1. A
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amenorrhea - absence or cessation of menstrual periods.
amenorrhea, primary - from the beginning and lifelong; menstruation never begins at puberty.
amenorrhea, secondary - due to some physical cause and usually of later onset; a condition in
which menstrual periods which were at one time normal and regular become increasing abnormal
and irregular or absent.
anovulation - failure of the ovaries to produce or release mature eggs.
B
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benign - cell growth that is not cancerous, does not invade nearby tissue, or spread to other parts
of the body.
biological therapy (Also called immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response
modifier therapy.) - uses the body's immune system, either directly or indirectly, to fight cancer
or to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments.
biopsy - removal of sample of tissue via a hollow needle or scalpel.
C
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cancer - abnormal cells that divide without control, which can invade nearby tissues or spread
through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.
carcinogen - a substance that is known to cause cancer.
cervicitis - an irritation of the cervix by a number of different organisms. Cervicitis is generally
classified as either acute or chronic.

2. cervix - the lower, narrow part of the uterus (womb) located between the bladder and the rectum.
It forms a canal that opens into the vagina, which leads to the outside of the body.
chemotherapy - treatment to destroy cancer cells with drugs.
chlamydial infection - very common sexually transmitted disease or urinary tract infection
caused by a bacteria-like organism in the urethra and reproductive system.
climacteric (Also called perimenopause.) - the transition period of time before menopause,
marked by a decreased production of estrogen and progesterone, irregular menstrual periods, and
transitory psychological changes.
clinical trials - organized research studies that provide clinical data aimed at finding better ways
to prevent, detect, diagnose, or treat diseases.
cold knife cone biopsy - a procedure in which a laser or a surgical scalpel is used to remove a
piece of tissue. This procedure requires the use of general anesthesia.
colony-stimulating factors - substances that stimulate the production of blood cells.
colposcopy (Also called colposcopic biopsy.) - a procedure which uses an instrument with
magnifying lenses, called a colposcope, to examine the cervix for abnormalities. If abnormal tissue
is found, a biopsy is usually performed.
computed tomography (Also called CT or CAT scan.) - a non-invasive procedure that takes
cross-sectional images of the brain or other internal organs; to detect any abnormalities that may
not show up on an ordinary x-ray. The CT scan may indicate enlarged lymph nodes - a possible
sign of a spreading cancer or of an infection.
cone biopsy (Also called conization.) - a biopsy in which a larger cone-shaped piece of tissue
is removed from the cervix by using the loop electrosurgical excision procedure or the cold knife
cone biopsy procedure. The cone biopsy procedure may be used as a treatment for precancerous
lesions and early cancers.
cryosurgery - use of liquid nitrogen, or a probe that is very cold, to freeze and kill cancer cells.
culdocentesis - a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the pelvic cavity through the
vaginal wall to obtain a sample of pus.
cyst - a fluid-filled or semi-solid sac in or under the skin.

3. cystitis - inflammation of the urinary bladder and ureters.
D
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dilation and curettage (Also called D & C.) - a minor operation in which the cervix is dilated
(expanded) so that the cervical canal and uterine lining can be scraped with a curette (spoon-
shaped instrument).
dysmenorrhea - pain or discomfort experienced just before or during a menstrual period.
dysmenorrhea, primary - from the beginning and usually lifelong; severe and frequent
menstrual cramping caused by uterine contractions.
dysmenorrhea, secondary - due to some physical cause and usually of later onset; painful
menstrual periods caused by another medical condition present in the body (i.e., pelvic
inflammatory disease, endometriosis).
dyspareunia - pain in the vagina or pelvis experienced during sexual intercourse.
E
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ectopic pregnancy (Also called tubal pregnancy.) - pregnancy that develops outside the
uterus, usually in one of the fallopian tubes.
endocervical curettage (ECC) - a procedure which uses a narrow instrument called a curette to
scrape the lining of the endocervical canal. This type of biopsy is usually completed along with the
colposcopic biopsy.
endometrial ablation - a procedure to destroy the lining of the uterus (endometrium).
endometrial biopsy - a procedure in which a sample of tissue is obtained through a tube which is
inserted into the uterus.
endometrial hyperplasia - abnormal thickening of the endometrium caused by excessive cell
growth.

4. endometrial implants - fragments of endometrium that relocate outside of the uterus, such as in
the muscular wall of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, or intestine.
endometrial resection - a procedure to remove the lining of the uterus (endometrium).
endometriosis - condition in which tissue resembling that of the endometrium grows outside the
uterus, on or near the ovaries or fallopian tubes, or in other areas of the pelvic cavity.
endometrium - mucous membrane lining of the inner surface of the uterus that grows during
each menstrual cycle and is shed in menstrual blood.
endoscopy - use of a very flexible tube with a lens or camera (and a light on the end), which is
connected to a computer screen, allowing the physician to see inside the hollow organs, such as
the uterus. Biopsy samples can be taken through the tube.
estrogen - a group of hormones secreted by the ovaries which affect many aspects of the female
body, including a woman's menstrual cycle and normal sexual and reproductive development.
estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) - use of the female hormone estrogen to replace that
which the body no longer produces naturally after medical or surgical menopause.
excisional - cutting away cancerous tissue with a scalpel or other instruments to completely
remove it and possibly some surrounding tissue. There are many types of excisional surgeries,
each named for the particular area of the body in which they are performed or the particular
purpose for which they are performed.
expectant management (Also called expectant therapy.) - "watchful waiting" or close
monitoring of a disease by a physician instead of immediate treatment.
extragenital - outside of, away from, unrelated to the genital organs.
F
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fallopian tubes - two thin tubes that extend from each side of the uterus, toward the ovaries, as
a passageway for eggs and sperm.
fecal occult blood test - test to check for hidden blood in stool.

