Class presentation on the topic in 2009...
For more media and details please refer to:
http://soundculture-s09.blogspot.com/2009/06/videos-on-music-in-age-of-electronic.html
How have technologies changed music and how have they changed the listener? - Sonya Sokolova, the publisher of www.Zvuki.ru, observes the music industry from 1900 to nowadays.
In this lecture you will learn:
- Why electronic musicians love gray;
- How the production of music and its distribution have changed over 100 years;
- Why the majority of great inventions came to us so late;
- Who was the first to create music from the trash and what Doctor Who has to do with it;
- How Russian and British monarchs created a fashion for gramophones;
- How many years it took to fit the orchestra in the garage;
- Why in 2020 musicians have more sources of income, but less money
A 2 x 45 jazz programme featuring Colette Wickenhagen, info-tainment for American companies, US expats in the Netherlands and institutions in the Netherlands. Check out www.jazztraffic.nl
IUI 2010: An Informal Summary of the International Conference on Intelligent ...J S
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Journey Through The Age Of Electronic (Re)Production Of Music
1. Music in the Age of
Electronic (Re)Production
A commented journey through
time…
Jan Smeddinck (#1976868)
jan83@tzi.de
Sound Culture, Petra Klusmeyer
HfK Bremen, Germany (2009)
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_D9aXFbJvKO0/SYxLGAScLWI/AAAAAAAAAGQ/RG7Wgz1uOkw/s400/reticulumrex.gif
http://i83.photobucket.com/albums/j281/Kriziavb/electronic_music_flowers_by_nullbom.jpg
2. The Book
• Audio Culture: Readings
in Modern Music
– Continuum Inter. Publis. (7.
Oktober 2004)
• Daniel Warner &
Christoph Cox (Eds.)
• Chapters 22, 24 & 25
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 2
http://www.flickr.com/photos/pdourish/3103575261/sizes/o/ http://mitpress.mit.edu/images/products/books/0262041960-f30.jpg
3. Mechanical Reproduction of
Music
• 14th – 18th century: barrel organs etc.
• 1857: Phonautograph
– Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville
– Recordings made audible in 2008
• 1877: Phonograph Cylinder
– Thomas Edison
– First real recording
• 1885: Gramophone
– Emile Berliner
– „cheap“ copying (from master)
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 3
http://getfantasticdeals.com/library/Gramophone.jpg
4. Music Across Time & Space
• “The effect of recording is that it takes
music out of the time dimension and
puts it in the space dimension.”
– Brian Eno (late 1970s)
• Recording makes music all present
– Mc Luhan
• “So not only is the music with us now, in
some sense, on record, but the whole
global musical culture is also available.”
– connect to present & internet
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 4
5. Electronics ~ 1900
• 1906: Electronics (Triode)
– Lee De Forest
– vacuum tube / electronic amp.
• 1920s:
Microphones, loudspeakers, usable
electronic instruments
• 1930s: Steelwire recorders
• 1935: AEG K1 Magnetophon
– Fritz Pfleumer
• 1939: John Cage: “Imaginary
Landscape #1”
– First composed piece to use means of
electronic reproduction (var. speed
phonographs)
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 5
http://www.tonaufzeichnung.de/images/Tonband/magnetophon_K1_gross.jpg
6. Culture & Technology
• also 1930s: Jazz becomes recorded
– no full coincidence
• Brian Eno (p. 128)
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 6
http://justbooks.org/calendar/images/Jazz%20NIght.jpg
7. Walter Benjamin
• 1935: „Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner
technischen Reproduzierbarkeit“
• Argues about photography and film
• The reproduction can take a position
concerning the original
• The reproduction can put the original in
a different context
• While the original may remain
untouched, it‟s here-and-now is
devaluated (ref. towards Eno on space & time)
• Loss of ‚originality„: traditional role of
art -> politics
• link to visual culture / art
– e.g. montage, collage, borrowing, …
(Cutler, p. 144)
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 7
http://www.braungardt.com/Theology/Benjamin/Benjamin.jpg
8. Tape Recorders
• 1947: Improved electric tape
– John T. “Jack” Mullin
• Music is opened to
environmental sounds
– nature & technology
• music, brains & the universe:
music & math
• Tape vs. discs
– mutable, cuttable, reversible …
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 8
http://www.hifiengine.com/images/model/revox_pr99.jpg
9. Improved Electronic
(Re)Production
• 1950s: Stereo becomes commercial
(Ampex)
• Musique Concrète (Pierre Schaeffer & Pierre Henry)
• 1951: John Cage: “Imaginary Landscape
#4”
– Radios as instruments
• 1956: Karlheinz Stockhausen: “Gesang
der Jünglinge”
– natural sounds (voices) mixed with
electronic, 5 channel sound
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 9
10. 6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 10
http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/works/gesang-der-juenglinge/images/1/
11. Improved Electronic
(Re)Production
• 1960s: Cassette, Synthesizers & Experimental Digital
Recording
• Multi-Track recording
– towards studio composing & „crowded‟ rock music
• 1964: Compact Cassette
• Glenn Gould goes studio only!
