The document discusses the anatomy and pathophysiology of the venous system in the lower extremities. It describes the deep and superficial venous systems, including the great and small saphenous veins, and the perforating veins that connect them. It explains how the musculovenous pump and one-way valves work to pump blood out of the legs, and how valve dysfunction or reflux can lead to varicose veins. Doppler exams are used to detect normal versus refluxing blood flow.