5. fertile - able to become pregnant.
fibroids - noncancerous growths in, on, or within the walls of the uterus.
fibroid embolization - a new minimally-invasive (without a large abdominal incision) technique
which involves identifying which arteries are supplying blood to the fibroids and then blocking off
these arteries, which cuts off the fibroids blood supply and causes them to shrink. Physicians are
still evaluating the long-term implications of this procedure on fertility and regrowth of the fibroid.
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain that
stimulates the growth and maturation of eggs in females and sperm in males, and sex hormone
production in both males and females.
G
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genital herpes - a sexually transmitted disease caused by the herpes simplex virus.
genital warts - a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV).
genitals - external sex organs.
grading - a process for classifying cancer cells to determine the growth rate of the tumor. The
cancer cells are measured by how closely they look like normal cells.
H
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hirsutism - excess growth of body and facial hair, including the chest, stomach, and back.
hormone replacement therapy (HRT) - use of the female hormones estrogen and progestin (a
synthetic form of progesterone) to replace those hormones the body no longer produces after
menopause.
hormone therapy - treatment of cancer by removing, blocking, or adding hormones.
hormones - chemical substances created by the body that control numerous body functions.

6. human papillomaviruses (HPVs) - a group of viruses that can cause warts. Some HPVs are
sexually transmitted and cause wart-like growths on the genitals. HPV is associated with some
types of cancer.
hyperplasia - an abnormal increase in the number of cells in a tissue or an organ (i.e., cervix or
the lining of the uterus).
hysterectomy - surgery to remove the uterus.
hysterosalpingography - x-ray examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes that uses dye and
is often performed to rule out tubal obstruction.
hysteroscopy - visual examination of the canal of the cervix and the interior of the uterus using a
viewing instrument (hysteroscope) inserted through the vagina.
I
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imaging - tests or evaluation procedures that produce pictures of areas inside the body.
immune system - group of organs, antibodies, and cells that defends the body against infection
or disease.
immunotherapy (Also called biological therapy.) - treatment that uses the body's natural
defenses to fight cancer.
infertility - not being able to produce children.
interferon - a biological response modifier that stimulates the growth of certain disease-fighting
blood cells in the immune system.
interleukin-2 - a biological response modifier that stimulates the growth of certain blood cells in
the immune system that can fight cancer.
invasive cancer - cancer that begins in one area and then spreads deeper into the tissues of that
area.
J

7. [return to top]
K
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L
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labia - the folds of skin at the opening of the vagina (and other organs).
laparoscopic lymph node sampling - lymph nodes are removed through a viewing tube called a
laparoscope, which is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen.
laparoscopy - use of a viewing tube with a lens or camera (and a light on the end), which is
inserted through a small incision in the abdomen to examine the contents of the abdomen and
remove tissue samples.
laparotomy - a surgical procedure that involves an incision from the upper to lower abdomen;
often used when making a diagnosis by less invasive tests is difficult.
loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) - a procedure which uses an electric wire loop
to obtain a piece of tissue.
luteinizing hormone (LH) - hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain that stimulates
the growth and maturation of eggs in females and sperm in males.
lymph nodes (Also called lymph glands.) - small organs located in the channels of the
lymphatic system which store special cells to trap bacteria or cancer cells traveling through the
body in lymph. Clusters of lymph nodes are found in the underarms, groin, neck, chest, and
abdomen.
lymphatic system - tissues and organs, including bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph
nodes, that produce, store, and carry white blood cells to fight infection and disease.
M
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8. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - a non-invasive procedure that produces a two-
dimensional view of an internal organ or structure, especially the brain and spinal cord. The MRI
may show abnormal nodules in bones or lymph nodes - a sign that cancer may be spreading.
malignant - cancerous cells are present.
mammogram - x-ray of the breast tissue.
menarche - a young woman's first menstrual period.
menopause - end of menstruation; commonly used to refer to the period ending the female
reproductive phase of life.
menorrhagia - the most common type of abnormal uterine bleeding (also called dysfunctional
uterine bleeding) characterized by heavy and prolonged menstrual bleeding. In some cases,
bleeding may be so severe and relentless that daily activities become interrupted.
menses - menstrual flow.
menstruation - a cyclical process of the endometrium shedding its lining, along with discharge
from the cervix and vagina, from the vaginal opening. This process results from the mature egg
cell (ovum) not being fertilized by a sperm cell as it travels from one of the ovaries down a
fallopian tube to the uterus, in the process called ovulation.
metastasis - spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.
metrorrhagia - any irregular, acyclical nonmenstrual bleeding from the uterus; bleeding between
menstrual periods.
monoclonal antibodies - substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are
in the body.
N
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O
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9. obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) - physicians who specialize in general women's medical
care, diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the female reproductive system, and care of
pregnant women.
oligomenorrhea - infrequent or light menstrual cycles.
oncologist - physician who specializes in treating cancer.
oophorectomy - surgery to remove one or both ovaries.
ovaries - two female reproductive organs located in the pelvis.
ovulation - release of a mature egg from an ovary.
ovum - a mature egg cell released during ovulation from an ovary.
P
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Pap test (Also called Pap smear.) - Test that involves microscopic examination of cells
collected from the cervix, used to detect changes that may be cancer or may lead to cancer, and
to show noncancerous conditions, such as infection or inflammation.
pathologist - physician who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
pelvic examination - an internal examination of the uterus, vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes,
bladder, and rectum.
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - inflammation of the pelvic organs caused by a type of
bacteria.
pelvic lymph node dissection - removal of some lymph nodes from the pelvis.
pelvis - a basin-shaped structure that supports the spinal column and contains the sacrum,
coccyx, and hip bones (ilium, pubis, and ischium).
perimenopause (Also called climacteric.) - the transition period of time before menopause,
marked by a decreased production of estrogen and progesterone, irregular menstrual periods, and
transitory psychological changes.