– subverted authenticity
• 1966: Dolby Noise Reduction
• Dub
• 1967: James Tenney: „Viet Flakes“
– pop + classical + asian music
• antedating mashup
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 11
http://www.briangreene.com/april12/i/Tdkc60cassette.jpg
12. 6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 12
http://gallery.photo.net/photo/6287115-lg.jpg
13. Chris Cutler
• * 1947: Percussionist, composer, music theorist
• 1968: Henry Cow (@ Cambridge): avant-garde rock
• „Indeed, from the moment recordings existed, a new
kind of „past“ and „present“ were born – both
immediately available on demand. Time and space
homogenised in the home loudspeaker or the head
phone, and the pop CD costs the same as the classical
CD and probably comes from the same shop. All
commodities are equal.“ (p. 147)
– Young musicians grow up in the electronic recording age
– Now they (~ we) are the first digital natives!
• Good writings: SCALE & The Age of Virtual
Communities of Taste
• Sound declines to disappear (p. 138)
– Organic response: RECYCLE
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 13
http://www.ccutler.com/ccutler/Images/electrifiedKit.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/HenryCow_AlbumCover_Concerts_inside.jpg
14. Plunderphonia
• John Oswald: „Plunderphonic“ (~ 1985)
– sued by Michael Jackson
• Antedates Youtube, remix-
culture, sampling, UGX
• Consciously self-reflexive (Cutler, p.
141)
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 14
15. 6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 15
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/56/MsJacko%2Cdab.jpg
16. Plunderphonia
• Using „macrosamples“ and
„electroquotes“
– Since arrival of recording: copyright no
longer simple…
• To refer, or not to refer?
• The power of pure atomic recordings…
• Sound freed from the reference…
– Steal this Film II: around 33:00 min..
• about the good of copying for music
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 16
17. Art Widespread
• 1970s: Radio-Cassette (“Boombox”, 2
tracks), Walkman, Commercial Digital Recording
(PCM), Quadraphonic Sound
• Stockhausen: „Opus 1970“
– players control loudspeakers and distortion
• Miles Davis: electric records
• Turntable culture:
– NY Hip-Hop DJs, scratching
• 1975: Brian Eno: “Another Green World”
– Invention of „Ambient‟
• 1977: Kraftwerk: “Trans-Europe Express”
– Sequencers
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 17
18. 6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 18
http://music.hyperreal.org/artists/brian_eno/images/cig.jpg
19. Brian Eno
• * 1948: Art school, glam
rock, ambient, avant-garde (Bowie)
• Electronic composer
– Producer: e.g. U2, Coldplay,
• Can„t read or write music, or play an
instrument well
– ref. music escaping sheets (Chris Cutler)
Working towards different music, because constraints
of classical composition are shifted
- Oblique strategies
Ode To Gravity: Pt. I: 59 min. 30 sek. - 1:02:35
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 19
http://smith3000.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/brianeno.jpg
20. The Studio as Compositional
Tool
• interplay of live vs. recording
– many times mixed
• lifting musical constraints
• “…working directly with sound, and
there is no transmission loss between
you and the sound – you handle it.”
