This document provides a comparative analysis of the education systems in Germany and Italy and how they relate to societal outcomes. The author finds that Germany's education system leads to better results. Key differences are that Germany has standardized testing, fewer specialized high school options, and a higher percentage of adults with a high school diploma. As a result, German students score higher on standardized tests, have lower youth unemployment, and higher GDP per capita compared to Italy. The analysis concludes that Germany's superior education system has allowed it to become a virtuous society after fascism, whereas Italy still has progress to make.
Education in Romania is free and compulsory until age 16-17. It is regulated by the Ministry of Education and includes kindergarten, primary school, secondary school and higher education provided by universities. Kindergarten is optional for ages 3-6, then compulsory education begins at age 6 for 8 years of primary school. Students can attend vocational, technical or standard secondary schools and must pass a national test at age 14-15. Higher education options include state-run and private universities. Romania has a strong record in international mathematics and informatics competitions.
The Portuguese education system is divided into four levels - pre-school, basic education, secondary education, and higher education. Basic education is compulsory and free for all students until age 18. It consists of 9 years divided into 3 cycles. Secondary education provides both academic and vocational paths. Higher education is divided into universities and polytechnics, and provides degrees from undergraduate to doctoral levels. Portugal has a long tradition of education and its universities offer programs in many fields to both domestic and international students.
The document summarizes Poland's education system. It begins with kindergarten for ages 3-5, then primary school from ages 6-13 which is divided into two steps. Next is junior high school for ages 13-16, followed by optional vocational, general secondary, or technical schools. Universities offer bachelor's and master's degrees. Education is compulsory from ages 6-18 and public schools are free in Poland.
The education system in Poland is regulated by the Constitution and various acts of parliament. It is divided into pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, upper secondary and higher education. Compulsory education lasts until age 18 and is provided free of charge in public schools. The system is decentralized with responsibilities divided between the national, regional, district and institutional levels. Schools are managed by heads and involve teachers councils, school councils, parents councils and student governments. Funding comes primarily from the national budget.
The education system in Poland has several stages that are either compulsory or optional. Children typically attend primary school from ages 7-13, then lower secondary school from ages 13-16. Students can then choose to attend upper secondary school, such as a general secondary school, vocational school, or technical school, until age 19. Tertiary education is provided at universities and other institutions for students aged 19 and older. There are over 460 higher education institutions in Poland serving over 1.8 million students. The Polish education system is largely funded by the state budget and provides free public education, though some fees may apply at non-public schools and for additional services.
The document describes the Polish education system. It consists of pre-primary school (ages 3-6), primary school (ages 7-13), middle school (ages 13-16), high school (ages 16-19), vocational school (ages 16-19), technical college (ages 16-20), and university (ages 19+). Primary and middle schools are mandatory, while high school, vocational school, technical college, and university are optional. The education system prepares students with basic skills in primary school and expands into specific subjects and specializations in middle school, high school, and post-secondary education.
The Polish education system has several stages: pre-school for ages 3-6, compulsory education from ages 6-18 which includes primary school from ages 7-13 and lower secondary/gymnasium from ages 13-16, and post-compulsory education such as secondary/high school from ages 16-19 and higher education from ages 19-21. Within compulsory education, students are assessed through external exams at the ends of primary school at age 13 and lower secondary at age 16. Admission to further education depends on results from these exams and other criteria set by individual schools. The system includes provisions for special education and qualifications for teachers.
Nel mese di maggio 2013 gli studenti della scuola primaria di Pietrafitta hanno fatto una ricerca in internet sui sistemi scolastici di Germania, Italia, Spagna, Grecia, Polonia e Slovenia, per conoscere le differenze e le similitudini tra i 6 sistemi scolastici
Education in Romania is free and compulsory until age 16-17. It is regulated by the Ministry of Education and includes kindergarten, primary school, secondary school and higher education provided by universities. Kindergarten is optional for ages 3-6, then compulsory education begins at age 6 for 8 years of primary school. Students can attend vocational, technical or standard secondary schools and must pass a national test at age 14-15. Higher education options include state-run and private universities. Romania has a strong record in international mathematics and informatics competitions.
The Portuguese education system is divided into four levels - pre-school, basic education, secondary education, and higher education. Basic education is compulsory and free for all students until age 18. It consists of 9 years divided into 3 cycles. Secondary education provides both academic and vocational paths. Higher education is divided into universities and polytechnics, and provides degrees from undergraduate to doctoral levels. Portugal has a long tradition of education and its universities offer programs in many fields to both domestic and international students.
The document summarizes Poland's education system. It begins with kindergarten for ages 3-5, then primary school from ages 6-13 which is divided into two steps. Next is junior high school for ages 13-16, followed by optional vocational, general secondary, or technical schools. Universities offer bachelor's and master's degrees. Education is compulsory from ages 6-18 and public schools are free in Poland.
The education system in Poland is regulated by the Constitution and various acts of parliament. It is divided into pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, upper secondary and higher education. Compulsory education lasts until age 18 and is provided free of charge in public schools. The system is decentralized with responsibilities divided between the national, regional, district and institutional levels. Schools are managed by heads and involve teachers councils, school councils, parents councils and student governments. Funding comes primarily from the national budget.