10. perineal - related to the perineum.
perineum - area between the anus and the sex organs.
peripheral stem cell support - procedure to replace blood-forming cells destroyed by cancer
treatment. Stem cells in the blood that are similar to cells in the bone marrow are removed from
the patient's blood before treatment and given back to the patient after treatment.
placenta - organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy; links the blood supplies of a
pregnant woman to the fetus to provide nutrients and remove waste products.
polymenorrhea - too frequent menstruation.
polyps - a growth that projects from the lining of mucous membrane, such as the intestine.
postmenopausal bleeding - any bleeding that occurs more than 6 months after the last normal
menstrual period at menopause.
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) - a much more severe form of the collective
symptoms known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is
considered a severe and chronic medical condition that requires attention and treatment.
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) - a group of physical and emotional symptoms that some
women experience during their menstrual cycle. Although the symptoms usually cease with onset
of the menstrual period, in some women, symptoms may last through and after their menstrual
periods.
progesterone - female hormone.
progestin - synthetic form of the female sex hormone progesterone.
Q
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R
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11. radiation therapy (Also called radiotherapy.) - treatment with high-energy rays (such as x-
rays or gamma rays) to kill cancer cells; may be by external radiation or by internal radiation from
radioactive materials placed directly in or near the tumor.
radionuclide scan - an imaging scan in which a small amount of radioactive substance is injected
into the vein. A machine measures levels of radioactivity in certain organs, thereby detecting any
abnormal areas or tumors.
rectum - lower end of the large intestine, leading to the anus.
recur - to occur again; reappearance of cancer cells at the same site or in another location.
risk factor - activity or factor that may increase the chance of developing a disease.
S
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salpingectomy - surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes.
salpingo-oophorectomy - surgery to remove the fallopian tubes and ovaries.
Schiller test - a diagnostic test in which the cervix is coated with an iodine solution to detect the
presence of abnormal cells.
sexually transmitted disease (STD) - infection spread through sexual intercourse and other
intimate sexual contact.
screening - checking for disease when there are no symptoms.
stage - the extent of a cancer, whether the disease has spread from the original site to other
parts of the body.
surgery - operation to remove or repair a part of the body, or to find out if disease is present.
systemic treatment - treatment using substances that travel through the bloodstream and reach
cancer cells all over the body.
T

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tamoxifen - an anticancer drug used in hormone therapy to block the effects of estrogen.
tissue - group or layer of cells that together perform specific functions.
total hysterectomy - the removal of the uterus, including the cervix; the fallopian tubes and the
ovaries remain.
total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy - the entire uterus, fallopian
tubes, and the ovaries are surgically removed.
transvaginal ultrasound (Also called ultrasonography.) - an ultrasound test using a small
instrument, called a transducer, that is placed in the vagina.
trichomoniasis - very common type of vaginitis caused by a single-celled organism usually
transmitted during sexual contact.
tumor - abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell division; may be benign (not
cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
U
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ultrasound - an imaging technique that uses sound waves to produce an image on a monitor of
the abdominal organs, such as the uterus, liver, and kidneys.
urethra - narrow channel through which urine passes from the bladder out of the body.
urethritis - infection limited to the urethra.
uterus - also called the womb, the uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ located in a woman's
lower abdomen, between the bladder and the rectum.
V
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13. vagina (Also called the birth canal.) - the passageway through which fluid passes out of the
body during menstrual periods. The vagina connects the cervix (the opening of the womb, or
uterus) and the vulva (the external genitalia).
vaginal atrophy - often a symptom of menopause; the drying and thinning of the tissues of the
vagina and urethra. This can lead to dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) as well as
vaginitis, cystitis, and urinary tract infections.
vaginal hysterectomy - the uterus is removed through the vaginal opening.
vaginitis - inflammation, redness, or swelling of the vaginal tissues; usually resulting from a
bacterial infection.
vaginitis, atrophic - a form of noninfectious vaginitis which usually results from a decrease in
hormones because of menopause, surgical removal of the ovaries, radiation therapy, or even after
childbirth - particularly in breastfeeding women. Lack of estrogen dries and thins the vaginal
tissue, and may also cause spotting.
vaginitis, bacterial - very common vaginal infection characterized by symptoms such as
increased vaginal discharge or itching, burning, or redness in the genital area.
vaginitis, noninfectious - a type of vaginitis that usually refers to vaginal irritation without an
infection being present. Most often, the infection is caused by an allergic reaction to, or irritation
from, vaginal sprays, douches, or spermicidal products. It may also be caused by sensitivity to
perfumed soaps, detergents, or fabric softeners.
vaginitis, viral - very common vaginal infection, often sexually transmitted, that is caused by one
of many different types of viruses (i.e., herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus).
vulva - external, visible part of the female genital area.
vulvitis - an inflammation of the vulva, the soft folds of skin outside the vagina. This is not a
condition but rather a symptom that results from a host of diseases, infections, injuries, allergies,
and other irritants.
W
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white blood cells - cells that help the body fight infection and disease.

