The document discusses several studies that analyzed biomechanics during stair climbing. SAMANTHA M. REID et al. (2007) found that alternate stair ambulation patterns like step-by-step lead-leg and trail-leg had higher knee loads than traditional step-over-step. M. Spanjaard et al. (2008) examined how increasing step-height and body mass influenced lower limb biomechanics during descent. Centro di Bioingegneria et al. (2002) investigated biomechanics at different stair inclinations. Additional studies analyzed kinematics of ascending and descending, differentiated patterns between young and older adults, and identified normal parameters in young individuals.

20. joint Motion
Hip Extension : 60-30
degrees of flexion
Knee Extension : 80-35 degree
of flexion
Ankle Dorsiflexion : 20-25
degree of dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion : 25-15
degree of dorsiflexion

22. Joint Motion
Hip Extension : 30-5 degree
flexion
Flexion : 5-20 degree of
flexion
Knee Extension : 30-10 degree of
flexion
Flexion : 5- 20 flexion
Ankle Plantar Flexion : 15 degree of
dorsiflexion to 15-10 degree of
plantar flexion

24. Joint Motion
Hip Flexion: 10–20 degree to 40–
60 degree of flexion
Extension: 40–60 degree of
flexion to 50 degree of flexion
Knee Flexion: 10 degree of flexion
to 90-100 degree of flexion
Extension: 90–100 degree of
flexion to 85 degree of flexion
Ankle Dorsiflexion: 10 degree of
plantarflexion to 20 degree of
dorsiflexion

26. Joint Motion
Hip Extension : 20-30 degree
flexion to 5 degree of flexion
Knee Flexion : 5-10 degree of
flexion
Ankle Dorsiflexion : 5-10 degree of
plantar flexion to 5-10 degree
dorsi flexion

28. Joint Motion
Hip Flexion : 5 degrees of flexion
to 10-15 degrees of flexion
Knee Flexion : 5-10 degree of
flexion to 25-30 degrees of
flexion
Ankle Dorsiflexion : 5-10 degree to
15-20 degrees

30. Joint Motion
Hip Flexion :40-45 degrees
Extension : 40-45 degree
flexion to 10-15 degrees
flexion
Knee Flexion : 0 degree extension to
35-45 degree flexion
Extension: 35-45 degree
flexion to 5 degree flexion
Ankle Dorsiflexion : 5-10 degree
plantar flexion to 0-5 degree

40. Joint Ground
reaction force
Internal
moments
power Major muscle
activity
Hip Anterior to
posterior
Extensors Generation (hip
extensors)
- Gluteus
maximums
- Semitendinos
us
- Gluteus
medius
Knee Posterior to
anterior
Extensors Generation
(knee
extensors)
- Vastus
lateralis
- Rectus
femoris
Ankle middle to
anterior
Dorsiflexors ,
then plantar
flexors
Generation
(dorsiflexors
then plantar
flexors)
- Tibialis
anterior
- Soleus
- Gastronemius

42. Joint Ground
reaction
force
Internal
moments
Power Major muscle
activity
Hip Anterior
to
posterior
Extensors
Then flexors
Generation (hip
extensors) then
isomertric work
Absorption (hip
extensors)
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Semitendinosus
Knee Posterior
to anterior
extensors
Then flexors
generation (knee
extensors)
absorption (knee
extensors)
vastus lateralis
rectus femoris
Ankle Middle to
anterior
dorsiflexors
then plantar
flexors
generation
(plantar flexors)
absorption
(dorsiflexors)
soleus
gastronemius
tibialis anterior

44. Joint Ground
reaction
force
Internal
moment
Power Major muscle
activity
Hip - flexors
then
extensors
Very small
generation at end
of phase (hip
extensors)
Gluteus medius
and gluteus
maximux
Knee - Flexors
then
extensors
Generation (knee
flexors)
Generation (knee
extensors)
Semitendinosus
Vastus lateralis
Rectus femoris
Ankle - Dorsi
flexors
Generation (ankle
dorsiflexors)
Tibialis anterior

46. Joint Ground
reaction
force
Internal
moments
Power Major
muscle
activity
Hip Anterior to
posterior
Extensors to
isometric
Generation
(hip
extensors)
Gluteus
maximus
Gluteus
medius
Knee Mild middle
to anterior
Flexors Absorption
(knee
extensors)
Vastus
lateralis
Rectus
femoris
Ankle Posterior to
anterior
Dorsi flexors
to Plantar
flexors
Absorption
(dorsiflexors)
Generation
(plantar
flexors)
Tibialis
anterior
Soleus
gastronemius

47. Joint Ground
reaction
force
Internal
moment
Power Major muscle
acctivity
Hip Flexors then
extensors
Generation (hip
flexors)
Absorption (hip
flexors)
Ilio-psoas
Knee Flexors then
extensors
Generation
(knee flexors)
Absorption
(knee flexors)
Semitendinosu
s
semimembran
osus
Ankle Dorsiflexors
then plantar
flexors
Generation
(dorsiflexors)
Absorption
(dorsi flexor)
Soleus
Gastronemius
Tibialis
anterior

49. 1) SAMANTHA M. REID et al. did study on Knee
Biomechanics of Alternate Stair Ambulation
Patterns to compare the kinematics and kinetics of the
knee joint during traditional step-over-step (SOS) and
compensatory step-by-step lead-leg (SBSL) and trail-
leg (SBST) stair ambulation patterns.
- In 17 healthy adults with an optoelectronic motion-
tracking system and a force plate embedded into a
four-step staircase.

