Jurnal Internasional – Dampak Energi Terbarukan Terhadap Ketenagakerjaan di I...Dani Gunawan
Sebuah permintaan global untuk energi telah memaksa banyak negara untuk mencari energi alternatif dan terbarukan . Efek diantisipasi pengembangan terbarukan adalah peningkatan lapangan kerja sebagai bagian dari penciptaan lapangan pekerjaan hijau baru , manfaat besar bagi Indonesia untuk mengatasi tingkat pengangguran yang tinggi . Makalah ini menjelaskan dampak pengembangan energi terbarukan pada penciptaan lapangan kerja di Indonesia .
23 jatropha curcas biodiesel a lucrative recipe for pakistan’s energy sectorahmad598
1) Pakistan faces increasing energy demands due to population growth but relies heavily on fossil fuels, creating economic and environmental issues.
2) Jatropha biodiesel is proposed as an alternative that could produce around 2.93 million tons annually from available land, saving $2 billion and reducing emissions.
3) Cultivating jatropha on unused land provides an environmentally and economically beneficial approach for Pakistan's energy sector.
Impact Assessment of Changing Fuel on Water Consumption in Kuwait’s Power Sta...IJERA Editor
Demands on electricity are in continuous increase and as a result an increase on water consumption and withdrawal. A huge expansion is done by Kuwait seven stations to meet the need of water and electricity using different combinations of four types of fuel (natural gas, gas oil, heavy fuel oil and crude oil). This study aims to determine the optimum fuel for reducing water consumption and cost without changing the capacity of electricity production in Kuwait. To attain that water consumption and/or withdrawal factor had been calculated for each fuel in each station depending on electricity and water consumption and production values, then cost of each mega watt produced had been determined using calculated cost of each fuel. It is concluded that natural gas is the least consuming water and least productivity for electricity where heavy fuel oil is the cheapest one and gas oil is the most expensive and most consuming water. However more time and detailed analysis are needed to determine the optimum fuel. Three scenarios had been assumed on different stations, best one was in Az-zour station when we decreased natural gas percentage and it was compensated by crude oil with keeping gas oil as it was. Consequently, it was noticed there was increase in water consumption and decrease in the cost: about 2 million Kuwait dinars. .
Economy growth and oil import requirement in indonesiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article from the Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy that examines economy growth and oil import requirements in Indonesia through 2030. It develops an econometric energy balance model to project future energy needs and simulate strategies to reduce import dependence. The model estimates oil import will be more affected by transportation fuel consumption than economic growth, and projects Indonesia will become a net energy importer by 2015. The paper suggests reducing gasoline subsidies, increasing oil production, and diversifying transportation fuels could help reduce import reliance.
The demand of energy is dramatically increased nowadays and the demand either can renewable or non renewable depends on the drawbacks. Hence, non renewable energies show the better performance where the limitations are comprisable very few and environmental friendly. Already developed countries are being used renewable energies as the main sources of energy to produce electricity where it proved the less easy and more benefits. However, non renewable energies such as natural gas, gas generator and so on still have been producing more and more electricity and this amount is around 10 times more than renewable energies especially developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper is being discussed the importance of renewable energies and non renewable energies to produce electricity, comparing the different countries electricity production and the using sources. Here analysis the data of different power plants in Bangladesh and the types of fuel, CO2 emission and electricity production. In additionally, Gazipur district has been selected to show the power consumption factories with the cost analysis in selected fuel types.
The document provides a cost benefit analysis of the proposed Haripur Nuclear Power Plant in West Bengal, India. Key points:
- The plant was proposed in 2006 but faced public opposition and was suspended. It would have had a capacity of 10,000 MW generated from 6 reactors.
- The site at Haripur is a fertile agricultural and fishing area that supports many local livelihoods. Building the plant would have displaced over 80,000 people.
- The analysis identifies and quantifies the various costs and benefits of the proposed plant to determine if it would provide a net benefit to society. Factors like energy production, employment, and environmental impacts are considered.
- While the plant may have
The Energy Resilience Fund (DKE) is a new funding mechanism established in Indonesia to accelerate renewable energy development and energy security. DKE aims to raise IDR 200 trillion by 2025 through various sources to provide incentives and financing for renewable energy and oil/gas projects. It will operate as a public service agency and work with the Center of Excellence for Clean Energy and financial institutions to analyze projects and channel low-cost financing through mechanisms like viability gap funding, guarantees, and interest subsidies. Initial estimates indicate DKE could facilitate around IDR 1 trillion in subsidies until 2019 to cover gaps between renewable energy project costs and the electricity tariffs paid by state utilities.
The document provides an update on a 2003 MIT study on the future of nuclear power. It finds that since 2003, concern over climate change has increased demand for carbon-free energy sources like nuclear power. However, nuclear power deployment has been slow, with few new plants under construction globally or in the US. Capital costs for all power sources have escalated significantly. As a result, nuclear power remains not cost competitive with coal and gas in deregulated markets without a carbon pricing policy. More progress is needed to enable nuclear power to play a substantial role in mitigating climate change risks.
Jurnal Internasional – Dampak Energi Terbarukan Terhadap Ketenagakerjaan di I...Dani Gunawan
Sebuah permintaan global untuk energi telah memaksa banyak negara untuk mencari energi alternatif dan terbarukan . Efek diantisipasi pengembangan terbarukan adalah peningkatan lapangan kerja sebagai bagian dari penciptaan lapangan pekerjaan hijau baru , manfaat besar bagi Indonesia untuk mengatasi tingkat pengangguran yang tinggi . Makalah ini menjelaskan dampak pengembangan energi terbarukan pada penciptaan lapangan kerja di Indonesia .
23 jatropha curcas biodiesel a lucrative recipe for pakistan’s energy sectorahmad598
1) Pakistan faces increasing energy demands due to population growth but relies heavily on fossil fuels, creating economic and environmental issues.
2) Jatropha biodiesel is proposed as an alternative that could produce around 2.93 million tons annually from available land, saving $2 billion and reducing emissions.
3) Cultivating jatropha on unused land provides an environmentally and economically beneficial approach for Pakistan's energy sector.
Impact Assessment of Changing Fuel on Water Consumption in Kuwait’s Power Sta...IJERA Editor
Demands on electricity are in continuous increase and as a result an increase on water consumption and withdrawal. A huge expansion is done by Kuwait seven stations to meet the need of water and electricity using different combinations of four types of fuel (natural gas, gas oil, heavy fuel oil and crude oil). This study aims to determine the optimum fuel for reducing water consumption and cost without changing the capacity of electricity production in Kuwait. To attain that water consumption and/or withdrawal factor had been calculated for each fuel in each station depending on electricity and water consumption and production values, then cost of each mega watt produced had been determined using calculated cost of each fuel. It is concluded that natural gas is the least consuming water and least productivity for electricity where heavy fuel oil is the cheapest one and gas oil is the most expensive and most consuming water. However more time and detailed analysis are needed to determine the optimum fuel. Three scenarios had been assumed on different stations, best one was in Az-zour station when we decreased natural gas percentage and it was compensated by crude oil with keeping gas oil as it was. Consequently, it was noticed there was increase in water consumption and decrease in the cost: about 2 million Kuwait dinars. .
Economy growth and oil import requirement in indonesiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article from the Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy that examines economy growth and oil import requirements in Indonesia through 2030. It develops an econometric energy balance model to project future energy needs and simulate strategies to reduce import dependence. The model estimates oil import will be more affected by transportation fuel consumption than economic growth, and projects Indonesia will become a net energy importer by 2015. The paper suggests reducing gasoline subsidies, increasing oil production, and diversifying transportation fuels could help reduce import reliance.
The demand of energy is dramatically increased nowadays and the demand either can renewable or non renewable depends on the drawbacks. Hence, non renewable energies show the better performance where the limitations are comprisable very few and environmental friendly. Already developed countries are being used renewable energies as the main sources of energy to produce electricity where it proved the less easy and more benefits. However, non renewable energies such as natural gas, gas generator and so on still have been producing more and more electricity and this amount is around 10 times more than renewable energies especially developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper is being discussed the importance of renewable energies and non renewable energies to produce electricity, comparing the different countries electricity production and the using sources. Here analysis the data of different power plants in Bangladesh and the types of fuel, CO2 emission and electricity production. In additionally, Gazipur district has been selected to show the power consumption factories with the cost analysis in selected fuel types.