14. X
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x-ray - electromagnetic energy used to produce images of bones and internal organs onto film.
Y
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yeast infection (Also called Candida.) - one type of vaginitis caused by the Candida fungus
characterized by itching, burning, or redness of the vaginal area.
Z
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
 Abandoned cycle
When the patient stops the treatment course for personal reasons.
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 Ablation
The removal of tissue by surgery, laser, cryotherapy or electricity.
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 Actinomyces
Anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity reservoir, which may be associated with colonisation of
intrauterine devices and the production of pelvic infections and abscesses.
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 Adenocarcinoma
Malignant tumour whose cells come from glandular epithelium.

15. Full view »
 Adenomyosis
Growth of endometrial tissue in the thickness of the uterine myometrium, associated with a
growing uterus, and menstrual pain.
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 Adherence
Abnormal fusion between tissues. It may occur at the level of the labia minora (girls), uterus
(Asherman syndrome) and in the pelvic region through inflammation or endometriosis.
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 Adnexal
Relating to the accessories to the female genital tract, mainly the ovaries, fallopian tubes and
uterine ligaments.
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 Age
Time of existence calculated from birth. Very important for women in order to assess ovarian
reserve and a determining influence on the chances of successful pregnancy and assisted
reproductive techniques. Gestational age marks the duration of pregnancy from the last period.
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 Alpha-fetoprotein
Plasma protein produced by the foetal liver and yolk sac, which has been used as part of
prenatal screening in the second trimester of pregnancy to assess the risk of Down syndrome. Its
increase in blood is also associated with neural tube defects and in adults testicular tumours and
liver tumours.
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 Amenorrhoea
Absence of menstruation. Primary when you haven't had your first period by the age 16.
Secondary if menstruation ends at least 3 months after having been established. Physiological
during periods of pregnancy, lactation, prepuberty and menopause. Hypothalamic when ovarian
function fails at the central neurologic level.
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 Amniocentesis

16. Diagnostic testing of amniotic fluid taken via transabdominal puncture (foetal karyotype,
microbiological, foetal lung maturity, biochemical) or for therapeutic purposes (hydramnios).
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 Amniocentesis
Diagnostic testing of amniotic fluid taken via transabdominal puncture (foetal karyotype,
microbiological, foetal lung maturity, biochemical) or for therapeutic purposes (hydramnios).
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 Amnioinfusion
Infusion of saline into the amniotic cavity, useful in cases of oligohydramnios, meconium or
prevention of umbilical cord compression.
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 Amnion
Innermost ovular membrane which is host to the embryo and the amniotic fluid.
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 Amnionitis
Infection and inflammation of the amnion, which will lead to uterine contractions and / or
rupture of amniotic membranes.
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 Amniorrea
Losing of amniotic fluid through the vagina.
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 Amnioscopy
Direct visualisation of the amnion and amniotic fluid through a tube (amnioscope) introduced
through the uterine cervix.
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 Amniotomy
artificial rupture of the amnion using a lancet.
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17.  Analgesia
anaesthesia technique designed to reduce or avoid pain. It can be local, regional (epidural) or
systemic.
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 Androgen
Group of hormones that induce development of male sexual characteristics.
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 Andrologist
Specialist in the study and treatment of sexual and reproductive function in men.
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 Anencephaly
Congenital defect that is associated with the absence of the brain shell which is incompatible
with life.
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 Anorchia
Congenital absence of one or both male gonads or testes.
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 Anovulation
Absence of ovulation and therefore associated with infertility. The most common cause of
chronic anovulation is polycystic ovarian syndrome.
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 Anteflexion
The tilting forward of the uterine axis
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 Anteflexion
The tilting forward of the uterine axis

18. Full view »
 Antibody
Immunoglobulin (defense) produced by specific B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen
(aggressor).
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 Antio-estrogens
Any substance that can block the action of oestrogen on the body.
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 Aspiration guided by ultrasound
The oocyte retrieval is performed vaginally with ultrasound guidance
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 Asthenozoospermia
Decrease in sperm motility of a semen sample.
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 Atony
Loss of tone or tension of an organ. Uterine atony is a lack of contraction of the uterus after
expulsion of the foetus and placenta which results in puerperal hemorrhage with high morbidity
and mortality.
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 Autoimmune
Process triggered by the effect of the individual's own immune system acting against it, causing
disease or illness.
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 Azoospermia
Absence of sperm in a sample of ejaculate in both direct observation and following
centrifugation of the sample. Two samples are needed to confirm the diagnosis. Secretory
azoospermia is caused by primary failure of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testcular
system.Obstructive azoospermia alteration in the sperm conduction and storage system.