50. • - They have concluded SBSL during ascent
and SBST during descent had the highest
loads. These results increase our understanding
of alternative stepping patterns and have
important clinical (reduction of loading on
injured/diseased leg) and rehabilitation
implications.
• MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS &
EXERCISE, 2007

51. 2) M. Spanjaard et al.,did study on Lower-limb
biomechanics during stair descent: influence of
step-height and body mass to examine the
biomechanics of the lower limb during stair descent
and the effects of increasing demand in two ways:
by increasing step-height and by increasing body
mass.
• Ten male subjects are included. Lower limb
kinematics and kinetics were determined using
motion capture and ground reaction forces.

52. • The amount of GM muscle fascicle shortening,
during the touch-down phase, also did not
change with added body mass. Our results
suggest that the increase in joint moments is
related to the amount of fascicle shortening,
which occurs whilst the MTC is lengthening,
thereby stretching the elastic tendinous tissues.
• The Journal of Experimental Biology ,
Accepted 8 March 2008

53. 3) Centro di Bioingegneria et al.,did study Stair
ascent and descent at different inclinations to
investigate the biomechanics and motor co-
ordination in humans during stair climbing at
different inclinations.
• They concluded that A large influence was observed
in joint powers. The kinematics and kinetics of
staircase walking differ considerably from level
walking. Gait and Posture 15 (2002) 32–44

54. • 4) Dr. Sadiq Jafer Abbass did on study
Biomechanical Analysis of Human Stair
Climbing (Ascending and Descending) to show
an ideal kinematics appearance of human gait
cycle for stair climbing in order to get
measurement values that can be depended on in
the hospitals of rehabilitation, the centres of
physical therapy and the clinical of medical sports
as a reference data for kinematic joint parameter.
• 5 subjects were selected.
• Motion analysis was used to study the knee and
hip joint kinematics.

55. • They have concluded that the range of motion at
the hip joint is between (10 -70 ) at ascending
and the range is between (20 -50 ) at descending.
The range of motion at the knee joint is between
(20 -90 ) at ascending and the range is between
(10 -100 ) at descending. The range of motion at
the ankle joint is between (-25 -20 ) at ascending
and the range is between (-25 -15 ) at
descending.
• Also it was found that the angular velocity at the
hip joint is between (-10-10) deg/s for ascending
and (-15-25) deg/s for descending.

56. • The angular velocity at the knee joint is
between (-40-30) deg/s for ascending and (-30-
50) deg/s for descending. The angular velocity
at the ankle joint is between (-30-20) deg/s for
ascending and (-15-15) deg/s for descending.
• Eng.& Tech. Journal ,Vol.30 , No.5 , 2012

57. 5) Samantha M. Reid et al. did study on
Differentiation of young and older adult
stair climbing gait using principal
component analysis.
• 30 healthy young adults (23.9 2.6 years) and
32 healthy older adults (65.5 5.2 years) were
analyzed while they ascended a custom 4-step
staircase.

58. • They have concluded that Principal component
analysis and discriminate function analysis
applied in this investigation identified gait pattern
differences between young and older adults.
Identification of stair gait pattern differences
between young and older adults could help in
understanding age-related changes associated
with the performance of the locomotor task of
stair climbing.
• Gait & Posture,2009

59. 6) Anastasia Protopapadaki et al., did study on
Hip, knee, ankle kinematics and kinetics
during stair ascent and descent in healthy
young individuals to identify normal
functional parameters of the lower limb during
stair climbing and to compare the actions of
stair ascent and descent in young healthy
individuals 33 young subjects.

60. • Kinematic data were recorded using 3D motion
analysis system. Temporal gait cycle data and
ground reaction forces were recorded using a
force platform.
• They have concluded that Stair ascent was shown
to be the more demanding biomechanical task
when compared to stair descent for healthy young
subjects. The findings from the current study
provide baseline measures for pathological
studies, theoretical joint modelling, and for
mechanical joint simulators.
• Clinical Biomechanics 22 (2007) 203–210

61. • Pamela K. Levangie and Cynthia C. Norkin, joint
structure and function: a comprehensive analysis,
4th edition, 2005
• Biomechanic in ergonomics, edited by shrawan
kumar,1999
• Micheal w.whittle, gait analysis : an introduction,
4th edition , 2007
• Christopher L Vaughan, Brian L Davis, Jeremy C
O.Connor, dynamics of human gait, 2nd edition,
1999

62. • SAMANTHA M. REID et al. ,Knee
Biomechanics of Alternate Stair Ambulation
Patterns, MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS
& EXERCISE, 2007
• M. Spanjaard et al., Lower-limb biomechanics
during stair descent: influence of step-height
and body mass, The Journal of Experimental
Biology , Accepted 8 March 2008
• Centro di Bioingegneria et al., Stair ascent and
descent at different inclinations, Gait and
Posture 15 (2002) 32–44

63. • Dr. Sadiq Jafer Abbass ,Biomechanical Analysis
of Human Stair Climbing (Ascending and
Descending), Eng.& Tech. Journal ,Vol.30 , No.5 ,
2012
• Samantha M. Reid et al. Differentiation of young
and older adult stair climbing gait using
principal component analysis, Gait &
Posture,2009
• Anastasia Protopapadaki et al., Hip, knee, ankle
kinematics and kinetics during stair ascent and
descent in healthy young individuals, Clinical
Biomechanics 22 (2007) 203–210