– Brian Eno (p. 129)
• summary on the history (Ode Pt. II first 3 min.)
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 20
21. Digital (Re)Production
• 1980s: CD, DAT / DAB
– WAV & AIFF
– Samplers become affordable
• 1982: MIDI & Roland Baseline and Drum Machines
• Rise of electro and techno
– Detroit: Auto-city!
• Ambient -> chill-out
• 1989: Max
• (Re)Producing sound by writing (code)…
– Cage„s Williams Mix (1952) took a year now 5 min.
– Math turns directly into music (NIN, LOSD, Kiln)
• also natural science – conversion between digital media!
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 21
22. Unlimited Reproduction
• 1991: MP3 (Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen)
• 1992: Minidisc
• 1997: Max/MSP
• 1998: Portable MP3 players
• Embracing glitches and errors of
electronic music (e.g.
scratches, compression)
– also 8Bit
• Oval – Post-Post
• People Like Us – Recyclopedia Britannica (2002)
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 22
23. Studio as the Instrument
• 2008: Brian Eno: Bloom (iPhone
app)
• Technology becomes mobile
and ubiquitously available
• Focus returns to the
performance
– Which often involves
recording…
• Even less transmission loss…
• Everybody can be a composer
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 23
http://www.buzzoutroom.com/main/images/bloom.jpg
24. 6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 24
http://archive.v2.nl/v2_events/2000/deaf_00/symposium/kodwoeshun_symposium_2.jpg
25. Kodwo Eshun
• * 1967: Writer and theorist, Prof. @
Goldsmiths
• Black music & afro-futurism
– it„s black, but it isn„t !?!
• the „soulful“ vs. the „postsoul“
• „Alien Music is a synthetic recombinator, an
applied art technology for amplifying the
rates of becoming alien. Optimize the ratios
of excentricity. Synthesize yourself.“ (p. 158)
• Science of machine music
• Unlimited reproduction & the anxiety of
missing out (video interv. 03:00 ~ 2 min.)
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 25
26. 6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 26
http://artword.net/artwordlist/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/CLC_hymn_sunra.jpg
27. Generative Music
• „Leakage, seepage, adoption, osmosis, a
bstraction, contagion: these describe the
life of sound work today.“ (Cuter, p. 152)
• Eno on evolution…
• Steal This Film II:
– 19:00 about how the internet is for
reproduction…
• Neural Network music composition:
– http://cssp.us/pdf/D_Watts_Six_Degrees_CSSP.pdf
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 27
28. Summary
• culture <-> technology
• (or music, or society)
• ? -> (notation) -> reproduction ->
production -> generation -> self-
reproduction -> self-generation -> ?
• Milestones: Tape, Digitalization
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 28
29. That’s it!
!?!
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 29
http://timesonline.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/brian_eno.jpg
30. Sources & References
• History:
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction
– http://www.caipirinha.com/Film/modulations/timeline.html
• http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin
• http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arteclab.uni-
bremen.de%2F~robben%2FKunstwerkBenjamin.pdf&ei=iNImSubfO8SksAazvMHZBQ&usg=AFQjCNGRprfP1sRRE3EE
PSJdNAf_qQ-Hjw&sig2=2_aIh8nzZzytTqGPk6ibaw
• http://www.ccutler.com/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cow
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Cutler
• http://music.hyperreal.org/artists/brian_eno/
• http://www.myspace.com/ambientlegend
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno
• http://radiom.org/detail.php?omid=OTG.1980.02.02.A
• http://cssp.us/pdf/D_Watts_Six_Degrees_CSSP.pdf
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RivGWjlLoQ
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodwo_Eshun
• http://www.spikemagazine.com/0400brilliantsun.php
• http://www.jahsonic.com/BSF.html
• http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/6/6902/1.html
• http://fr.truveo.com/Generative-Music-eng/id/1313610500
• http://www.epitonic.com/artists/losd.html
• Steal This Film I & II
• Please also refer to the links on the slides…
6/8/2009 Music Age of (Re)Production 30