19.  B-HCG
Pregnancy-specific hormone produced by trophoblast cells and used in different blood or urine
tests to confirm pregnancy.
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 Bartholin’s cyst
Inflammation of the Bartholin glands situated at the entrance of the vagina and whose job is to
lubricate.May evolve into an abscess requiring surgical drainage.
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 BBT (Basal Body Temperature):
The measure used to determine the day of ovulation and thus, highest fertility.
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 Biochemical Pregnancy
Pregnancy in which there is only HCG hormone production, without actually visualized
gallbladder ultrasound gestational inside the uterus.
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 Biopsy
Taking cells from a portion of tissue for histological analysis.
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 Blastocyst
Embryo in the 5th day of development and the phase in which implementation will occur inside
the uterus.
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 Blastomere
Each one of the cells that form the embryo and at their core is the same genetic information.
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 Blister

20. Small hermetically sealed glass container containing a drug for parenteral administration
(intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous).
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 Brachytherapy
Local application of radiation by small sources of radiation placed directly on or near the tissue
to be treated.
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 Breaking
Tear or bursting of any corporal organ.
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 Buffering
The application of external pressure, for example: to inhibit bleeding.

 CA 125
antigens often found in increased levels in malignant ovarian tumours, especially serous ones.
They may be elevated but more moderately so in endometriosis.
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 CA 15.3
antigen that is usually elevated in malignant breast tumours.
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 CA 19.9
high antigen commonly found in malignant ovarian tumours, especially mucinous as well as in
Fallopian tube carcinomas.
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 Cancelled cycle
This happens when the medical team decides to stop treatment for a problem. For example due
to poor ovarian response or a risk of hyperstimulation.
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21.  Candida
Yeast usually colonises the digestive tract and can spread and cause infections at other levels,
especially in the vulvo-vaginal area. Infection increases during pregnancy, if in a state of
immunosuppression, with diabetes, while taking antibiotics during a long period of time and
with contraceptive use. The symptomatology is characterised by itching, burning and a white,
thick, and dense discharge.
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 Capacitation
Morphological, functional and biochemical changes which occur in the sperm and which allow
the acrosome reaction and the fertilisation of the oocyte.
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 Catheter
Cylindrical instrument, often curved, used to explore a body cavity or to widen a channel or
tubular structure.
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 Catheter
A flexible, tubular instrument made from plastic, latex or silicone that is inserted into a cavity
to deposit a certain element in it. It is used to transfer embryos into the endometrial cavity or
to deposit sperm into the fundus.
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 Cell
Functional unit of all living things, consisting of a nucleus (containing genetic information) and
cytoplasm (containing the various organelles).
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 Cephalalgia
Migraine. It may be cyclical, related to menstruation, localised (temporal, occipital), fixed or
pulsed. It can occur after epidural anaesthesia through accidental dural puncture.
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 Cerclage
Surgical treatment for cervical incompetence and is associated with late abortions and
immature births. It consists of suturing the uterine cervix between 12 to 14 weeks of pregnancy.

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 Cervical mucus
Mixture of mucin, cells, water and inorganic salts, secreted by glands inside the cervical canal,
influenced by periodic hormonal changes under the influence of estrogen is extremely thin and
flexible, just before ovulation , under the dominance of progestogens is thick and slimy. During
pregnancy it becomes more abundant and forms a plug that fills and closes the channel entirely.
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 Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix, usually secondary to sexually transmitted diseases and sometimes
trauma.
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 Cervix
Lower portion or the neck of the uterus, readily visible during the vaginal speculum
examination. The cervical canal connects to the uterus inside the vagina.
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 Chancroid
Genital ulcer corresponding to the site of the Treponema pallidum inoculation, the causative
agent of syphilis, which is acquired through sexual contact.
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 Chlamydia
Gram-negative bacteria, obligatory intracellular pathogen which is transmitted sexually and
causes urethritis, cervicitis and adnexitis.
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 Chocolate cyst
Endometriotic ovarian cyst formed by menstrual looking liquid, dense, like chocolate. They are
always benign, have a high relapse rate and are treated with contraceptives, GnRH analogues or
surgery.
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 Cholestasis