The document provides a cost benefit analysis of the proposed Haripur Nuclear Power Plant in West Bengal, India. Key points:
- The plant was proposed in 2006 but faced public opposition and was suspended. It would have had a capacity of 10,000 MW generated from 6 reactors.
- The site at Haripur is a fertile agricultural and fishing area that supports many local livelihoods. Building the plant would have displaced over 80,000 people.
- The analysis identifies and quantifies the various costs and benefits of the proposed plant to determine if it would provide a net benefit to society. Factors like energy production, employment, and environmental impacts are considered.
- While the plant may have
The Energy Resilience Fund (DKE) is a new funding mechanism established in Indonesia to accelerate renewable energy development and energy security. DKE aims to raise IDR 200 trillion by 2025 through various sources to provide incentives and financing for renewable energy and oil/gas projects. It will operate as a public service agency and work with the Center of Excellence for Clean Energy and financial institutions to analyze projects and channel low-cost financing through mechanisms like viability gap funding, guarantees, and interest subsidies. Initial estimates indicate DKE could facilitate around IDR 1 trillion in subsidies until 2019 to cover gaps between renewable energy project costs and the electricity tariffs paid by state utilities.
The document provides an update on a 2003 MIT study on the future of nuclear power. It finds that since 2003, concern over climate change has increased demand for carbon-free energy sources like nuclear power. However, nuclear power deployment has been slow, with few new plants under construction globally or in the US. Capital costs for all power sources have escalated significantly. As a result, nuclear power remains not cost competitive with coal and gas in deregulated markets without a carbon pricing policy. More progress is needed to enable nuclear power to play a substantial role in mitigating climate change risks.
The document outlines a roadmap for accelerating development of new and renewable energy in Indonesia from 2015-2025. It discusses Indonesia's changing energy situation from being an oil exporter to importer, and the need to develop alternative energy sources like geothermal, solar, and bioenergy. The roadmap estimates that achieving 23% renewable energy by 2025 will require an investment of 1.6 trillion rupiah. It identifies policy, technology, funding, and capacity challenges across different renewable sectors and argues that business as usual approaches will not work. Paradigm shifts and innovative solutions are needed across areas like planning, financing, and governance to successfully implement the roadmap's goals.
Canada's energy policies have been increasingly shaped by environmental considerations. Laws like the Renewable Fuels Strategy and Energy Efficiency Act have promoted renewable energy and reduced emissions. However, the document suggests Canada's primary motivations may have been energy security and economic factors rather than just environmental protection. While partnerships with the US have improved efficiency and supported emission targets, they also helped secure Canada's economic relationship and growth. Overall, while environmental issues have contributed to Canada's energy strategies, concerns over trade, security and economic impacts may have been equally or more influential drivers of policy changes.
- The document discusses a quantitative study on public perception of nuclear power in Nigeria. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires to understand perceptions.
- The study found that the majority of respondents had a positive perception of nuclear power. It also found statistically significant differences in perceptions among different age groups.
- Both genders were found to have similar levels of support for building nuclear power in Nigeria, according to the study. The study concluded that nuclear power could help boost Nigeria's energy security if plants were located away from settlements in remote areas.
Indonesia faces many challenges common to any developing economy in ensuring energy security, equitable energy access and the protection of its environment. It also faces a great deal of uncertainty about how to maximise the benefits from their exploitation min its rich hydrocarbon resources. How will the next administration of Indonesia ensure the country’s energy security for future generations? The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) asked prominent figures from research, industry and academia to consider Indonesia’s long-term energy future. Their contributions tackle the fundamental issues the country must consider when plotting a sustainable and secure energy policy. For more information of this report, please visit: http://bit.ly/1eEWFy3
This document is a curriculum vitae for Md. Alam Hossain Mondal, a Bangladeshi researcher with a PhD in power systems and renewable energy technologies from the University of Bonn. It outlines his education, areas of research interest including energy policy and climate change, employment history researching sustainable energy systems at organizations like IFPRI and the University of Alberta, publications, and role reviewing journals on topics like renewable energy and energy policy.
Impact Investment in Mini Hydropower, Indonesia 2013Eric Stryson
Produced in partnership with IBEKA, award winning NGO working for 20+ years to support community organization, operation and ownership of small scale hydro power plants in rural Indonesia. The plan proposes an innovative scheme whereby communities are incentivized to protect forest and water catchment resources as a means for long term viability of facilities, and lower risk for investors. State power company PLN has expressed an openness to providing premium tariffs in such cases.
The document summarizes India's projected energy needs over the coming decades based on expected high economic growth rates. It estimates that primary energy demand in India will increase from about 13.5 EJ in 2002-03 to about 117 EJ in 2052-53, requiring development of all energy sources including fossil fuels, renewables, nuclear, and new technologies. Nuclear energy could potentially contribute one quarter of India's energy needs by 2050 if fast reactor deployment is accelerated and technologies like thorium breeding and accelerator-driven systems are successfully developed. Meeting India's large energy needs while limiting carbon emissions will require significant expansion of nuclear and renewable energy.
Biogas as a sustainable alternative for current energy need of india.Sandip Magdum
This document discusses biogas as a sustainable energy alternative for India. It notes that India's per capita energy consumption is declining while its population increases, straining the economy. Biogas production from organic waste has benefits like waste management, fertilizer production, healthcare, employment, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The document argues that biogas can help meet India's growing energy needs in a sustainable way by decentralizing production in rural areas and centralizing it in urban areas. Overall, biogas is presented as an ideal renewable energy source that can provide social, economic, and environmental benefits for India.
Download India nuclear power sector generation and investment opportunity out...KuicK Research
“India Nuclear Power Sector Generation and Investment Opportunity Outlook 2032” report highlights:
India Nuclear Power Sector Overview
India Nuclear Power Sector Indicators
India Existing and upcoming Nuclear Power Plants Overview
Indian Nuclear Power Regulatory and Policy Framework
India Nuclear Power Plants Infrastructure
India Nuclear Fuel Supply Scenario
ENERGY STATUS AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PLANS OF MAJOR ENERGY CONSUMERS IN SOUTH...aeijjournal
Southeast Asia comprises an extraordinarily diverse set of countries with vast differences in the scale and
patterns of energy use and energy resources endowments. Indonesia and Thailand have been selected to be
compared because they are the two largest consumers in energy sector in the region and both countries
still similarly rely on energy imports such as oil. They have been facing challenges in energy policy reformation distorting energy markets. The combined energy status of Indonesia and Thailand not only aims at providing policy makers with an understanding of the energy trends and challenges being faced by the countries up to the next two decades, but also at confidently convincing them the future energy pathways to unlocking energy efficiency potential and investment. This work contains data and information on pattern of energy use in the past, present, and future, some economic and political factors that may be affecting energy demand and supply of Indonesia and Thailand. Key energy issues that need to be considered are introduced. The potential future energy pathways are included and compared between the countries. Investment opportunities in each country are also identified.
This document provides a summary of an ornithology study conducted for a proposed 100MW wind energy project in Kajiado District, Kenya. It describes the study methodology which included monthly bird surveys from April to December 2011 using vantage point watches and bird transect surveys. A total of 130 bird species were recorded during the study period. The document discusses the project environment including bird habitats, species diversity, spatial and temporal use of habitats by birds, and flight patterns. It identifies potential impacts of the wind project such as bird mortality from collisions and habitat loss. Mitigation measures are proposed to reduce impacts. The study concludes the development may have limited impacts on birds but some species are specialized to existing habitats on site.
At a Glace on Renewable Energy (June 2014)DepEd-Bataan
The document summarizes renewable energy use in the Philippines. It finds that the Philippines relies heavily on renewable sources, especially geothermal, which accounts for over 50% of renewable supply. Renewables make up over 40% of the country's total energy and 28% of its electricity, the highest share among ASEAN nations. However, further developing renewables faces challenges like high costs and limited infrastructure. The government aims to more than triple installed renewable capacity by 2030 through programs and policies that promote solar, wind, hydro, and other sources.
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
Are hydropower investment in Nepal economically viableDilip Jena
This document discusses approaches to conducting cost-benefit analyses for hydropower investments. It reviews the perspectives of economists, funding agencies, the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and a hydropower project developer in Costa Rica. The key steps in economic analysis are identified as: identifying the project, estimating associated costs and benefits, and comparing costs to benefits. Cost elements generally include capital expenditures, operation and maintenance costs, while benefits include the value of electricity generation. The literature aims to determine if hydropower investments are economically viable for Nepal by applying these cost-benefit analysis methods.