The education system in Poland has several stages that are either compulsory or optional. Children typically attend primary school from ages 7-13, then lower secondary school from ages 13-16. Students can then choose to attend upper secondary school, such as a general secondary school, vocational school, or technical school, until age 19. Tertiary education is provided at universities and other institutions for students aged 19 and older. There are over 460 higher education institutions in Poland serving over 1.8 million students. The Polish education system is largely funded by the state budget and provides free public education, though some fees may apply at non-public schools and for additional services.
The document describes the Polish education system. It consists of pre-primary school (ages 3-6), primary school (ages 7-13), middle school (ages 13-16), high school (ages 16-19), vocational school (ages 16-19), technical college (ages 16-20), and university (ages 19+). Primary and middle schools are mandatory, while high school, vocational school, technical college, and university are optional. The education system prepares students with basic skills in primary school and expands into specific subjects and specializations in middle school, high school, and post-secondary education.
The Polish education system has several stages: pre-school for ages 3-6, compulsory education from ages 6-18 which includes primary school from ages 7-13 and lower secondary/gymnasium from ages 13-16, and post-compulsory education such as secondary/high school from ages 16-19 and higher education from ages 19-21. Within compulsory education, students are assessed through external exams at the ends of primary school at age 13 and lower secondary at age 16. Admission to further education depends on results from these exams and other criteria set by individual schools. The system includes provisions for special education and qualifications for teachers.
Nel mese di maggio 2013 gli studenti della scuola primaria di Pietrafitta hanno fatto una ricerca in internet sui sistemi scolastici di Germania, Italia, Spagna, Grecia, Polonia e Slovenia, per conoscere le differenze e le similitudini tra i 6 sistemi scolastici
The education system in Poland is centrally managed by the Ministry of National Education and Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Compulsory education begins at age 5 and lasts until age 18, consisting of primary school from ages 6/7-13, and lower secondary (gimnazjum) from ages 13-16. Students then have the option to attend various types of upper secondary schools from ages 16-18/20 to obtain qualifications for employment or higher education. Assessment of students is done continuously by teachers and also through external tests and examinations at the ends of primary school, lower secondary, and post-compulsory education, with the matura examination allowing entrance to university.
The document discusses Lithuania's education system. It has 12 years of comprehensive education across primary, basic, secondary, vocational, and higher education levels. Primary education covers grades 1-4 and focuses on subjects like language, math, science, and history. Basic education is grades 5-8/10 and adds subjects like foreign languages and physics. Secondary education is grades 11-12 and offers vocational training. Higher education includes bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees. Assessment in secondary and higher education uses a 10-point scale.
This document provides an overview of Latvia's education system. It describes the structure and levels of education, including pre-school, basic education, secondary education, vocational education, higher education, and adult education. It also provides brief historical context about Latvia and notes that education is highly valued in Latvian society. The education system aims to provide students with both academic and practical skills through various programs at different education levels.
Hoy traemos a este espacio el informe de EUrydice, Comisión Europea titulado: The Structure of the European Education Systems 2017/18: Schematic Diagrams
Date of publication: 16 November 2017
Full version DE EN FR IT
- In Poland, pre-primary education is for children ages 3-6 and involves kindergartens or a "0 grade" year to prepare for primary school. Primary school is for ages 7-12.
- Lower secondary education involves gymnasium for ages 13-16, ending with an exam. Upper secondary options include 3-year liceum or 4-year technikum, both ending with a matura exam equivalent to A-levels.
- Post-secondary options include colleges, universities or polytechnics leading to licencjat or magister degrees, with opportunities for Ph.D. or professor titles for the most ambitious students.
The educational system in Poland underwent reforms in 1998/1999 that changed administration, financing, and teachers' rights and duties. Education is now compulsory from ages 7 to 18, though alternatives exist after 16 like apprenticeships. Pre-school education for ages 6 is also mandatory to stimulate development. Elementary school is for ages 7-12, with primary education divided into early learning and systematic learning cycles. Students then choose between general secondary schools, vocational schools, or post-secondary education to become qualified workers or continue to university. Public schools are free while non-public schools can charge fees.
The educational system in Poland was reformed in 1998/1999 and is now compulsory from ages 7 to 18. It consists of pre-school education, elementary school from ages 7-12, gymnasium from ages 13-15, and various options for secondary and post-secondary education. Education is publicly funded and overseen by the Ministry of National Education and local governments, with schools administered at the local level.
The key elements to complete the European Higher Education Area were the creation of an evaluation system like the ECTS to compare study programs, the introduction of a system based on study cycles, and ensuring studies are mutually recognized through conventions like the Lisbon Convention. This would allow for the comparison of qualifications and transfer of students between signatory countries.
The document summarizes the education system in Andalusia, Spain. It describes the structure of the education system from pre-school through university level. It also discusses compulsory education requirements, secondary education subjects, vocational training options after compulsory education, and adult education programs. The system places an emphasis on developing basic competencies and skills in students based on European Union guidelines.
Education in Hungary is compulsory between ages 6-16. The primary language of instruction is Hungarian, though ethnic minorities can use their own languages. Kindergarten is optional from age 5, while primary school begins at age 6 and lasts for 8 years, divided into two 4-year cycles. Secondary education typically lasts 4 years and includes vocational, technical, and academic tracks. Students take a final exam in 5 subjects after secondary school to graduate. Higher education is provided at colleges for 5-year programs and universities for 5-6 year programs.