23. An accumulation of bile acids in the liver and then in the blood, causing jaundice and
generalised pruritus. Can occur during pregnancy, and maternal - foetal complications and tends
to recur in subsequent pregnancies. It seems to be due to a toxic effect of the pregnancy
hormones on the liver.
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 Chorioamnionitis
Inflammation of the foetal covering usually produced by bacteria in the vagina, which will cause
uterine contractions or premature rupture of membranes.
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 Choriocarcinoma
Malignant ovarian tumour producing the pregnancy hormone (HCG). Very rare and aggressive
tumour derived from the placenta, which appears after a pregnancy or occasionally after an
abortion.
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 Chorion
Outer membrane that covers the foetus and is connected to the uterus.
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 Chorion biopsy
Taking a sample for cytogenetic chorion and fetal karyotyping. Can be performed transcervically
or transabdominally.Being an invasive technique, it is associated with a risk of foetal loss
estimated at 1%.
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 Chromosome
Small structural formations that are rod-shaped carriers of genetic information, i.e. information
encoded in DNA. Each species has a constant number which are divided in the same way in each
cell division or mitosis. Its graphical presentation is homologous pairs ordered by karyotyping.
Full view »
 Clinical Pregnancy
Pregnancy with a heartbeat present in the observed embryo seen by ultrasound.
Full view »
 Clitoridectomy

24. Surgical excision of the clitoris.
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 Clitoris
structure homologous to the penis located on the front of the labia minora, 2-3 cm long,
consisting of two corpora cavernosa and glans and of erectile tissue.
Full view »
 Clomid
Synthetic preparation which increases gonadotropin secretion. It is used to induce
gametogenesis and ovulation and has a mild anti-oestrogenic effect.
Full view »
 Cloning
obtaining in the laboratory a cell line with the same genotype or an individual identical to the
original.
Full view »
 Colostrum
thick, yellowish discharge secreted by the breast at the end of pregnancy and during the first
days postpartum, which has fewersugars but a higher concentration of protein, minerals and
immunoglobulins than in breast milk.
Full view »
 Colpectomy
Surgical removal of the vagina.
Full view »
 Colpocleisis
Surgical suture of the vagina in order to obliterate light.
Full view »
 Colpoperineorrafia
Surgical repair and reinforcement of the pelvic floor muscles.
Full view »

25.  Colporrhaphy
Suture of vaginal tear or reconstruction of the walls of the vagina.
Full view »
 Colposcopy
Enlarged display of the vaginal mucosa and cervix with a colposcope or low magnification
optical system.
Full view »
 Colpostato
intravaginal applicator containing a radioactive element that is used for the treatment of some
gynaecological cancers (vaginal or cervical carcinoma).
Full view »
 Colpotomy
Incision of the vaginal wall.
Full view »
 Comedocarcinoma
Mammary carcinoma which fills the ducts with necrotic material.
Full view »
 Condyloma
Warty growth that appears in the genital and perianal area, secondary to a sexually transmitted
infection caused by HPV types 6 and 11.
Full view »
 Congenital
Alteration, anomaly or defect that occurs in the embryonic stage or pregnancy and therefore
will be present from birth.
Full view »
 Congenital malformation
Structural defect rooted at the prenatal stage.

26. Full view »
 Conisation
Surgery to remove part of the uterine cervix in a cone shape, which serves as the diagnosis and
treatment of premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix.
Full view »
 Contraception
A group of drugs, devices, methods or surgical procedures that are intended to reduce the
likelihood or prevent conception.
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 Contraceptive device
The element that prevents conception. It can be a barrier (condom), intrauterine device (IUD),
hormonal (anovulatory), chemical (spermicides), surgery (vasectomy, tubal ligation, Essure).
Full view »
 Cordocentesis
Percutaneous puncture of the umbilical cord in order to obtain foetal blood for analysis or for
intrauterine fetal transfusion.
Full view »
 Core
Part of the cell that contains genetic information or DNA.
Full view »
 Corpus luteum
Structure where the ovarian follicle transforms after ovulation, responsible for the production of
progesterone and the maintenance of the endometrium for embryo implantation. If no nesting
takes place, there is atresia and it disappears.
Full view »
 Cotyledon
Individual parts of the placenta in its maternal side, which is composed of about 15 to 20
cotyledons.
Full view »

27.  Cryocoagulation
Local destructive freezing treatment applied to vulvar, vaginal or cervical lesions.
Full view »
 Cryopreservation
Freezing technique used on any tissue in liquid nitrogen at - 196 º. Can be used to store semen
samples, oocytes, embryos, ovarian cortex, testicular biopsies, etc.
Full view »
 Culdocentesis
existing aspiration of fluid in the pelvis through a needle puncture in the back of the vagina.
Full view »
 Culdoscopy
Visual inspection of the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes through an optical system which is
inserted into the pelvis through the posterior wall of the vagina.
Full view »
 Cumulus oophorus
Mass of cells surrounding the oocyte in the follicle, which are released with it after ovulation.
Full view »
 Cycle
The time period that limits an event. For example, an IVF cycle, which begins around
menstruation and ends with the transfer of embryos.
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 Cystadenocarcinoma
A malignant tumour derived from glandular epithelium, forming cystic cavities with fluid
secretions with solid areas and usually occurs in the ovary.
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 Cystadenoma

28. A benign tumour composed of a large cyst arising from the ovarian epithelium with glandular
secretions inside.
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 Cystocele
Prolapse of the bladder into the vagina due to a weakening of the muscles supporting the pelvic
floor. Most frequently occurs at menopause and multiparous patients.
Full view »
 Cytology
Microscopic examination of sloughed cells of an organ.Generally used for the study of vaginal
and cervical epithelium.
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 Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
DNA virus of the herpes virus family, which can affect pregnant women and produce various
foetal problems, sometimes serious and irreversible, with significant consequences.