This document summarizes a research paper on the potential for solar power in India. It finds that:
1) India has high solar potential and is becoming a leader in solar development through initiatives like Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission.
2) The costs of solar power are declining rapidly due to economies of scale, while coal costs are rising.
3) The analysis projects that solar power could reach grid parity with coal in India by 2016-2018 and capture a significant share of India's energy mix by 2022, helping to address India's major power issues.
Analysis of the Potential of Solar Energy Development inSaudi Arabia IJERA Editor
This document analyzes the potential for solar energy development in Saudi Arabia. It examines the economic and technological feasibility of generating solar power in various cities across the country. Solar irradiation data is collected from 32 cities and used to develop a seasonal forecasting model to estimate solar energy generation potential. The forecast outputs are then input into an economic model analyzing the levelized cost of electricity production from solar. The economic model considers current oil production costs, solar energy costs, and transmission costs to identify regions best suited for solar power production. The analysis demonstrates the desirability and economic viability of installing large-scale solar panel farms and transmission lines in Saudi Arabia.
This document discusses the role of green buildings in sustainable construction in India. It notes that buildings account for a large portion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Green building techniques can significantly reduce this environmental impact through improved energy efficiency. However, green construction is still in its infancy in South Asia due to a lack of awareness, training, effective policies, and incentives. The document argues that green buildings must become standard practice to achieve sustainable development goals in India and addresses the energy savings potential, challenges, and need to promote green building standards and certification programs.
Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Energy Sector
Dr. Fatih Birol
Chief Economist
International Energy Agency
World Energy Council
Rome, 19th March 2009
Viterbo Offshore Wind Energy In BrazilJean Viterbo
This document discusses the potential for offshore wind energy development in Brazil. It notes that Brazil has the third largest offshore wind resource in the world. While Brazil has made progress in developing onshore wind power, there is still opportunity to strengthen research and development of offshore wind energy projects, both nearshore and further offshore where oil extraction already occurs. Offshore wind energy could help meet electricity demand in coastal load centers and diversify Brazil's energy portfolio. The document argues Brazil should pursue offshore wind energy to gain strategic advantages in energy supply, industrial development, and participation in clean energy markets.
The presentation describes the complete energy scenario of World and India as of 2020. It also describes the prime energy sources that the entire world depends on.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document outlines a roadmap for accelerating development of new and renewable energy in Indonesia from 2015-2025. It discusses Indonesia's changing energy situation from being an oil exporter to importer, and the need to develop alternative energy sources like geothermal, solar, and bioenergy. The roadmap estimates that achieving 23% renewable energy by 2025 will require an investment of 1.6 trillion rupiah. It identifies policy, technology, funding, and capacity challenges across different renewable sectors and argues that business as usual approaches will not work. Paradigm shifts and innovative solutions are needed across areas like planning, financing, and governance to successfully implement the roadmap's goals.
Canada's energy policies have been increasingly shaped by environmental considerations. Laws like the Renewable Fuels Strategy and Energy Efficiency Act have promoted renewable energy and reduced emissions. However, the document suggests Canada's primary motivations may have been energy security and economic factors rather than just environmental protection. While partnerships with the US have improved efficiency and supported emission targets, they also helped secure Canada's economic relationship and growth. Overall, while environmental issues have contributed to Canada's energy strategies, concerns over trade, security and economic impacts may have been equally or more influential drivers of policy changes.
- The document discusses a quantitative study on public perception of nuclear power in Nigeria. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires to understand perceptions.
- The study found that the majority of respondents had a positive perception of nuclear power. It also found statistically significant differences in perceptions among different age groups.
- Both genders were found to have similar levels of support for building nuclear power in Nigeria, according to the study. The study concluded that nuclear power could help boost Nigeria's energy security if plants were located away from settlements in remote areas.
Indonesia faces many challenges common to any developing economy in ensuring energy security, equitable energy access and the protection of its environment. It also faces a great deal of uncertainty about how to maximise the benefits from their exploitation min its rich hydrocarbon resources. How will the next administration of Indonesia ensure the country’s energy security for future generations? The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) asked prominent figures from research, industry and academia to consider Indonesia’s long-term energy future. Their contributions tackle the fundamental issues the country must consider when plotting a sustainable and secure energy policy. For more information of this report, please visit: http://bit.ly/1eEWFy3
This document is a curriculum vitae for Md. Alam Hossain Mondal, a Bangladeshi researcher with a PhD in power systems and renewable energy technologies from the University of Bonn. It outlines his education, areas of research interest including energy policy and climate change, employment history researching sustainable energy systems at organizations like IFPRI and the University of Alberta, publications, and role reviewing journals on topics like renewable energy and energy policy.
Impact Investment in Mini Hydropower, Indonesia 2013Eric Stryson
Produced in partnership with IBEKA, award winning NGO working for 20+ years to support community organization, operation and ownership of small scale hydro power plants in rural Indonesia. The plan proposes an innovative scheme whereby communities are incentivized to protect forest and water catchment resources as a means for long term viability of facilities, and lower risk for investors. State power company PLN has expressed an openness to providing premium tariffs in such cases.
The document summarizes India's projected energy needs over the coming decades based on expected high economic growth rates. It estimates that primary energy demand in India will increase from about 13.5 EJ in 2002-03 to about 117 EJ in 2052-53, requiring development of all energy sources including fossil fuels, renewables, nuclear, and new technologies. Nuclear energy could potentially contribute one quarter of India's energy needs by 2050 if fast reactor deployment is accelerated and technologies like thorium breeding and accelerator-driven systems are successfully developed. Meeting India's large energy needs while limiting carbon emissions will require significant expansion of nuclear and renewable energy.
Biogas as a sustainable alternative for current energy need of india.Sandip Magdum
This document discusses biogas as a sustainable energy alternative for India. It notes that India's per capita energy consumption is declining while its population increases, straining the economy. Biogas production from organic waste has benefits like waste management, fertilizer production, healthcare, employment, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The document argues that biogas can help meet India's growing energy needs in a sustainable way by decentralizing production in rural areas and centralizing it in urban areas. Overall, biogas is presented as an ideal renewable energy source that can provide social, economic, and environmental benefits for India.
Download India nuclear power sector generation and investment opportunity out...KuicK Research
“India Nuclear Power Sector Generation and Investment Opportunity Outlook 2032” report highlights:
India Nuclear Power Sector Overview
India Nuclear Power Sector Indicators
India Existing and upcoming Nuclear Power Plants Overview
Indian Nuclear Power Regulatory and Policy Framework
India Nuclear Power Plants Infrastructure
India Nuclear Fuel Supply Scenario
ENERGY STATUS AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PLANS OF MAJOR ENERGY CONSUMERS IN SOUTH...aeijjournal
Southeast Asia comprises an extraordinarily diverse set of countries with vast differences in the scale and
patterns of energy use and energy resources endowments. Indonesia and Thailand have been selected to be
compared because they are the two largest consumers in energy sector in the region and both countries
still similarly rely on energy imports such as oil. They have been facing challenges in energy policy reformation distorting energy markets. The combined energy status of Indonesia and Thailand not only aims at providing policy makers with an understanding of the energy trends and challenges being faced by the countries up to the next two decades, but also at confidently convincing them the future energy pathways to unlocking energy efficiency potential and investment. This work contains data and information on pattern of energy use in the past, present, and future, some economic and political factors that may be affecting energy demand and supply of Indonesia and Thailand. Key energy issues that need to be considered are introduced. The potential future energy pathways are included and compared between the countries. Investment opportunities in each country are also identified.
This document provides a summary of an ornithology study conducted for a proposed 100MW wind energy project in Kajiado District, Kenya. It describes the study methodology which included monthly bird surveys from April to December 2011 using vantage point watches and bird transect surveys. A total of 130 bird species were recorded during the study period. The document discusses the project environment including bird habitats, species diversity, spatial and temporal use of habitats by birds, and flight patterns. It identifies potential impacts of the wind project such as bird mortality from collisions and habitat loss. Mitigation measures are proposed to reduce impacts. The study concludes the development may have limited impacts on birds but some species are specialized to existing habitats on site.