- Children in Poland typically attend pre-primary education between ages 3-5, which is not compulsory. At age 6, education becomes compulsory with an obligatory "0" grade in kindergarten or pre-primary classes attached to primary schools.
- Public kindergartens are administered and financed by local governments. The education system then consists of primary school (ages 7-13), lower secondary/gymnasium (ages 13-16), and secondary/upper secondary school (ages 16-18 or 19/20).
- Schools follow a weekly schedule divided into classes, and students are assessed using a 6-point grading scale with additional "+" or "-" marks. National exams are conducted at various
In Hungary, education is mandatory between ages 5-18. The structure includes kindergarten from ages 3-6, primary and lower secondary education from ages 6-14 in 8-grade schools, and upper secondary education from ages 14-18 in general secondary, vocational secondary, or vocational schools. Higher education is offered at universities and colleges, including BA/BSc programs, MA/MSc programs, and doctoral programs. Kindergarten is optional starting at age 3 and compulsory at age 5, while primary and secondary education follows an 8+4 model with subject teaching beginning at grade 5.
The document summarizes the Romanian educational system. It consists of five main components: pre-school education for ages 3-7, compulsory education from ages 7-16 including primary, middle and lower secondary school, upper secondary/high school education which is non-compulsory, vocational education/training, and tertiary education. High school lasts 4 years and can be theoretical, technological, or aptitude-based. Higher education includes bachelor's and master's degrees provided by public and private universities. The Ministry of Education oversees educational policies while School Inspectorates administer resources and appoint school heads.
The educational system in Germany is tracked, with students sent to different secondary schools based on academic ability and interests. Primary education is from ages 6-10, after which students are recommended for Hauptschule (vocational), Realschule (intermediate), or Gymnasium (academic) tracks. Gymnasium is the most prestigious and leads to the Abitur exam and university eligibility. There are also vocational schools and dual apprenticeship programs. Tertiary education involves universities and Fachhochschulen (universities of applied sciences).
The education system in Poland has several levels. Pre-primary education is voluntary for ages 3-4 and finishes at age 6. Primary education for ages 6-13 is compulsory and includes subjects like Polish, history, math, and sciences. Lower secondary school called gimnazjum is for ages 13-16, is compulsory, and has exams that influence admission to upper secondary schools. Upper secondary schools include general or technical schools and vocational schools, and their exams provide a Matura certificate allowing university entrance. Higher education involves bachelor's and master's degree programs at universities like Jagiellonian and Warsaw.
- Preschool education is compulsory for children ages 3-6, after which compulsory schooling lasts until age 16.
- Primary education typically lasts 8 years, after which students can choose between gymnasium (prep for university), vocational school, or technical school.
- Foreign language instruction, typically English or German, begins in 4th grade. Course books are used to systematically develop the four language skills of speaking, listening, reading and writing.
Lithuania's education system includes pre-school, primary and lower secondary school, upper secondary school, vocational education, and higher education. There are 22 universities and 28 colleges that provide higher education. Primary and lower secondary school is compulsory from ages 6-7 and lasts 10 years, followed by optional upper secondary school or vocational education. Vocational education includes 4 types of programs that can lead to certification or allow students to continue their education. Higher education is provided at universities and non-academic colleges, and typically involves 4 years of study to earn a Bachelor's degree.
Primary and secondary education in Mongolia follows the Soviet model and is compulsory. While the education system has undergone reforms in recent decades, issues remain such as a lack of schools in rural areas causing long travel times and high dropout rates. Higher education has expanded with both public and private universities offering degrees, though quality and accreditation of private institutions varies. Degree programs have also transitioned to a Western model of bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees.
The education system in Romania includes pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, upper secondary, post-secondary, and higher education. Pre-primary education is optional and lasts from ages 3-7. Primary school is compulsory and lasts 8 years. At the end of 8th grade, a national exam is taken to determine placement in upper secondary education, which includes various types of high schools that last 4 years. Post-secondary education offers 1-3 year programs for vocational qualifications. Higher education involves 3 cycles - undergraduate studies lasting about 3 years, 1-2 year master's programs, and 3 year doctoral programs.
Not Your Fathers C - C Application Development In 2016maiktoepfer
- The document discusses different approaches for copying strings in C, including strcpy, strncpy, strlcpy, and strcpy_s.
- strcpy can cause buffer overflows if the destination is too small, while strncpy does not guarantee a properly terminated string.
- strlcpy aims to prevent overflows and ensure valid strings, but may truncate and requires external libraries.
- strcpy_s from C11 solves the problems of previous functions and is part of the standard, but support is limited.
The education system in Poland is centrally managed by the Ministry of National Education and Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Compulsory education begins at age 5 and lasts until age 18, consisting of primary school from ages 6/7-13, and lower secondary (gimnazjum) from ages 13-16. Students then have the option to attend various types of upper secondary schools from ages 16-18/20 to obtain qualifications for employment or higher education. Assessment of students is done continuously by teachers and also through external tests and examinations at the ends of primary school, lower secondary, and post-compulsory education, with the matura examination allowing entrance to university.
