Judaism originated nearly 4,000 years ago with Abraham and Sarah, who were chosen by God to start the Jewish nation. Their descendants, the Israelites, endured slavery in Egypt before escaping under Moses and Aaron. The Torah and Talmud were developed to record Jewish law and traditions. Though Jews were scattered worldwide, Judaism has endured through worship in synagogues after the destruction of the Temples in Jerusalem. Today, most Jews live in the US or Israel and practice Reform or Conservative Judaism with varying levels of observance of traditions and Hebrew language.

16. History of Judaism

17. ORIGINS
• Judaism originates nearly 4,000 years ago in the Middle East with a couple
named Abraham and Sarah, whom G-d selected to start a new people, the
chosen nation.
• G-d commanded them to relocate to a new land (which would eventually
become the Land of Israel) that He would show them
• As recorded in the Book of Genesis, G-d Himself attests that “I have known
[Abraham] because he commands his children and his household after him,
that they should keep the way of the L-rd to perform righteousness and justice,
in order that the L-rd bring upon Abraham that which He spoke concerning
him.”

18. After the Jews (or Israelites or Hebrews, as the Jews are also
known) endured generations of suffering, G-d sent two brothers
named Moses and Aaron to take them out of Egypt.

19. The ten plagues
• The first plague - river water turned to
blood.
• The second plague - frogs.
• The third plague - gnats.
• The fourth plague - flies.
• The fifth plague - death of livestock.
• The sixth plague - boils.
• The seventh plague - hail.
• The eighth plague - locusts.
• The night plague – darkness
• The tenth plague – the death of the
First born

20. The rabbis and the talmud
• As the situation of the Jewish people
changed, the rabbis of old (charged by G-d
with the task of safeguarding the Torah)
added several key components such as
the liturgy, which took on an added layer of
importance when the Jews were exiled
from Israel and deprived of the services that
once took place in the
Holy Temple in Jerusalem.

21. • The expanded (and ever-expanding) corpus of Jewish scholarship, tradition,
and law was eventually recorded in the Talmud. The main text of the Talmud is
the Mishnah, a collection of terse teachings written in Hebrew, redacted
by Rabbi Judah the Prince in the years following the destruction of the Second
Temple in Jerusalem.

22. • Over the next several hundred years,
the rabbis continued to teach and
expound upon the Mishnah. Many of
those teachings were collected into two
great bodies, the Jerusalem Talmud,
containing the teachings of the rabbis in
the Land of Israel, and the Babylonian
Talmud, featuring the teachings of the
rabbis of Babylon. These two works are
written in the Aramaic dialects used in
Israel and Babylonia respectively

23. JEWS AND JUDAISM
• In time, Jewish people were scattered all
over the world, and they learned the
languages of host countries.
Thus, Hebrew was retained as a sacred
language, while everyday affairs were
conducted in (variations of) the languages
of their host countries, giving rise to Judeo-
Arabic, Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) and Judeo-
German (Yiddish).
• Yet, despite the challenges endured, the
Jews remain the same people, devoted to
G-d like Abraham, steeped in His teachings
like Moses, and dedicated to living in
accordance with His will.

24. Jesus and the jews
• One of the certain facts about Jesus was that he was a
Jew. He was a child of Jewish parents, brought up in a
Jewish home and reared among Jewish traditions.
Throughout his life, Jesus lived among Jews and his
followers were Jews.
• No other Jew in history has rivalled Jesus in the
magnitude of his influence. The words and deeds of
Jesus the Jew have been, and are, an inspiration to
countless millions of men and women. Strange, is it not,
that Jews have given little attention to the life and
teaching of this outstanding Jew? Yet, this is true
because the Christian followers of Jesus came to
cherish beliefs about his life that no Jew could hold.
• When the Church persecuted Jews in an effort to
convert them, Jewish indifference to Jesus turned to
hostility. It is a sad fact of history that the followers of this
great Jew have brought much suffering upon the Jewish
people, so that for centuries it was very hard for any
Jew even to think of Jesus without difficulty. Up until
recently, most Jews have chosen not to think of him at
all.