At a Glace on Renewable Energy (June 2014)DepEd-Bataan
The document summarizes renewable energy use in the Philippines. It finds that the Philippines relies heavily on renewable sources, especially geothermal, which accounts for over 50% of renewable supply. Renewables make up over 40% of the country's total energy and 28% of its electricity, the highest share among ASEAN nations. However, further developing renewables faces challenges like high costs and limited infrastructure. The government aims to more than triple installed renewable capacity by 2030 through programs and policies that promote solar, wind, hydro, and other sources.
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
Are hydropower investment in Nepal economically viableDilip Jena
This document discusses approaches to conducting cost-benefit analyses for hydropower investments. It reviews the perspectives of economists, funding agencies, the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and a hydropower project developer in Costa Rica. The key steps in economic analysis are identified as: identifying the project, estimating associated costs and benefits, and comparing costs to benefits. Cost elements generally include capital expenditures, operation and maintenance costs, while benefits include the value of electricity generation. The literature aims to determine if hydropower investments are economically viable for Nepal by applying these cost-benefit analysis methods.
This document summarizes a research paper on the potential for solar power in India. It finds that:
1) India has high solar potential and is becoming a leader in solar development through initiatives like Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission.
2) The costs of solar power are declining rapidly due to economies of scale, while coal costs are rising.
3) The analysis projects that solar power could reach grid parity with coal in India by 2016-2018 and capture a significant share of India's energy mix by 2022, helping to address India's major power issues.
Analysis of the Potential of Solar Energy Development inSaudi Arabia IJERA Editor
This document analyzes the potential for solar energy development in Saudi Arabia. It examines the economic and technological feasibility of generating solar power in various cities across the country. Solar irradiation data is collected from 32 cities and used to develop a seasonal forecasting model to estimate solar energy generation potential. The forecast outputs are then input into an economic model analyzing the levelized cost of electricity production from solar. The economic model considers current oil production costs, solar energy costs, and transmission costs to identify regions best suited for solar power production. The analysis demonstrates the desirability and economic viability of installing large-scale solar panel farms and transmission lines in Saudi Arabia.
This document discusses the role of green buildings in sustainable construction in India. It notes that buildings account for a large portion of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Green building techniques can significantly reduce this environmental impact through improved energy efficiency. However, green construction is still in its infancy in South Asia due to a lack of awareness, training, effective policies, and incentives. The document argues that green buildings must become standard practice to achieve sustainable development goals in India and addresses the energy savings potential, challenges, and need to promote green building standards and certification programs.
Impact of the Financial Crisis on the Energy Sector
Dr. Fatih Birol
Chief Economist
International Energy Agency
World Energy Council
Rome, 19th March 2009
Viterbo Offshore Wind Energy In BrazilJean Viterbo
This document discusses the potential for offshore wind energy development in Brazil. It notes that Brazil has the third largest offshore wind resource in the world. While Brazil has made progress in developing onshore wind power, there is still opportunity to strengthen research and development of offshore wind energy projects, both nearshore and further offshore where oil extraction already occurs. Offshore wind energy could help meet electricity demand in coastal load centers and diversify Brazil's energy portfolio. The document argues Brazil should pursue offshore wind energy to gain strategic advantages in energy supply, industrial development, and participation in clean energy markets.
The presentation describes the complete energy scenario of World and India as of 2020. It also describes the prime energy sources that the entire world depends on.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Energy - Geostrategy and Geoeconomy - UNHAN - public.pptxSampe Purba
1. The document discusses geopolitics, geostrategy, and geoeconomics perspectives on the global energy transition towards net zero emissions. It outlines Indonesia's commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and develop renewable energy power plants.
2. It analyzes global dynamics and patterns of CO2 emissions, with fossil fuels currently dominating the world's electricity production. Large industrialized countries like China and the US are the main producers but emit much higher CO2 per capita than developing countries like Indonesia.
3. The transition to cleaner energy sources faces challenges in infrastructure development, technology advancement, market forces, and ensuring equal access. Just transition will be a long struggle that requires protecting national interests on the international stage.
Sustainable development model of geothermal energyAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses a conceptual model for sustainable development of geothermal energy in Indonesia based on a case study of the Darajat Geothermal Power Plant.
2) It analyzes the economic feasibility and sustainability of geothermal energy development through methods like net present value calculation, multi-dimensional scaling, and interpretative structural modeling.
3) The analysis results are used to develop a conceptual model for sustainable geothermal energy development that includes a management system, funding support, management actors, and regulation management.
230729 Investment Forum Tokyo_Draft.pdfwidhiwinanda2
The document provides an overview of the Candi Umbul Telomoyo geothermal power plant project in Indonesia. Key points include:
- The 45 MW project aims to provide electricity to over 90,000 customers and reduce CO2 emissions by over 375,000 tons annually.
- Exploration is scheduled from 2017-2024, with development from 2026-2031 and commercial operation by 2031.
- Total investment required is estimated at $217 million, with project economics indicating IRRs of 5.3-10.8% and payback periods of 7-13 years depending on tariffs.
- The project has government support and is progressing permitting, with exploration funding from GREM
How renewables can help electrify indonesia's sprawling island nation renew...Gandabhaskara Saputra
Indonesia aims to electrify its entire population of 260 million people and currently generates electricity through a mix of fossil fuels and renewables. A study examined Indonesia's electricity system and generation plans over the next decade. Modeling different scenarios, the study found that Indonesia can significantly increase renewable energy from 19% to 43% by 2027 without increasing costs or reducing reliability. Transitioning to higher levels of renewables would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 39 to 89 megatons compared to business as usual plans and only result in slightly higher total system costs of up to 7% more over the period from 2018 to 2027. Renewables can play a larger role in Indonesia's electricity future at similar or lower costs than current fossil fuel-
Government often expands through distorted energy, infrastructure, and fiscal policies according to the author. Specifically:
1) Climate change alarmism is used to expand government programs promoting renewable energy, but the science does not support claims of an unprecedented crisis requiring action.
2) Large infrastructure projects are increasingly financed through foreign loans instead of public-private partnerships, increasing public debt.
3) Budget deficits are growing under the current administration's plans, meaning more public borrowing and future tax increases to repay loans.
The author argues this expansion of government through distorted policies does more harm than good.
This document provides an executive summary of Indonesia's energy transition progress and challenges. Some key points:
1) Indonesia's energy security is threatened by the global energy crisis as fossil fuel prices rise, though subsidies have helped. Renewable energy growth has slowed despite targets.
2) Demand for energy is declining through efficiency gains but renewable supply remains low due to investment barriers. Green hydrogen development has also begun.
3) The government aims to ensure domestic coal supply for power but schemes could prolong coal use against climate goals. Some fossil fuel firms are expanding into renewables but focus remains on core businesses.
4) Power sector transformation is progressing slowly with new policies enabling earlier coal plant retirement if renewable energy
The continued use of energy sources based on fossil fuels has various repercussions for
the environment. These repercussions are being minimized through the use of renewable energy
supplies and new techniques to decarbonize the global energy matrix. For many years, hydrogen
has been one of the most used gases in all kinds of industry, and now it is possible to produce it
efficiently, on a large scale, and in a non-polluting way.
The document discusses Indonesia's oil and gas industry and investment outlook. It notes that while Indonesia has significant oil and gas reserves, production and reserves have been declining in recent years due to decreasing exploration investment. To meet its 2030 production targets, Indonesia will need to attract $187 billion in upstream investment, primarily for large, deepwater exploration prospects. However, major foreign oil companies have been exiting Indonesia due to unfavorable fiscal terms and bureaucracy. Domestic participation from local conglomerates may be needed if terms are improved. The future of oil is uncertain as demand is expected to peak by 2030-2040 due to environmental concerns, with renewables becoming the fastest growing energy source. Oil companies are shifting investments to unconventional
The prevalence of offshore wind is growing globally. According to the Global Wind Energy Council, the total installed capacity worldwide climbed to 57.2 GW at the end of 2021. Offshore wind technology has key advantages such as eliminating the need for large areas of land and harnessing energy from better wind conditions than onshore. Currently, India does not have any installed capacity. However, there has been a recent build-up in momentum. Tamil Nadu has been identified as one of the highest potential states for harnessing offshore wind energy in India. But the State faces technical, social, and financial barriers for phasing-in this new technology. In this regard, the Tamil Nadu Government can play a key role in unlocking this significant source of energy by (i) providing the overall infrastructure required, (ii) engaging with local stakeholders, and (iii) facilitating the clearance process for offshore wind projects, among others.