The document discusses Lithuania's education system. It has 12 years of comprehensive education across primary, basic, secondary, vocational, and higher education levels. Primary education covers grades 1-4 and focuses on subjects like language, math, science, and history. Basic education is grades 5-8/10 and adds subjects like foreign languages and physics. Secondary education is grades 11-12 and offers vocational training. Higher education includes bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees. Assessment in secondary and higher education uses a 10-point scale.
This document provides an overview of Latvia's education system. It describes the structure and levels of education, including pre-school, basic education, secondary education, vocational education, higher education, and adult education. It also provides brief historical context about Latvia and notes that education is highly valued in Latvian society. The education system aims to provide students with both academic and practical skills through various programs at different education levels.
Hoy traemos a este espacio el informe de EUrydice, Comisión Europea titulado: The Structure of the European Education Systems 2017/18: Schematic Diagrams
Date of publication: 16 November 2017
Full version DE EN FR IT
- In Poland, pre-primary education is for children ages 3-6 and involves kindergartens or a "0 grade" year to prepare for primary school. Primary school is for ages 7-12.
- Lower secondary education involves gymnasium for ages 13-16, ending with an exam. Upper secondary options include 3-year liceum or 4-year technikum, both ending with a matura exam equivalent to A-levels.
- Post-secondary options include colleges, universities or polytechnics leading to licencjat or magister degrees, with opportunities for Ph.D. or professor titles for the most ambitious students.
The educational system in Poland underwent reforms in 1998/1999 that changed administration, financing, and teachers' rights and duties. Education is now compulsory from ages 7 to 18, though alternatives exist after 16 like apprenticeships. Pre-school education for ages 6 is also mandatory to stimulate development. Elementary school is for ages 7-12, with primary education divided into early learning and systematic learning cycles. Students then choose between general secondary schools, vocational schools, or post-secondary education to become qualified workers or continue to university. Public schools are free while non-public schools can charge fees.
The educational system in Poland was reformed in 1998/1999 and is now compulsory from ages 7 to 18. It consists of pre-school education, elementary school from ages 7-12, gymnasium from ages 13-15, and various options for secondary and post-secondary education. Education is publicly funded and overseen by the Ministry of National Education and local governments, with schools administered at the local level.
The key elements to complete the European Higher Education Area were the creation of an evaluation system like the ECTS to compare study programs, the introduction of a system based on study cycles, and ensuring studies are mutually recognized through conventions like the Lisbon Convention. This would allow for the comparison of qualifications and transfer of students between signatory countries.
The document summarizes the education system in Andalusia, Spain. It describes the structure of the education system from pre-school through university level. It also discusses compulsory education requirements, secondary education subjects, vocational training options after compulsory education, and adult education programs. The system places an emphasis on developing basic competencies and skills in students based on European Union guidelines.
Education in Hungary is compulsory between ages 6-16. The primary language of instruction is Hungarian, though ethnic minorities can use their own languages. Kindergarten is optional from age 5, while primary school begins at age 6 and lasts for 8 years, divided into two 4-year cycles. Secondary education typically lasts 4 years and includes vocational, technical, and academic tracks. Students take a final exam in 5 subjects after secondary school to graduate. Higher education is provided at colleges for 5-year programs and universities for 5-6 year programs.
- Children in Poland typically attend pre-primary education between ages 3-5, which is not compulsory. At age 6, education becomes compulsory with an obligatory "0" grade in kindergarten or pre-primary classes attached to primary schools.
- Public kindergartens are administered and financed by local governments. The education system then consists of primary school (ages 7-13), lower secondary/gymnasium (ages 13-16), and secondary/upper secondary school (ages 16-18 or 19/20).
- Schools follow a weekly schedule divided into classes, and students are assessed using a 6-point grading scale with additional "+" or "-" marks. National exams are conducted at various
In Hungary, education is mandatory between ages 5-18. The structure includes kindergarten from ages 3-6, primary and lower secondary education from ages 6-14 in 8-grade schools, and upper secondary education from ages 14-18 in general secondary, vocational secondary, or vocational schools. Higher education is offered at universities and colleges, including BA/BSc programs, MA/MSc programs, and doctoral programs. Kindergarten is optional starting at age 3 and compulsory at age 5, while primary and secondary education follows an 8+4 model with subject teaching beginning at grade 5.
The document summarizes the Romanian educational system. It consists of five main components: pre-school education for ages 3-7, compulsory education from ages 7-16 including primary, middle and lower secondary school, upper secondary/high school education which is non-compulsory, vocational education/training, and tertiary education. High school lasts 4 years and can be theoretical, technological, or aptitude-based. Higher education includes bachelor's and master's degrees provided by public and private universities. The Ministry of Education oversees educational policies while School Inspectorates administer resources and appoint school heads.
The educational system in Germany is tracked, with students sent to different secondary schools based on academic ability and interests. Primary education is from ages 6-10, after which students are recommended for Hauptschule (vocational), Realschule (intermediate), or Gymnasium (academic) tracks. Gymnasium is the most prestigious and leads to the Abitur exam and university eligibility. There are also vocational schools and dual apprenticeship programs. Tertiary education involves universities and Fachhochschulen (universities of applied sciences).