 Danazol
Drug used as a suppressor of anterior pituitary function, producing a hypoestrogonism and hence
its use in endometriosis.Has many side effects, mostly due to increased androgens, which has
now reduced its use.
Full view »
 Decidua
Innermost layer of the pregnant uterus which has been thickened and vascularised to enable and
promote embryo implantation.
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 Decidualization
Changes occurring in tissues that will allow embryo implantation in the uterus.
Full view »
 Deferens

29. Tubes that connect the testes with the urethra to permit the release of sperm. Its ligation
represents a vasectomy.
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 Delay
Decreased or delayed development. Intrauterine growth delay: when the birth weight is less
than 10 percentile for gestational age.
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 Depot
hormonal preparation applied usually in the muscle or subcutaneous fat, which allows for
gradual and prolonged release
Full view »
 Diabetes
A systemic disease of the metabolism of carbohydrates, characterised by the appearance of
hyperglycemia caused by decreased secretion or insulin activity.
Full view »
 Disproportion
Lack of a proper relationship between the diameters of the foetal head and the maternal pelvis,
causing a parked delivery
Full view »
 DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid contains all the genetic information of a person organized in a double
helix formed by nucleic acids.
Full view »
 Donor eggs
Women between 18 and 35 years with an altruistic and anonymous will do a controlled ovarian
stimulation treatment and extraction of her eggs to be donated to a recipient that needs to
gestate.
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 Donor gametes

30. Adult persons without hereditary diseases, infectious personal or that of an altruistic and
anonymous will donate their gametes for others in need.
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 Donor sperm
male between 18 and 35 years with an optimal semen, who selflessly and anonymously will
freeze and donate their semen samples obtained by masturbation, for later use in a cycle of
artificial insemination or IVF.
Full view »
 Dysgerminoma
Tumour-derived ovarian germinal epithelium, which is rare and appears in younger patients (20 -
30 years).
Full view »
 Dysmenorrhea
Cyclic pelvic pain associated with menstruation. It may be idiopathic, due to the contraction of
uterine muscle fibres, or secondary to organic pathology such as endometriosis, adenomyosis,
uterine fibroids, etc.
Full view »
 Dyspareunia
Pain with intercourse. It may be superficial, usually due to lack of lubrication or vaginal
stenosis, or deep, associated pathology such as endometriosis.
Full view »
 Dysplasia
preneoplastic development of a tissue or organ. A level of the cervical epithelium is the
precursor lesion to cervical cancer and is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV).
Full view »
 Dystocia
Difficult labor progress due to abnormal maternal (uterine contractility, pelvis) or fetal (size,
malposition, malformation).


31.  Eclampsia
Seizures in a pregnant or postpartum woman whic usually represents the onset of gestosis. May
be complicated by acute pulmonary edema, retinal detachment, foetal death in utero and even
maternal death.
Full view »
 Ectocervix
outer portion of the uterine cervix extending into the lumen of the vagina.
Full view »
 Ectopic pregnancy
Implantation of the embryo outside the endometrial cavity. Its most common form is when the
embryo is implanted in the fallopian tube, but can occur in the ovary, abdominal cavity or
cervix. The embryo will never be viable and at the same time runs the risk of causing a rupture
of the tube with internal bleeding and risk of serious maternal complications. Also called tubal
pregnancy.
Full view »
 Egg donation
assisted reproductive technology, fully regulated by law, in which an anonymous donor and
altruistically is donating her eggs to a recipient, with a condition that prevents or hinders
gestate their own oocytes, and that may well go to see their desire to be a mother.
Full view »
 Egg Recipient
Patients without ovarian activity or decrease in its reserve, whose only possibility of gestating
would be through an anonymous egg donor. She would only be required a functional uterus.
Full view »
 Embryo
An organism in its earliest stage of development, considered from conception to the ninth week
of gestation in humans.
Full view »
 Embryo Biopsy
Preparation of one or two cells in an 8-cell embryo (day 3) for analysis and genetic study in the
course of a cycle of preimplantation diagnosis.