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
Prospect of Developments of the Clean Energy in IndonesiaBadariahYosiyana
The document discusses Indonesia's plans and targets for increasing clean energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions through 2050. Key points include:
- Targets of reducing emissions 29-41% by 2030 and achieving net zero by 2050 through expanding renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean technologies.
- Plans to increase renewable energy in the energy mix from 11% in 2020 to 28% by 2035, and strategies to accelerate reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.
- Challenges around financing the large investments needed for energy transformation and developing supporting infrastructure and human resources.
The document discusses Indonesia's geothermal development goals and challenges. Key points:
- Indonesia aims to reach 7,200 MW of geothermal capacity by 2025 but is currently only at 2,130 MW due to lower investment in recent years. Covid-19 has also delayed some projects.
- Private sector investment is needed to help meet targets and de-risk exploration, as government budgets are limited. Investors require clear regulations and tariffs that ensure projects are economically viable.
- A new presidential decree on renewable energy tariffs could impact geothermal development if not properly structured. Collaboration between government and private sector is important to accelerate development post-pandemic and boost the economy.
The growing use of energy that underlies current economic growth puts unsustainable pressure on natural resources and on the environment.
What options do we have for switching to a cleaner and more efficient energy future? How much will it cost? And what policies could achieve this?
THE FUTURE OF ENERGY REQUIRED FOR BRAZIL.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to present what the future would require for the production and consumption of energy in Brazil based on the use of clean and renewable energy. To avoid the catastrophic future that is predicted for humanity resulting from global warming, it is imperative, among other measures, to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases by replacing the current global energy matrix based fundamentally on fossil fuels (oil , coal and natural gas) by another global energy matrix structured based on renewable energy resources (hydroelectricity, biomass, solar energy, wind energy and hydrogen). In Brazil, the Ministry of Mines and Energy prepared the National Energy Plan 2050 (PNE 2050) in 2020, which does not adopt measures capable of preventing the emission of greenhouse gases in both the electricity and oil sectors.
Tanzania has significant geothermal potential and is working to develop 200MW of geothermal power by 2025. The Tanzania Geothermal Development Company is spearheading development efforts and currently has 5 priority projects at various stages. Ngozi and Songwe have completed surface studies and are ready for test drilling. Developing local capacity and securing funding from the government, Green Climate Fund, and other partners are keys to realizing Tanzania's geothermal ambitions.
POTENTIAL STUDY ADDRESSING SHORTAGE OF POWER AND ECONOMIC GROWTH THROUGH FORE...IAEME Publication
India is densely populated and has high solar insolation, an ideal combination for using solar power in India. India is already a leader in wind power generation. India is now one of the top five solar energy developments worldwide as per Ernst & Young’s renewable energy attractiveness index. As per report by WATO-India, 2012, the Indian Renewable Energy business market is experiencing a growth rate of 15 %/yr and the opportunities for private investments are estimated to
be of about USD 34 billion.
The document discusses renewable energy in India. It notes that India is experiencing rapid population growth and rising energy demand that existing producers are struggling to meet. While renewable energy could help address this, substantial progress has been limited by issues like deficiencies in policy and planning. However, factors like falling technology costs and efficiency gains may help boost renewables. It also provides statistics on India's current energy production and consumption levels as well as projections for 2020, noting plans to significantly increase renewable energy capacity.
This document provides an overview and analysis of different floating solar technologies based on case studies. It aims to quantify the potential increase in electricity production from floating solar technologies compared to expectations in literature (around 10% increase) and results from simulations using PVsyst software, which does not have a specific module for floating solar. The document finds that the increase in production from different floating solar technologies ranges from 0.31% to 2.59% depending on the technology and location, which is below anticipated literature values. It also calculates the levelized cost of energy for different technologies and locations, ranging from 96.2 €/MWh to 50.3 €/MWh.
Similar to J-Impacts of Different Funding Sources on Long-lead Items Procurement in Indonesia Geothermal Drilling Projects.pdf (20)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
J-Impacts of Different Funding Sources on Long-lead Items Procurement in Indonesia Geothermal Drilling Projects.pdf
1. PROCEEDINGS, 45th
Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering
Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 10-12, 2020
SGP-TR-216
1
Impacts of Different Funding Sources on Long-lead Items Procurement in Indonesia
Geothermal Drilling Projects
Fikha Fininda, Vicki Agustino, Dorman P. Purba, Daniel W. Adityatama
Rigsis Energi Indonesia, Equity Tower 49th Floor, SCBD, Jakarta 12520, Indonesia
fikha.fininda@rigsis.com
Keywords: local content, long-lead items, procurement, international bidding, geothermal, drilling, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Following the Paris Agreement on climate change, Indonesia has committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 29-41% against
the business as usual scenario by 2030. In addition, Indonesia also has been encouraged to boost its national energy security and
independence. To accomplish these targets, the Government of Indonesia has embarked on various attempts as emphasized in the
National Energy Plan by increasing the use of renewable energy, especially from geothermal energy sources. However, the significant
capital costs and risks have caused geothermal projects less attractive and more challenging. The cost of drilling dominates the
proportion of the overall project investment cost, including long-lead items such as casing pipes.
In the Indonesian geothermal industry, the developers have been encouraged to source the components from local manufacturers to
increase the competitiveness between the domestic manufacturing industry and to minimize transportation costs. In contrast, some
geothermal developers, which are financed by international funding institutions, are required to do international bidding as required in
the procurement guidelines in order to give a wide choice of selection. Therefore, the international bidding requirements necessitate
importing finished casing pipes into Indonesia. Inaccurate decisions during procurement processes, especially for casing pipes, could
lead to major operational issues and costs in the future.
This research aims at getting a deep understanding of how different funding sources can give impacts to long-lead items procurement,
especially casing pipes, in geothermal development projects in Indonesia. The paper also investigates the challenges and opportunities
that come with the use of local content. The research of local content for long-lead items on Indonesia geothermal drilling procurement
has been limited. Thus, the presence of this paper intends to fill the gaps in the field.
1. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia’s population is projected to reach 270 million people in 2025, an increase of 51 million compared to 2005 (BAPPENAS, BPS,
& UNFPA, 2008). It means that this will have an impact on the national energy consumption in the future, which currently is still
dominated by fossil fuels, especially oil-based energy. The declining fossil energy sources production and the increase of the country’s
dependence on oil and gas imports have encouraged the Government of Indonesia to put renewable energy as the main priority to
achieve national energy security and independence. In addition, Indonesia has committed to reduce 29% of its greenhouse gas emissions
against the business as usual scenario by 2030 under the Paris Agreement on climate change (Kamia, Yoram, & Tatiana, 2017). The
target should be increased to 41%, given the availability of international financial support.
Indonesia has commenced various attempts to achieve these targets by incresing the renewable energy usage, as stated in the Indonesian
National Energy Plan (RUEN), shown in the figures below. Figure 1 shows that the renewable energy source should account for 23% or
45 gigawatt (GW) of the total national energy consumption by 2025, including 7.2 GW from geothermal energy, as shown in Figure 2
(Presidential Regulation, 2017).
Figure 1. Indonesian energy mix target in 2025 (modified from Presidential Regulation, 2017)
2. Fininda et al.
2
Figure 2. Target installed capacity from renewable energy in 2025 (modified from Presidential Regulation, 2017)
Located on the Pacific Ring of Fire with 127 active volcanoes, Indonesia possesses excellent geothermal resource availability that can
help meet the country’s rising energy and electricity demand. The geothermal potential in Indonesia is estimated at 25 GW, which is
composed of 10 GW resources and 15 GW reserves scatterd on 331 locations across several islands. However, the current installed
capacity of geothermal power plants (PLTP) is only 1.9 GW (Badan Geologi, 2018; ThinkGeoEnergy, 2020).