The education system in Poland has several levels. Pre-primary education is voluntary for ages 3-4 and finishes at age 6. Primary education for ages 6-13 is compulsory and includes subjects like Polish, history, math, and sciences. Lower secondary school called gimnazjum is for ages 13-16, is compulsory, and has exams that influence admission to upper secondary schools. Upper secondary schools include general or technical schools and vocational schools, and their exams provide a Matura certificate allowing university entrance. Higher education involves bachelor's and master's degree programs at universities like Jagiellonian and Warsaw.
- Preschool education is compulsory for children ages 3-6, after which compulsory schooling lasts until age 16.
- Primary education typically lasts 8 years, after which students can choose between gymnasium (prep for university), vocational school, or technical school.
- Foreign language instruction, typically English or German, begins in 4th grade. Course books are used to systematically develop the four language skills of speaking, listening, reading and writing.
Lithuania's education system includes pre-school, primary and lower secondary school, upper secondary school, vocational education, and higher education. There are 22 universities and 28 colleges that provide higher education. Primary and lower secondary school is compulsory from ages 6-7 and lasts 10 years, followed by optional upper secondary school or vocational education. Vocational education includes 4 types of programs that can lead to certification or allow students to continue their education. Higher education is provided at universities and non-academic colleges, and typically involves 4 years of study to earn a Bachelor's degree.
Primary and secondary education in Mongolia follows the Soviet model and is compulsory. While the education system has undergone reforms in recent decades, issues remain such as a lack of schools in rural areas causing long travel times and high dropout rates. Higher education has expanded with both public and private universities offering degrees, though quality and accreditation of private institutions varies. Degree programs have also transitioned to a Western model of bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees.
The education system in Romania includes pre-primary, primary, lower secondary, upper secondary, post-secondary, and higher education. Pre-primary education is optional and lasts from ages 3-7. Primary school is compulsory and lasts 8 years. At the end of 8th grade, a national exam is taken to determine placement in upper secondary education, which includes various types of high schools that last 4 years. Post-secondary education offers 1-3 year programs for vocational qualifications. Higher education involves 3 cycles - undergraduate studies lasting about 3 years, 1-2 year master's programs, and 3 year doctoral programs.
Not Your Fathers C - C Application Development In 2016maiktoepfer
- The document discusses different approaches for copying strings in C, including strcpy, strncpy, strlcpy, and strcpy_s.
- strcpy can cause buffer overflows if the destination is too small, while strncpy does not guarantee a properly terminated string.
- strlcpy aims to prevent overflows and ensure valid strings, but may truncate and requires external libraries.
- strcpy_s from C11 solves the problems of previous functions and is part of the standard, but support is limited.
Top 10 applications engineer interview questions and answersjanhjonh
This document provides resources for applications engineer interviews, including common interview questions, tips, and examples. It lists 10 frequently asked interview questions for applications engineers along with sample answers. Additionally, it provides many links to further interview preparation materials on topics such as situational interviews, behavioral interviews, phone interviews, and more. The document aims to help candidates seeking applications engineer roles to succeed in interviews and secure job offers.
Panou Konstantinos has over 15 years of experience in construction, particularly tunneling projects. He has worked on many major infrastructure projects in Greece and Serbia, taking on roles from machine operator to general construction foreman. His experience includes excavating tunnels using various methods like NATM and drill-and-blast. He is proficient in English and has experience managing teams and budgets on large projects.
This document provides summaries of 10 projects funded by PTO Innovator Grants at Brooks Elementary School. The projects included a visit from a civil rights activist to discuss Emmett Till, students growing plants and planting a garden, designing a stairwell mural with a local artist, using new standing desks, a visit from an Abraham Lincoln impersonator, using educational songs and videos, a talk by a refugee from Sudan, using a new clay extruder, upgrading music recording equipment, and screening a documentary to explore differences between students worldwide.
Ancient Egypt lasted for over 3000 years from around 3000 BC to 30 BC. The civilization thrived along the banks of the Nile River, which was the primary source of sustenance. Some of the most notable aspects of ancient Egyptian culture included their vast array of hieroglyphic writings, numerous gods from both human and animal forms that were worshipped, the construction of massive pyramids to serve as tombs for pharaohs, the practice of mummifying the dead to preserve their bodies for the afterlife, the wealth acquired through trade with the kingdom of Nubia to the south, and the building of ornate temples that served important religious and social functions.
This document summarizes Valerie Hannon's keynote speech about building student engagement and educational community. Some key points:
1) Student disengagement is a widespread problem that is linked to poorer life outcomes and is more prevalent among disadvantaged students.
2) True engagement is in learning, not just compliance in school. Schools should focus on making learning identity-driven, social, deep and meaningful.
3) An education today must equip students to deal with major challenges facing the planet. Some schools are trying innovative approaches to boost autonomy, mastery and purpose in learning.
4) One example is the Harris Federation in London, which empowered students to research engaged learning worldwide and propose recommendations the schools would
Topic 2 education reforms in the philippines by cruzMaria Theresa
The document discusses reforms to the Philippine education system, including its general education curriculum. It notes that by 2015, the Philippines will open its borders and by 2020 will join the APEC trade regime, requiring graduates to be globally competitive. It recommends preparing for these events by aligning degree programs with other countries and reforming general education. Two models are presented: one for humanities/social sciences majors and another for all others. Lessons from other countries and experts are discussed, focusing on making general education issue-based rather than discipline-based and potentially shortening the undergraduate degree. Comprehensive reforms are needed beyond just adding or removing years of schooling.