25. Jesus and the jews
• Now we are witnessing a significant change and although Jewish indifference to Jesus has
not by any means disappeared, the signs are encouraging.
• Jesus and his family would have been observant of Torah, paid tithes, kept the Sabbath,
circumcised their males, attended synagogue, observed purity laws in relation to childbirth
and menstruation, kept the dietary code - one could go on. While the Gospels record
disputes about Jesus' interpretation of a few of these, the notion of a Christian Jesus, who did
not live by Torah or only by its ethical values, does not fit historical reality.
• There is no official Jewish view of Jesus but in one respect Jews are agreed in their attitude
towards Jesus. Jews reject the tremendous claim, which is made for Jesus by his Christian
followers - that Jesus is the Lord Christ, God Incarnate, the very Son of God the Father. On that
belief, Jews and Christians must continue to respectfully differ. Jews believe that all share the
divine spirit and are stamped with the divine image and no person - not even the greatest of
all

26. The temples
• A Jewish "church" is called a
synagogue, shul or temple
• A synagogue is a place of worship
and study, and a "town hall"
• Synagogues are run by laypeople
and financed by membership
dues
• There are several important ritual
items found in the synagogue
• Non-Jews may visit a synagogue,
but dress and should behave
appropriately
• The Temple is the ancient center of
Jewish worship where sacrifices
were performed

27. The temples
• Around 1000 B.C., King David ruled the Jewish people. His son Solomon built the first holy
Temple in Jerusalem, which became the central place of worship for Jews.
• The kingdom fell apart around 931 B.C., and the Jewish people split into two groups:
Israel in the North and Judah in the South.
• Sometime around 587 B.C., the Babylonians destroyed the first Temple and sent many
Jews into exile.
• A second Temple was built in about 516 B.C. but was eventually destroyed by the
Romans in 70 A.D.
• The destruction of the second Temple was significant because Jewish people no longer
had a primary place to gather, so they shifted their focus to worshipping in local
synagogues.

28. The temples
• A second Temple was built in about 516
B.C. but was eventually destroyed by the
Romans in 70 A.D.
• The destruction of the second Temple was
significant because Jewish people no
longer had a primary place to gather, so
they shifted their focus to worshipping in
local synagogues.

29. The wailing wall
The rebuilt temple was known as the
Second Temple. The famous "Wailing
Wall" (known to Jews as the Western
Wall or in Hebrew, the Kotel) is the
remains of the western retaining wall of
the hill that the Temple was built on. It is
as close to the site of the original
Sanctuary as Jews can go today. You
can see a live picture of the Kotel and
learn about it at KotelCam. The Temple
was located on a platform above and
behind this wall.

30. Functions of a Synagogue
At a minimum, a synagogue is a beit tefilah, a house of prayer. It is the place where Jews come
together for community prayer services. Jews can satisfy the obligations of daily prayer by
praying anywhere; however, there are certain prayers that can only be said in the presence of a
minyan (a quorum of 10 adult men), and tradition teaches that there is more merit to praying with
a group than there is in praying alone. The sanctity of the synagogue for this purpose is second
only to The Temple. In fact, in rabbinical literature, the synagogue is sometimes referred to as the
"little Temple."

31. Function of a synagogue
• A synagogue is usually also a beit midrash, a house of study. Contrary to popular belief,
Jewish education does not end at the age of bar mitzvah. For the observant Jew, the
study of sacred texts is a life-long task. Thus, a synagogue normally has a well-stocked
library of sacred Jewish texts for members of the community to study. It is also the place
where children receive their basic religious education.
• Most synagogues also have a social hall for religious and non-religious activities. The
synagogue often functions as a sort of town hall where matters of importance to the
community can be discussed.
• In addition, the synagogue functions as a social welfare agency, collecting and
dispensing money and other items for the aid of the poor and needy within the
community

32. Non-Jews are always welcome
to attend services in a
synagogue, so long as they
behave as proper guests.
Proselytizing and "witnessing" to
the congregation are not proper
guest behavior. Would you walk
into a stranger's house and
criticize the decor? But we
always welcome non-Jews who
come to synagogue out of
genuine curiosity, interest in the
service or simply to join a friend
in celebration of a Jewish event.

33. Judaism now
• Today, there are about 14 million
Jews worldwide. Most of them live in
the United States and Israel.
Traditionally, a person is considered
Jewish if his or her mother is Jewish.
• Today the ministry of Jesus is seen
rather as a movement within
Judaism rather than as something
opposed to it. At the same time
people have begun to understand
how complex and still developing a
phenomenon first-century Judaism
was.

34. Judaism now
• The results of the 2013 Pew survey indicate that 39 percent of the members of
Conservative synagogues and 60 percent of Reform temple members will
next show up at services on Sept. 29, 2019, the first day of Rosh Hashanah
5780
• Jack Wertheimer, a professor of American Jewish history at the Jewish
Theological Seminary Jack Wertheimer, “The New American Judaism: How
Jews Practice Their Religion Today”which states “:
• Most Jews have little Jewish education and can read little or no Hebrew. On
a deeper level, in an age of self-help and self-actualization, most Jews don’t
believe in mitzvot as obligations or a God of “Thou Shalts and Thou Shalt
Nots.”