Possible Probable Proven
1 Sumatera 103 2,776 1,689 3,889 1,083 1,028 10,465 561
2 Jawa 73 1,190 1,460 3,708 516 1,820 8,694 1,257
3 Bali 6 70 22 122 110 30 354 0
4 Nusa Tenggara 28 225 210 829 121 12.5 1,397 13
5 Kalimantan 14 151 18 12 0 0 181 0
6 Sulawesi 89 1,360 362 1,041 180 120 3,063 121
7 Maluku 33 560 91 497 6 2 1,156 0
8 Papua 3 75 0 0 0 0 75 0
Total 349 6,407 3,852 10,098 2,016 3,012 25,385 1,951
25,385
Potential Energy (MW)
Reserves
Installed Capacity
(MW)
Total
Speculative Hypothetic
No. of
Locations
Island
No
10,259 15,126
Table 1: Potential Geothermal Energy in Indonesia (Modified from Badan Geologi, 2018, and ThinkGeoEnergy, 2020)
Figure 3. Geothermal installed and targeted capacity development in Indonesia (modified from ESDM, 2019)
As we can see from Figure 3, the installed capacity development has been not very significant for the past ten years. The current
installed capacity is still 5.3 GW away from the 2025 target. It shows slow development history but a very ambitious target. The slow
progress in geothermal energy development and utilization in Indonesia has been caused by several problems: high exploration risk, low
drilling success ratio, and high manufacturing components import, especially exploration and production facilities components
(Presidential Regulation, 2017).
3. Fininda et al.
3
According to Rayhanna (2017), the gradual progress in the geothermal sector in Indonesia is also caused by the limited progress in some
assigned geothermal prospect areas through public tender. Most of the fields remain underdeveloped due to various issues, such as
complexity of the process, lack of financial resources, political landscape, and bureaucracy in the country.
Moreover, Purba et al (2019) stated that there are several identified geothermal development challenges in Indonesia, such as
insufficient geological, geophysical, and geochemical data in the area, high resource risk in the upstream sector, high upfront investment
cost with an uncompetitive energy price, limited equity funds, lack of sufficient incentive mechanisms, limited number of human
resources with specific competences, social issues, and lack of infrastructure.
Thus, the most common barrier to advancing geothermal development around the world, including in Indonesia, is the highly resource
risk associated with the exploration phase of geothermal development and significant capital cost. The geothermal energy is stored
around two kilometers beneath the surface, which makes it difficult to be assessed and accessed. In the exploration phase, the
uncertainty is high. In that case, the investors must make decisions to invest in a high-cost drilling campaign, which may cause the
private sector and other funding institutions to be discouraged from supporting geothermal energy projects.
Figure 4 shows an overview of the various stages in geothermal development and the associate changes in the level of risk and capital
investments (ESMAP, 2012). In newly tendered (green field) projects, the highest risks are faced during the early stages of surface
reconnaissance and exploration drilling. During these early phases, the uncertainty regarding the temperature, permeability, or other
relevant parameters is high. The uncertainty is considerably decreased after the resource availability has been confirmed through
exploration drilling. If successful, these may be followed by calculation of reserves and well productivity, and then by development
drilling, which in turn allows the financial feasibility of proceeding to subsequent development stages to be calculated.
Figure 4. Project cost and risk profile at various stages of geothermal development (ESMAP, 2012)
It can be seen as well from Figure 4 that exploration campaigns and initial test drilling programs of three to five geothermal wells cost
from US$ 20 – 30 million (Sanyal et al., 2016). According to Thorhallsson and Sveinbjornsson (2012), the cost of geothermal wells and
field development may reach up to 40% of the total investment cost for new high-temperature geothermal plants. The cost will be varied
depending on the depth of the geothermal resource and rock formation. These parameters may affect the initial and final diameter, the
rate of penetration and drilling speed, the total time required to complete the well and the number of casing strings required. Although
the casing cost is approximately 10%, the usage of casing in the geothermal wells is very important. Failure to provide the required
casing size and type needed may affect the project in the future.
In Indonesia, it is very common to have local content requirement in the procurement process. The reason behind this regulation is to
increase the competitiveness between local contractors and to minimize the transportation cost. However, some international funding
institutions require international bidding as a requirement. Despite the higher transportation and import tax costs, it is considered to give
a wide choice of selection.
In terms of long-lead items, generally, casing pipe manufacturers import the green pipes and conduct the heat and thread process on the
casing pipe in Indonesia. Thus, they never import the finished casing pipes into Indonesia. In the case of geothermal developers, who
are funded by international funding institutions, they will face a difficulty to import casing pipes needed, if the casing supplier does not
have heat treatment or threading facilities in Indonesia. As a result, they will import the finished product into Indonesia, and it will be
very difficult to get the permit to import the casing pipe into Indonesia.
4. Fininda et al.
4
2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND METHOD
2.1 Research Objective
This paper aims at figuring out how different funding sources can impact long-lead items procurement of geothermal project in
Indonesia. It also aims to increase stakeholders’ awareness (government, developers, funding institutions, and academic community)
about the importance of local content in order to achieve the capacity target in 2025. The answer to the main queries will be constructed
based on the findings to the following set of proposed research questions:
1. How important is the role of long-lead items, especially casing pipes, in the whole geothermal drilling project?
2. What are the barriers, primarily on long-lead items, in geothermal drilling operation in Indonesia?
3. What are the geothermal financing mechanisms in Indonesia? How do they impact to the long-lead items procurement in
Indonesia?
2.2 Research Method
The research is conducted by doing a comprehensive literature review. The review of the literature focuses on the information presented
in the Indonesian government regulation, peer-reviewed journals, and conference papers, which cover geothermal development, long-
lead items, procurement, international bidding, and also the geothermal financing mechanisms in Indonesia. The data sources that will
be used are varied, including data from the World Bank, the Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM), the
Indonesian Ministry of Industrial, and other confidential reports.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Geothermal Drilling Project Cost
On average, drilling costs comprise 35 - 40% of the total capital cost of a geothermal project, which will be varied depending on the
size, location, and geothermal resource power capacity (International Finance Corporation, 2013). Similar illustrations have been shown
by data from Iceland in Figure 5 (ESMAP, 2012). Well costs are the major factor of the total cost of any geothermal project. Thus, it
becomes key to determine the economic life of a geothermal field (Kipsang, 2015). There are several parameters that affect the well
cost. According to Sanyal et al. (2011), depth is the main determinant of the drilling cost of a geothermal well. The drilling of deep
exploratory holes in Indonesia is in the range from 1.5 to 3 km, which is also typical in most countries (GeothermEx, 2010).
Figure 5. Investment cost breakdown of geothermal power development in Iceland (modified from ESMAP, 2012)
Generally, drilling costs consist of preparation of drilling location, tubular equipment, line hangers, wellhead, drilling rig, mud service,
drilling bits, directional drilling or performance drilling services, cementing, logging, and company labor and supervision (Gul &
Aslanoglu, 2018). Table 2 shows list of services commonly utilized in a geothermal drilling project in Indonesia based on actual field
data.
5. Fininda et al.
5
Table 2: List of Services in a Geothermal Drilling Project in Indonesia (Modified from Actual Data Field)
Figure 6 shows an illustration of drilling cost allocation taken from actual data. It can be seen that rig, cementing, directional drilling,
and casing dominate the overall drilling cost.
Figure 6. Illustration of drilling cost allocation (from actual field data)
In geothermal wells, casing is used to prevent contamination of fresh well zones, to prevent unstable upper formations, to isolate
different zones, to contain well fluids and pressures, etc. (Kivure, 2016). Moreover, the casing is required to flow the steam from the
reservoir to the power plant. In exploration drilling, casing pipes are used 1.5 – 3 km beneath the surface, which makes it difficult to be
seen. Thus, the appropriate casing design is highly recommended. Hole (2008) stated that the most critical aspects to design drilling
programs is the selection of casings, casing specification, casing shoe depths, and how the well is completed. Figure 7 illustrates the
typical casing design (big hole) in one of the geothermal fields in Indonesia.
Many essential items for geothermal drilling projects have a very long lead time. Providing wellhead and its equipment can take up to
12 months, while casing pipes typically have 9 months lead time. Therefore, failure to provide required casing on time may influence
the overall project since the well is expected to have enough integrity to perform for as long as possible.