Finland's education system has undergone significant reforms since the 1960s-1970s. It moved from a tracked system with mediocre outcomes to a comprehensive school model with equity and inclusion as guiding principles. This led to improved performance over time. The book outlines key aspects of Finland's education system including 9 years of compulsory schooling, student-centered learning, well-trained teachers with master's degrees, school autonomy, less emphasis on standardized testing, and equitable access to education for all students. One of the book's main messages is that, unlike many other systems, the Finnish system has not been influenced by market-based competition or high-stakes testing.
France offers public and private schools at all levels. Educational standards are generally high. The rigorous curriculum is dictated by the Ministry of Education and is practically the same across the country and in the French territories. Teachers are considered public workers and the teachers' unions are very powerful officials. Teacher strikes are frequent and often they are cited as the main reason for French families opt for private schools, which are overwhelmingly Catholic. The education system in France emphasizes the teacher's authority, the individual competition, including an absolute rating system, with stress on analytical thinking and rote learning as opposed to creativity.
The document discusses educational reform in the Philippines, including the K-12 program and basic education reforms. It argues that reforms are crucial to prepare Filipino graduates to be globally competitive as ASEAN and APEC integration opens borders by 2020. However, the Philippines has the shortest public education cycle in the world at only 10 years, compared to 15-16 years in other countries. There is a debate around general education curriculum models and whether college years should be shortened from four to three years to better align with other countries like Singapore. Key reforms proposed include revamping the general education curriculum and ensuring the first two college years focus on preparing students, not required courses.
Distance Learning in Brazil, Access and Equity Demanding New Skills and Innov...Luciano Sathler
This document discusses distance learning in Brazil. It notes that as Brazil's middle class and demand for higher education has grown, distance learning has expanded dramatically to help meet this demand. Distance learning enrollments increased over 40% annually between 2004-2008. Currently, about one in six Brazilian university students take distance courses. The document also examines characteristics of distance learning students in Brazil, finding that the majority are women and most students are over 30 years old and working while studying. It maintains that distance learning requires new skills from both educators and students to succeed in this educational modality.
Distance learning in Brazil, access and equity demanding new skills and innov...Luciano Sathler
Distance learning in Brazil, access and equity demanding new skills and innovation. The Commonwealth of Learning Media Centre for Asia, September 2015.
The Italian school system has three main cycles:
1) Primary school (ages 6-11) and middle school (ages 11-14), which are compulsory. Primary school promotes development and learning of Italian and English, while middle school introduces a second EU language and helps with career orientation.
2) The second cycle includes three types of high schools - Liceo (lyceum, theoretical), Istituto tecnico (technical), and Istituto professionale (vocational). These last 5 years and prepare students for the final exam or university.
3) Italy has many prestigious public universities, with the University of Bologna founded in 1088 being the oldest continuously operating university. Major
The document discusses international rankings from the PISA assessment and education systems in high-performing countries. It finds that the US performs average in reading, math, and science. Shanghai, China has the highest scores, where education is compulsory for 9 years and students must pass exams for higher education. South Korea also scores highly, with longer school and tutoring hours than the US. Finland focuses on problem-solving and has fewer school hours but teachers need advanced degrees. Different countries develop effective strategies, and parent involvement, practice, and a relaxed learning environment can help improve outcomes.
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This document provides a summary of a study on gender differences in educational outcomes across Europe. Some key findings include:
- Girls generally outperform boys in reading, while boys have a small advantage in math and science in later school years. However, gender is only one factor influencing achievement.
- Most countries are concerned about gender inequality but policy frameworks vary widely in scope and focus. The most common goal is challenging gender stereotypes.
- While many policies have been implemented, such as addressing stereotypes in curriculum and materials, broader strategies are often lacking. Few countries explicitly aim for equal outcomes or have fully implemented gender mainstreaming.
- Further efforts are needed to understand and address the multiple factors influencing achievement beyond
A Closer Look on the Education System of Selected CountriesMica Sevillano
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1. Joseph Hangana
Comparative Analysis
Abstract
This case study will look at Germany and Italy, mainly because both countries were the
only ones able to establish fascist governments that were successful so to speak in the history of
the world. I want to see how far the two countries had come since the end of World War II. I will
mainly be looking at the informed decision making portion of the capability approach and within
that, looking at their education structures and how they measure up to see how they compare and
as a result their relative standing in the world. This will help determine their status as virtuous or
inferior societies.
Introduction
In order for a society to properly function they need to be able to do well in the four areas
of the capability approach. When looking at both Italy and Germany and their relative scores on
the matter, it seems like there is not a major difference. Other than a slight difference in infant
mortality rate, these countries aren’t too separated in the other indexes.1 Since that is the case
there has to be a more in depth look into these numbers to see if the countries are really that close
or whether the number s are a lot more deceiving than previously thought. In order to do that I
wanted to look at informed decision making. In order to have a good society, the people within
the society have to be informed enough to make decisions to keep the society running smoothly.
That to me all starts with the education system and how it is set up in the country. Adding to that
is how the education system compares to the other country but also how it compares to the other
of the countries in the world that have similar governments or structures. From that I want to
know how education translates into real life and whether or not the education pays off for the
1 The Good Society an introduction to comparative politics by Alan Draper and Ansil Ramasay
2. society. I believe that if we were to take a closer look into the education system Germany would
clearly be above Italy because as we saw in the presentation Germany has one of the best
education systems of all developed countries in the world.