35. Judaism now
• Reform Judaism, Wertheimer shows, is now the largest of the streams, having
taken advantage of its being unbound by Jewish law. It has embraced popular
liberal trends like social action, care for the environment and the welcoming of
members of LGBT and interfaith families. But the author wonders how long the
movement can sustain itself by championing autonomy without requiring any
imperatives.
• Conservative Judaism in the last two decades has seen a precipitous decline in
its membership, number of congregations and Solomon Schechter day schools.
Seeking to balance modernity and tradition, the movement has lost some
members to Orthodoxy and more to Reform, and its organizational structure has
had financial woes. On the positive side, though, Wertheimer notes that the
remaining synagogue members are becoming more active and that there is
more creativity in services, with more joyful music and congregational
participation.

36. types of Judaism

37. Orthodox judaism
Orthodox Jews are typically known
for their strict observance of
traditional Jewish law and rituals. For
instance, most believe Shabbat
shouldn’t involve working, driving or
handling money.

38. Hasidic jews
This form started in the 18th century in
Eastern Europe and holds different
values than traditional or ultra-
Orthodox Judaism. Hasidic Jews
emphasize a mystical experience
with God that involves direct
communion through prayer and
worship. Chabad is a well-known
Orthodox Jewish, Hasidic movement.

39. conservative judaism
Many people consider this form of Judaism somewhere in between Orthodox
and Reform Judaism. Typically, conservative Jews honor the traditions of
Judaism while allowing for some modernization.

40. Reconstructionist
judaism
Reconstructionism dates back to 1922
when Mordecai Kaplan founded the
Society for the Advancement of
Judaism. This sect believes that
Judaism is a religious civilization that’s
constantly evolving.

41. humanistic judaism
Rabbi Sherwin Wine founded this
denomination of Judaism in 1963.
Humanistic Jews celebrate Jewish
history and culture without an
emphasis on God.

42. messianic judaism
This modern movement combines the
beliefs of Judaism and Christianity.
Messianic Jews believe that Jesus
Christ was the Messiah but still follow
Jewish traditions.

43. Jewish sacred texts

44. tanakh
- it is the Jewish sacred text and it also
includes the same books of the Old
testament in the Christian Bible, however,
unlike the bible, it is in a different order
- Has 3 different divisions of the Hebrew Bible:
1. Torah – instruction or Law and also
called the Pentateuch
2. Nevi’im- Prophets
3. Ketuvim- Wrintings

45. torah
- means literally “instruction” or
“guidebook”
- the Torah is considered as the central
text of Judaism
- it refers to the five books of the Bible
called the Pentateuch
- it is the blueprint of God’s creation of
the universe
- the Torah is the basis of the Jews’
relationship to God as well as their
interactions as a socio-political cultural
group

46. talmud
- it is a collection of ancient teaching
regarded as a sacred and normative to the
Jewish
- the Talmud contains the set of books the
Mishnah (repeated study) and Gemara
(completion)
Mishnah- it is the collection of
originally oral laws supplementing
scriptural laws
Gemara – it is the collection of
commentaries on and elaborations of
the Mishnah

53. 1. He is the Father of Judaism
A. Jesus
B. Abraham
C. Gerard
D. Ezekiel

54. 2. The set of dietary laws dealing with the
foods that Jews are permitted to eat
A. Kashrut
B. Halal
C. T’Challa
D. Hashir

55. 3. It symbolizes the mission of Israel to
be the light among the nations
A. Blaze
B. Phoenix
C. Star of David
D. Menorah

56. 4. a Jewish scholar or teacher, especially
one who studies or teaches Jewish law
A. McGonagall
B. Pedagogue
C. Rabbi
D. Gemara

57. 5. It is the Jewish place of worship
A. Mosque
B. Synagogue
C. Mountains
D. Mishnah

58. 6. It is a type of Judaism that combines
the beliefs of Judaism and Christianity.
A. Reform Judaism
B. Messianic Judaism
C. Orthodox Judaism
D. Linear Judaism

59. 7. It is the Jewish sacred text that includes
the same books of the Old Testament in
the Christian Bible
A. Qur’an
B. Tanakh
C. Bible
D. Zeldris

60. 8. The collection of ancient Jewish
teachings and contains the Mishnah and
Gemara
A. Genesis
B. Colligere
C. Judges
D. Talmud

61. 9. It is the Jewish New Year
A. Rosh Hashanah
B. Yom Kippur
C. Passover
D. Bar Mitzvah

62. 10. It is considered as the day of
Atonement which Jews repent their sins
and ask for forgiveness
A. Rosh Hashanah
B. Yom Kippur
C. Passover
D. Bar Mitzvah

64. Answers
1) B
2) A
3) D
4) C
5) B
6) B
7) B
8) D
9) A
10)B