6. Fininda et al.
6
OD Weight Grade Connection Depth (m MD) Depth (m VD) ID Drift
Conductor 30 in 148 ppf X-42 Welded 20 m MD 20 m VD - -
Production tie-back 13 3/8 in 72 ppf L-80 Premium 340 m MD 340 m VD ID = 12.347 in -
Hole Size 26 inch Surface 20 in 133 ppf K-55 Semi-premium 400 m MD 400 m VD ID = 18.730 in Drift = 18.54 in
Hole Size 17 1/2 inch Production 13 3/8 in 72 ppf L-80 Premium 1050 m MD 1011 m VD ID = 12.347 in Drift = 12.19 in
Hole Size 12 1/4 inch Production Liner 10 3/4 in 40.5 ppf L-80 Semi-premium 2200 m MD 1953 m VD ID = 10.050 in Drift = 9.89 in
Figure 7. Typical casing design (big hole) in a geothermal field in Indonesia (from actual field data)
3.2 Local Content Regulation in Indonesia
According to Dewanti (2012), local content requirements necessitates that companies use a certain amount of components that are
produced in the host country. In the early forms, local content tended to be simply defined as “local” or “nationally owned” companies.
Nowadays, the definition becomes broader as “total value added in-country”, which is usually expressed in monetary terms (Anderson,
2019).
There are many barriers to local suppliers, such as lack of experience, insufficient knowledge, limited skills, and lack of equipment,
work-space, and access to finance. However, the local content policy is believed to give some advantages for developing countries, such
as to increase the competitiveness between local contractors (national protection), to minimize the transportation cost, to expand
employement opportunities, and to transfer the technology and knowledge. Due to these reasons, the Government of Indonesia has
implemented the local content (TDKN) policy for goods, services, and combination of goods and services in various sectors. The
government has required contractors of energy service projects to source a proportion of their components from local manufacturers.
According to the Ministry of Industrial Republic of Indonesia (2011), component considered as local content on goods includes the use
of raw materials, construction and manufacturing, fabrication, assembling and final finishing on works originated from and conducted
within the territory.The calculation on local content on goods is made based on comparison between the local cost of product against its
total value. The costs include direct material cost, direct labor cost, and indirect factory overhead cost. The calculation is using the
method in which the total cost costs (direct material cost, direct labor cost, and indirect factory overhead cost) minus the foreign
component costs on each aspect divided by the total costs, resulting in the percentage of local content on goods (Legisperitus, 2015).
There has been no comprehensive standard practice to regulate local content on geothermal exploration projects so far. Other
opportunities to enter the market include manufacturing components for the renewable energy sector, an area of huge potential in
Indonesia that remains untapped. Generally, the geothermal developers follow Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM)
regulation, which is shown in Table 3.
In the oil and gas sector, the ESDM has introduced a regulation detailing varied rates of mandatory local content for different activities
that fall within the category of energy projects that are shown in the table below:
7. Fininda et al.
7
Short-term
(2013-2016)
Mid-term
(2017-2020)
Long-term
(2021-2025)
Drilling Pipe (OCTG)
a. High Grade 25 40 55
b. Low Grade 15 25 40
Line Pipe
a. Spiral/SAW 50 65 80
b. ERW 50 65 80
c. Seamless Pipe 10 30 50
3 Drilling Fluid, Cement and Chemical 40 55 70
4 Electrical Submersible Pump 15 25 35
5 Pumping Unit 40 55 70
6 Machinery & Equipment 20 30 40
Wellhead and X-mas Tree
a. Land 40 55 70
b. Sea 15 30 40
8 Fuel 60 75 95
9 Lubricant 50 60 70
10 Barang lain-lain 15 25 40
Target Local Content (%)
No Comodities
1
2
7
Table 3. Targeted Local Content on Oil and Gas (ESDM, 2013)
In the geothermal downstream industry, the Ministry of Industry has implemented the use of domestic products in the construction of
electric power infrastructure. Table 4 shows the minimum local content is made on the basis of power plant capacity and type of energy
use.
Power Source Capacity (MW)
Local Content %
(Goods & Services)
<15 70.79
15-25 49.09
25-100 44.14
100-600 40
>600 38.21
<15 70.76
15-50 51.6
50-150 49
>150 47.6
<5 42
5-10 40.45
10-60 33.24
60-110 29.21
>110 28.95
Gas <100 per block 48.96
<50 per block 47.88
50-100 per block 40
100-300 per block 34.76
>300 per block 30.22
Scattered 45.9
Centralized 43.72
Centralized Connected 40.68
Solar
Steam
Hydro
Geothermal
Combined Gas & Steam
Table 4. Minimum Local Content Requirement for Electric Power Infrastructure Projects (KEMENPERIN, 2012, 2017)
Commonly, casing pipe manufacturers import the green pipes and add local content value by using their heating and threading facilities
in Indonesia. Therefore, they never import the finished pipes into Indonesia. Hypothetically, importing the green pipes from outside
Indonesia is cheaper than producing the green pipes in Indonesia. International companies, who do not have heat treatment and
threading facilities here, could not comply with the local content requirement, as they will import the finished product into Indonesia.
3.3 Geothermal Funding Sources
Geothermal energy production requires large upfront capital investments in debt and equity. Therefore, finding financial sources to
accelerate geothermal exploration projects is challenging. There are several financing mechanisms in Indonesia.
8. Fininda et al.
8
3.3.1 International funding institution
The first geothermal financing mechanism is solely funded by international financing institution, such as the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC),
World Bank (WB) and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) (World Bank & ADB, 2015). These financing institutions have
set their own guidelines and standards. Generally, they require international bidding for the purpose of the procurement process. As a
result, the borrowers may face a difficulty when importing required casing pipes needed from the casing suppliers who do not have heat
treatment or threading facilities in Indonesia. It is very difficult to get the permit to import the casing pipe into Indonesia. Thus, it may
lead to prolonged delays and incur high costs.
3.3.2 National funding
Hypothetically, the developers may get a loan from local commercial debt suppliers (banks). However, they may require a higher credit
risk premium to account for the higher risk due to the relatively large amount of debt caused by the high capital requirements.
Moreover, they might not be interested in geothermal exploration phase because of its uncertainty.
As the Government of Indonesia’s designated fund manager for the Infrastructure Financing for Geothermal (PISP), PT Sarana Multi
Infrastruktur (PT SMI) have launched various financing products and cooperate with the multilateral institutions and private entities to
mitigate geothermal exploration resource risk, including the Indonesia Geothermal Energy Upstream Development Program (GEUDP)
and Geothermal Resource Risk Mitigation Project (GREM) as a collaboration with the World Bank and Climate Funds.
In the GEUDP, PT SMI will take over some new and unassigned concessions and drill (green field) to prove geothermal potential within
each area. Once the prospect areas are successfully explored and proven, they will be returned to the ESDM. The ESDM will tender the
area’s data to private developers and state-owned enterprises for further development. The long-lead items procurement by the
developers might not be impacted by this program.
The GREM will make it soft financing for both public and private sector developers. For the public sector, support will be provided to
public entities, such as State-owned Enterprises (SOEs), SOE subsidiaries, or public service agencies. In the case of unsuccessful
exploration, the geothermal developers may get up to 50% forgiveness whereas they have to fully repay the loan to PT SMI if the
exploration is successful. For the private sector, the developers will be required to contribute their own equity equivalent to 25% of the
total cost. In the case of unsuccessful or successful exploration, the developers have to repay up to 50% of the 75% loan. The remaining
50% will be treated as financial instrument or convertible debt instrument that can be repaid under fair market value if it is successful.
The program is in the process of implementation and will be a loan signing between the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and the World Bank
this year.
The GREM is a very interesting mechanism because of its forgiveness scheme. However, the geothermal developers must still consider
that the long-lead items procurement process might be complicated. It might not comply with Indonesia’s local content regulation as it
must follow the World Bank’s guidelines or principles.
3.3.3 Equity from Parent Company
Third, the geothermal developers use their own equity or strong incentive from parent companies to develop the project, as proven in the
Sarulla project (Rakhmadi & Sutiyono, 2015). In this financing mechanism, the procurement process may be flexible and follow the
Indonesian local content regulation.
4. CONCLUSION
Geothermal projects provide relatively clean and constant production profiles compared to other renewable energy technologies.