Method
For the case study I will be using the method of difference. Since I hypothesized that
Germany’s education would be better and therefore leading to a better life overall, I wanted to
see exactly if there were any differences in the school systems and what effect they had. I will be
looking at both the school systems all the way through college and even later than that to see if
the education given equates to something and seeing what the differences are from there. Upon
doing that I will be better equipped to weigh in on my hypothesis and see if Germany’s
education is better and as a result does more for its citizens.
Results
Italy
I analyzed Italy’s early education and saw what happened there. Italy’s education starts
roughly at the age of three with kids going to nursery school, essentially kindergarten. This lasts
until the age of six by when Italian kids start their formal compulsory education. They enroll in
Scuola Primaria which is primary school in Italy. In this stage the kids learn the basic studies of
school with Religious studies being optional; this portion of schooling lasts until they are eleven
years old. At eleven they enter Scuola Secondaria di Primo Grado which is their middle school
and thus starts their secondary education. Here the education continues along the early portion of
education. One important thing to note here is that there are no standardized tests taken in
secondary schools to compare across the country. Instead at the end of the third year, students sit
exams of Italian, mathematics, science, and a foreign language. They take oral exams for the
3. other subjects. It should also be noted that these exams are not all the same but change in
different regions within Italy. If they are successful then they get the Licenza di Scuola Media
(Licenza Media), essentially a diploma. After this the kids enter high school. High school is
where things start to separate in the Italian school system. There are six types of high schools
that are attended within Italy that include classical high school, scientific high school, fine arts
high school, teacher training school, artistic school, technical institutes, and lastly professional
institutes. Within high school the first two years of any of these schools are the same and the
same things are taught throughout but after that the last three years are focused on that particular
field unless it’s classical high school because that continues on the same track and as a result is
the one that most likely leads to college. After high school there are exams that need to be
passed before heading off to college which last for 3 years unless it’s for teacher qualifications in
which case it is 4 years.2 So with that information I looked to see how education equated to real
life success in Italy and the results weren’t favorable. On the PISA, Programme for International
Student Assessment, given by the OECD the average score for Italian students was 486 for
reading literacy, maths, and sciences while the OECD average was 497. In Italy, 55% of adults
aged 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, while the OECD average of
74%. Here is a table that I found that explains the course of students a little better within Italy.
1000 children enter compulsory
(primary+lower secondary) education
36 abandon without any certificate
964 obtain the lower secondary degree
(licenza media)
93 do not enter upper secondary education
871 enroll at upper secondary schools
2 Understanding Italy/Education
4. 77 abandon upper secondary school
128 achieve a short (3 year) secondary
diploma
666 obtain a long (5 year) secondary diploma
214 do not enter tertiary education
452 enroll at universities
104 abandon during their first year of
university attendance
41 abandon during their second year of
university attendance
136 abandon during subsequent years of
university attendance
22 obtain a three year degree (diploma
triennale)
149 obtain an ordinary 4-5 year degree (laurea)
“An additional fraction of students does not enter and/or drops out before completing
upper secondary school (16.0%) and a further fraction does not enter tertiary education (21.4%).
Nonetheless, the lowest productivity (or the highest selectivity) in relative terms is recorded in
tertiary education: only 37.8% of first year students achieve a university degree, which contrasts
with 77.1% of upper secondary school and 96.4 of compulsory schools.”3
Those were just things relating to actual school. So I went a step further and looked at the
statistics of what happens to these individuals in terms of employment and such. In Italy it is
reported that 57% of people from ages 15-64 are employed while the OECD average is slightly
higher at 66%. That rate is significantly increased with a tertiary education at 77% but without it
drops dramatically to 44% without an upper secondary education. If we look at the younger
youth who should be getting jobs right away from the education statistics show that the
unemployment rate for ages 16-24 is a staggering 29.1% with the OECD average being 16.2%.
Now the final thing I wanted to factor in was how much money was made with the education that
3 The Italian educational system: family background and social stratification by Daniele Checchi
5. was being offered and Italy still isn’t quite up to par with an average GDP per capita at roughly
34,000 USD which is slightly lower than the OECD average of 34, 466 .4
Germany
Now it is time to look at how the German school system is set up and how it equates to
life afterwards. The German education starts at the age of three like Italy with kindergarten and
this goes until the age of six. At the age of six most of the German kids go to Grundschule. This
is essentially elementary school and kids go there for four years in most states and five for a
couple others. Here they are taught the three R’s plus local history, geography, and religion
lessons if they are wanted. During the fourth year of Grundschule a decision is made as to where
the kids go after that. Their first choice is that of Gymnasium. This is the typical high school that
teaches everything and is the main lead up into college. It goes from the fifth year to the twelfth.
Roughly a quarter of kids go here and a very important note is that in the seventh grade kids
choose a Zweig which is the field that they would like to focus on for their life. If Gymnasium is
not chosen then the second option is Realschule. Here kids learn basic skills that land them a
mid-level business job. This option goes for roughly six years and after that the kids go to
vocational school for two years where they have their skills refined to be put in the middle strata
of business. After that they go on to get jobs in their fields. The last option after elementary
school is Hauptschule. This is a five year program that teaches basic skills that helps and
prepares students for apprenticeships or unskilled jobs within the job market. Upon going to one
of these three choices the students have the opportunity of going to college where the top ten
colleges in Germany are among the fifty best in all of Europe.5 So now that we have gone a little
more in depth into the German school system let’s see how that translates to real life so to speak.
