƌƐŚĂůů /ƐůĂŶĚƐ͕ ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ WŽůŝĐLJ͕ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ KĸĐĞ
DŝĐƌŽŶĞƐŝĂ͕ ĞĚĞƌĂƚĞĚ ^ƚĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ KĸĐĞ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ͕ ƵĚŐĞƚ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ KǀĞƌƐĞĂƐ
Development Assistance and Compact Management
Mongolia Bank of Mongolia
EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů KĸĐĞ ŽĨ DŽŶŐŽůŝĂ

19. džǀŝŝŝ ĞLJ /ŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌƐ ĨŽƌ ƐŝĂ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ WĂĐŝĮĐ ϮϬϭϮ
DLJĂŶŵĂƌ ĞŶƚƌĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ
DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ EĂƟŽŶĂů WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
Nauru Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
EĂƵƌƵ ƵƌĞĂƵ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
EĞƉĂů ĞŶƚƌĂů ƵƌĞĂƵ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
Ministry of Finance
Nepal Rastra Bank
EĞǁ ĞĂůĂŶĚ DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ
ZĞƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŶŬ ŽĨ EĞǁ ĞĂůĂŶĚ
^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ EĞǁ ĞĂůĂŶĚ
WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ īĂŝƌƐ ĂŶĚ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
Ministry of Finance
WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ ƵƌĞĂƵ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ;ĨŽƌŵĞƌůLJ ĞĚĞƌĂů ƵƌĞĂƵ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐͿ
State Bank of Pakistan
Palau Bureau of Budget and Planning, Ministry of Finance
Papua New Guinea Bank of Papua New Guinea
Department of Treasury
EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů KĸĐĞ
Philippines Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
Bureau of Local Government Finance
Bureau of the Treasury
Department of Budget and Management
Department of Energy
EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĂƌĚ
EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ KĸĐĞ
^ĂŵŽĂ ƵƌĞĂƵ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
Central Bank of Samoa
Economic Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Finance
Singapore Economic Development Board
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞ ^ŝŶŐĂƉŽƌĞ
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Manpower
Monetary Authority of Singapore
^ŝŶŐĂƉŽƌĞ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
Solomon Islands Central Bank of Solomon Islands
^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ KĸĐĞ
Sri Lanka Central Bank of Sri Lanka
ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĞŶƐƵƐ ĂŶĚ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
Taipei,China Central Bank of China
Council for Economic Planning and Development
ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂƚĞͲ'ĞŶĞƌĂů ŽĨ ƵĚŐĞƚ͕ ĐĐŽƵŶƟŶŐ ĂŶĚ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ

20. ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů WĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ džŝdž
DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ
Ministry of Finance
dĂũŝŬŝƐƚĂŶ EĂƟŽŶĂů ĂŶŬ ŽĨ dĂũŝŬŝƐƚĂŶ
ŐĞŶĐLJ ŽŶ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ƵŶĚĞƌ WƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ ŽĨ dĂũŝŬŝƐƚĂŶ ;dĂũƐƚĂƚͿ
Thailand Bank of Thailand
Ministry of Finance
EĂƟŽŶĂů ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ ĂŶĚ ^ŽĐŝĂů ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĂƌĚ
EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐĂů KĸĐĞ
Timor-Leste Central Bank of Timor-Leste (formerly Banking and Payments Authority of
Timor-Leste)
Ministry of Finance
EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ŝƌĞĐƚŽƌĂƚĞ
dŽŶŐĂ DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ŝŶĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ EĂƟŽŶĂů WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ
EĂƟŽŶĂů ZĞƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŶŬ ŽĨ dŽŶŐĂ
^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ
dƵƌŬŵĞŶŝƐƚĂŶ EĂƟŽŶĂů /ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞ ŽĨ ^ƚĂƚĞ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ;dƵƌŬŵĞŶŵŝůůŝŚĂƐĂďĂƚͿ
dƵǀĂůƵ ĞŶƚƌĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ ŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕ DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ŝŶĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŽŶŽŵŝĐ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐ
Uzbekistan Cabinet of Ministers, Government of Uzbekistan
Central Bank of Uzbekistan
Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan
^ƚĂƚĞ ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ZĞƉƵďůŝĐ ŽĨ hnjďĞŬŝƐƚĂŶ ŽŶ ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ
sĂŶƵĂƚƵ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŝŶĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ dƌĞĂƐƵƌLJ ;ĨŽƌŵĞƌůLJ DŝŶŝƐƚƌLJ ŽĨ ŝŶĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ
Economic Management)
ZĞƐĞƌǀĞ ĂŶŬ ŽĨ sĂŶƵĂƚƵ
sĂŶƵĂƚƵ EĂƟŽŶĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ KĸĐĞ
sŝĞƚ EĂŵ 'ĞŶĞƌĂů ^ƚĂƟƐƟĐƐ KĸĐĞ
Ministry of Finance
^ƚĂƚĞ ĂŶŬ ŽĨ sŝĞƚ EĂŵ