However, the electricity production from geothermal energy in Indonesia is still a long way from the ambitious 2025 target. One of the
crucial factors of the slow progress in the geothermal sector in Indonesia is caused by high resource risk and high upfront investment
costs which are faced in the newly tendered or green field projects. The uncertainty is decreased after the resource availability has been
confirmed during the drilling phase. Thus, the cost of drilling is very significant on the overall investment costs, including long-lead
items, such as casing pipes. The local content policy has an important role in the geothermal business process. The Government of
Indonesia has applied the local content requirement for goods, services, and combination of goods and services in the energy sector as a
national protection for local manufacturers. Geothermal developers who are required to do international bidding, will face importing
permit issues in the future. If their suppliers are the international companies who do not have heat treatment and threading facilities in
Indonesia, they cannot comply with the local content policy, as they will import the finished casing pipes into Indonesia. On the other
hand, for the geothermal developers who are financed by their own equity, the procurement process may be flexible and will follow
Indonesia’s local content regulation. Therefore, the geothermal developers need to increase their awareness about these issues and
wisely choose the financial source as it may affect the requirement process, especially for long-lead items on geothermal drilling
projects. Failure to provide casing pipes on time may lead to prolonged delay, higher cost, and reduced discounted value of the project’s
revenues.
9. Fininda et al.
9
5. RECOMMENDATION
The research presented in this paper has led to useful results and conclusions on deepening the understanding of the impacts of different
funding sources on the procurement of long-lead items in geothermal drilling projects in Indonesia. Furthermore, it has uncovered many
areas that need to improve. Thus, some recommendations have been provided to identify and discuss the need for better geothermal
practices in the future:
1. The authors suggest that for long-lead items procurement process, especially casing, the developers may utilize their own
equity. The other services in the geothermal drilling project (rig, cementing, directional drilling, etc.) may be borne through
other available sources, such as from government support or international loan facilities for geothermal project.
2. International funding institutions should consider local or national regulation in their procurement guideline. Otherwise, if
there are contradictory rules or regulations, it will have the potential to delay the project.
3. The Indonesian Ministry of Mineral and Energy Resources, the Ministry of Industry, the Ministry of Finance, and other
stakeholders need to coordinate and provide consistent local content policies to accelerate geothermal development in
Indonesia.
4. A collaborative approach between the geothermal developers, academic community, international funding institutions, and
government is highly encouraged. Collaboration and knowledge sharing can help offset potential misalignment between
government expectations and what is actually deliverable, especially regarding local content in both upstream and downstream
geothermal projects.
5. The government has worked to broaden the opportunities available to support infrastructure and crucial equipment to energy
sector projects and to open the door to foreign companies seeking to enter the market via joint ventures. Foreign casing
suppliers could use the opportunity to take advantage of the upcoming geothermal projects through joint ventures and
technology transfer with local partners that have market access in Indonesia.
6. REFERENCES
Anderson, G. (2019). Can local content thrive in a lower-cost upstream industry? Africa Oil Week 2019.
Badan Geologi. (2018). Potensi panas bumi di Indonesia. Jakarta: Badan Geologi, Kementrian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral.
BAPPENAS, BPS & UNFPA. (2008). Proyeksi penduduk Indonesia [Indonesia population projection] 2005 - 2025. Jakarta: Badan
Perencanaan Nasional, Badan Pusat Statistik & United Nations Population Fund.
Dewanti, E. H. (2012). Persyaratan kandungan lokal (local content requirements) di Indonesia dan kaitannya dengan perjanjian
internasional di bidang investasi. 203.
EBTKE. (2017). Potensi panas bumi Indonesia [Indonesia geothermal potential]. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Energy Baru,
Terbarukan, dan Konversi Energi, Kementrian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral.
ESDM. (2013). Peraturan Menteri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia tentang penggunaan produk dalam negeri
pada kegiatan usaha hulu minyak dan gas bumi No. 15/2013. Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral [Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources].
ESDM. (2019). Geothermal as a clean and renewable energy source in the energy mix. The 7th Indonesia International Geothermal
Convention & Exhibition. Jakarta: Kementrian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral.
ESMAP. (2012). Geothermal Handbook: Planning and financing power generation 002/12. The International Bank for Reconstruction
And Development, World Bank.
ESMAP. (2012). Handbook on planning and financing geothermal power generation: Main findings and recommendations.
Washington DC: The World Bank.
GBG Indonesia. (2014, May 5). Going local: Understanding Indonesia’s local content requirements. Retrieved from gbgindonesia.com:
http://www.gbgindonesia.com/en/main/business_updates/2014/upd_going_local_understanding_indonesia_s_local_content_re
quirements.php
GeothermEx. (2010). An assessment of geothermal resource risks in Indonesia. Richmond, California: GeothermEx, Inc.
Gul, S., & Aslanoglu, V. (2018). Drilling and well completion cost analysis of geothermal wells in Turkey. 43rd Workshop on
Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford, California: Stanford University.
Handayani, K., Krozer, Y., & Filatova, T. (2017). Trade-offs between electrification and climate change mitigation: An analysis of the
Java-Bali power system in Indonesia. Applied Energy 208, 1020-1037.
Hole, H. (2008). Geothermal well design - casing and wellhead. Petroleum Engineering Summer School. Dubrovnik, Croatia.
10. Fininda et al.
10
International Finance Corporation. (2013). Success of geothermal wells: A global study. Washington, DC: International Finance
Corporation, World Bank Group.
KEMENKEU. (2017). Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Republik Indonesia tentang pengelolaan dana pembiayaan infrastruktur sektor
panas bumi pada perusahaan persero (PERSERO) PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur No 62/PMK.08/2017. Kementrian
Keuangan [Ministry of Finance].
KEMENPERIN. (2012). Pedoman penggunaan produk dalam negeri untuk pembangunan infrastruktur ketenagalistrikan No. 54/M-
IND/PER/3/2012. Kementrian Perindustrian [Ministry of Industry].
KEMENPERIN. (2017). Pedoman penggunaan produk dalam negeri untuk pembangunan infrastruktur ketenagalistrikan No. 05/M-
IND/PER/2/2017. Kementrian Perindustrian [Ministry of Industry].
Kipsang, C. (2015). Cost model for geothermal wells. World Geothermal Congress. Melbourne.
Kivure, W. (2016). Geothermal well drilling costing - a case study of Menengai geothermal field. SDG Short Course I on Exploration
and Development of Geothermal Resources. Lake Bogoria and Lake Naivasha, Kenya: UNU-GTP, GDC & KenGen.
Legisperitus. (2015, February 06). Local content requirement in Indonesian oil and gas industry. Retrieved from Legisperitus.co.id:
https://legisperitus.co.id/blog-news/local-content-requirement-indonesian-oil-and-gas-industry
Nurrohim, A. (2015). Effect of local content on electricity generation cost of small scale geothermal power generation. Pusat Teknologi
Konversi dan Konservasi Energi (PTKKE) Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT).
Pambudi, N. A. (2018). Geothermal power generation in Indonesia, a country within the Ring of Fire: Current status, future
development and policy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 81, 2893 - 2901.
Presidential Regulation. (2017). Rencana Umum Energi Nasional [National Energi Plan] No. 22/2017.
PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur. (2019). Indonesia geothermal resource risk mitigation project (GREM) . PT Sarana Multi Infrastruktur.
Purba, D. P., Adityatama, D. W., Umam, M. F., & Muhammad, F. (2019). Key considerations in developing strategy for geothermal
exploration drilling project in Indonesia. 44th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford: Stanford
University.
Rakhmadi, R., & Sutiyono, G. (2015). Using private finance to accelerate geothermal deployment: Sarulla geothermal power plant,
Indonesia. Climate Investment Funds (CIF).
Rayhanna, N. (2017). Institutional analysis of geothermal energy investment in Indonesia: Operationalization of the IAD framework.
Delft: Delft University of Technology.
Sanyal, S. K., Morrow, J. W., Jayawardena, M. S., Berrah, N., Li, S. F., & Suryadama. (2011). Geothermal resource risk in Indonesia -
A statistical study. Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering. Stanford, California: Stanford University.
Sanyal, S. K., Robertson-Tait, A., Jayawardena, M. S., Huttrer, G., & Berman, L. (2016). Comparative analysis of approaches to
geothermal resource risk mitigation: A global survey. Energy Sector Management Asisstance Program (ESMAP).
ThinkGeoEnergy. (2020). Retrieved from ThinkGeoEnergy.com: http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/map/
Thorhallsson, S., & Sveinbjornsson, B. M. (2012). Geothermal drilling cost and drilling effectiveness. Short Course on Geothermal
Development and Geothermal Wells. Santa Tecla, El Salvador: UNU-GTP and LaGeo.
World Bank & ADB. (2015). Unlocking Indonesia's geothermal potential. Asian Development Bank and The World Bank.