4 OECD Better Life Index
5 The ABCs of the German School System: EXPATICA.COM
6. On that same PISA given by the OECD the average score for German students was 510 which
were much higher than the above mentioned OECD average 497. For Germany, 86% of adults
aged 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, much higher OECD average of
74. In Germany it is reported that 73% of people from ages 15-64 are employed. Remember that
the OECD average is slightly lower 66%. Just like in Italy that rate is significantly increased with
a tertiary education at 88% but without it drops dramatically to 46% without an upper secondary
education. Now when I looked at the youth and the unemployment rate for ages 16-24, I was
pleasantly surprised to see it was only 8.5 which is nearly half of the OECD average of
16.2%.Ultimately I looked at the GDP per capita for Germany and it showed that Germans make
roughly 39, 000 USD per year.6
Discussion
So when I looked past just the basic capability approach of the book but looked more into
the education systems and what they do for the society, some staggering numbers were given.
For the most part the beginning stages of the education system in these countries are the same.
They start at the same age and continue on the same path until they hit secondary education. This
is where the method of difference comes into very big play here. In Italy there are no
standardized tests that are taken. Instead they take exams at the end of the third years but no tests
to compare counter parts in different parts of Italy. As a result we saw Italy suffer immensely
when the students had to take the PISA by scoring lower than the OECD average. This is
completely different from the German system in which there are standardized tests for secondary
schools and it shows because as mentioned earlier they scored on average much higher than the
OECD difference. As we go into high school the differences become much more apparent. As
we saw in Italy there were six different high schools that kids go to and that is even before
6 OECD Better Life Index
7. college. This contrasts completely from Germany in which there are only 3 different options that
the students are given. It clearly seems to help the German system much more having less
professional schools at such a young age. I believe it helps a lot more because it helps kids focus
a little more on academics to that will help later in life instead of being automatically thrown into
specific professions at the ages of 14 or 15. It also seems to help Germany because they
statistically performed better than not just Italy but most countries within the OECD in categories
of life after education. It clearly showed that Germans get more out of their education as well
seeing how their GDP per capita was almost six thousand more in Germany than it was in Italy.
It is important to note that Germans on average spend 300 less minutes a year at work as well. So
not only are they getting much more a return on their investment in school but they are doing it
with less time as well. Lastly when looking at the unemployment rates it was clear that Italians
were inferior to their German counterparts. The biggest reason I believe was that only about half
of Italian adults have the equivalent of a high school diploma while more than 80% of Germans
have a high school diploma or better. I believe that was a very key stat when looking at the
countries’ unemployment rates within the countries for adults. Roughly 75% of the working age
population has a paid job in Germany for ages 15-24 compared to the lacking 57% of Italy’s. So
when looking at all of the results it clearly shows that Germany’s education system is doing
much better and has gotten the farthest of the two countries. I believe not having the standardized
tests is really hurting the school system because there is just no comparison to see how students
are performing among their peers, couple that with the many professional schools that go into the
Italian educational school do not let the kids focus enough on the academics they need in order to
get the jobs they need upon getting to real life.
Conclusion
8. These two countries both had some very dark years during World War II and the build up
toward the war. Fascism ravaged these two countries to the point where the world wasn’t sure if
they could recover. As time passed for the most part they have recovered and have become
active players in the world. So when I first looked at their capability scores in the book it seemed
as if the two were pretty similar in stature and pretty similar on their capability score. While that
might be true taking a more in depth look at the institutions mainly education did show
something completely different. Germany has pulled itself up and has become a legitimate power
in global politics without fascism and it is because of their education system. It is the catalyst to
the rest of their success because without informed decision making a country cannot become a
good society. Italy on the other hand lagged extremely in this approach and therefore cannot be
labeled as a good society. We see that while both the countries have left fascism behind, only
one of them has completely done it enough to become a good society and the other one still has
work to do.
9. Reference List
Draper, A., & Ramsey, A. (2008). The good society: an introduction to comparative politics. New
York: Pearson Longman.
Italian education system, Italian schools, schooling in italy, Italian nursery school, primary schools
in italy, italian middle school, high school secondary schools in italy, vocational studies in italy, academic
schools, Italian universities. (n.d.). Italian education system, italian schools, schooling in italy, Italian
nursery school, primary schools in italy, italian middle school, high school, secondary schools in italy,
vocational studies in italy, academic schools, Italian universities. Retrieved April 7, 2014, from
http://www.understandingitaly.com/profile-content/education.html
Checchi, D. (2003). The Italian educational system: family background and social
stratification. IDEAS, 1. Retrieved April 7, 2014, from http://wp.demm.unimi.it/tl_files/wp/2003/DEMM-
2003_001wp.pdf
How’s life?. (n.d.). OECD Better Life Index. Retrieved April 7, 2014, from
http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/
The ABCs of the German School System. (2011, December 9). EXPATICA. Retrieved April 7, 2014,
from http://www.expatica.com/de/main.html