32. Full view »
 Embryo cultivation
A laboratory technique associated with IVF which allows the observation of the development of
embryos for selection and transfer.
Full view »
 Embryo Freezing
A process in which good-quality surplus embryos are stored in cycles of IVF or egg donation.
Full view »
 Embryo reduction
Surgical technique for the removal of one or more embryos in multiple pregnancies, with the
aim of reducing risks, especially prematurity, and improve the prognosis of the remaining
embryos. It is not without risks and is associated with a 10% chance of miscarriage.
Full view »
 Embryo Transfer
A part of the IVF process during which embryos are deposited through a thin plastic catheter
into the uterine cavity.
Full view »
 Embryologist
In vitro fertilisation laboratory specialist, responsible for the micromanipulation of gametes and
embryos and the evaluation of the latter until its transfer to the womb.
Full view »
 Embryonic Division
The process that physiologically occurs in the fallopian tube and can be seen in the laboratory in
the course of an IVF cycle. Allows you to select the best embryos for transfer to the uterus.
Full view »
 Embryopathy
Any abnormal condition of the embryo, morphological or genetic.
Full view »

33.  Encephalocele
Defective closure of the foetal skull and causes a protrusion of part of brain tissue.
Full view »
 Endocervicitis
Inflammation of the endocervix.
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 Endocervix
Interior portion of the uterine cervix which continues into the endometrial cavity.
Full view »
 Endometrial Biopsy
Taking a sample of endometrial tissue that lines the inner uterine surface, for histological
analysis and functional morphology.
Full view »
 Endometrioma
Benign cyst, single or multiple, unilateral or bilateral, which occurs in the context of
endometriosis in the ovaries and which resembles thick chocolate (chocolate cysts).
Full view »
 Endometriosis
Benign chronic disease characterised by the appearance of tissue hystologically and functionally
similar to the endometrium outside the uterine cavity. It usually affects the pelvic organs,
especially the ovaries and is usually associated with infertility, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain and
dyspareunia, although the symptoms are very variable.
Full view »
 Endometritis
Inflammation of the endometrium, usually secondary to infection. May be associated with
implantation failure and IVF.
Full view »
 Endometrium

34. Glandular epithelial mucosa lining the uterine cavity and has the ability to shed and regenerate
cyclically in response to ovarian hormones.
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 Endosalpynx
Mucous membrane that lines the inside of the fallopian tubes and is in charge of transport and
sustenance of the embryo on its way to the uterus for implantation, 5 days after fertilisation
and blastocyst stage.
Full view »
 Enterocele
Herniation of intestinal loops through the Douglas pouch and protrudes through the vaginal
fundus. It is more common in multiparous patients with weakness or musculofascial.
Full view »
 Entuertos
Abdominal pains and contractions after birth and usually associated with multiparity and
breastfeeding, reflecting the return of the uterus to its pre-pregnancy size.
Full view »
 Epididymis
coiled tube about 20 metres long, attached to the rear edge of the testis, is continuous with the
vas deferens and is responsible for collecting the sperm developed in the seminiferous tubules.
It will acquire sperm mobility.
Full view »
 Episioperineorrafia
Surgical repair of episiotomy and perineal lacerations after delivery.
Full view »
 Episioplastia
Reconstruction vulva defects after episiotomy.
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 Episiotomy

35. Incision of the perineum to allow greater and safer vulvar expansion, to avoid tears with the
output of the foetal head and shortens the time of delivery. There are three types: medial,
mediolateral and lateral.
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 Episiotomy
Incision of the perineum to allow greater and safer vulvar expansion, to avoid tears with the
output of the foetal head and shortens the time of delivery. There are three types: medial,
mediolateral and lateral.
Full view »
 Epulis gravidarum
Benign tumour of the gums that occurs during pregnancy due to the effect of the hormones of
pregnancy and disappears after delivery.
Full view »
 Epulis gravidarum
Benign tumour of the gums that occurs during pregnancy due to the effect of the hormones of
pregnancy and disappears after delivery.
Full view »
 Estradiol
Main oestrogenic hormone produced in the ovary and placenta, prepares the endometrium for
implantation for the fertilised egg. It is also essential for proper development and functioning of
the female reproductive organs.
Full view »
 Estriol
The most abundant oestrogen hormone but relatively weak. It is used in topical preparations
such as local trophic vulvovaginal.
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 Estrone
Principal oestrogen hormone in menopausal women, resulting from peripheral conversion in the
subcutaneous tissue of androstenedione.
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 Ethinylestradiol

36. A synthetic form of estradiol that most power is used in small doses in most oral contraceptives.
Full view »
 Euploidia
A cell that contains the correct number of chromosomes. In humans, 23 pairs.
Full view »
 Evisceration
Postoperative complication involving the output of the intestine through the incision.

 Fallopian Tubes
Ducts that communicate the uterus to the ovaries. Formed by 3 segments: isthmus - which
connects it to the uterus; blister and infundibulum, which contain the fimbriae that catch the
egg during ovulation. Fertilization occurs here, followed by the transport of the embryo to the
uterus (which takes 5 days) in the phase of blastocyst in order for implantation to happen.
Full view »
 Fertility Specialist
Specialist in Gynaecology and Obstetrics, who is specifically devoted to the study and treatment
of problems associated with human reproduction.
Full view »
 Fetal Distress
A set of signs that reflect the fetal response to stress caused by a disease in utero or
intrapartum.
Full view »
 Flow cytometry
Technique to study the expression of cellular molecules, which is used for diagnosis and
monitoring of various diseases. Assisted reproduction is used to separate X from Y sperm, for the
purpose of sex selection.
Full view »
 Foetal bradycardia

37. Decreased foetal heart rate below 120 beats per minute during a period of 15 minutes.
Difficulties generally associated with foetal adaptation to the intrauterine environment or
reduction of foetal wellbeing.
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 Foetal Position
Relationship between the foetal longitudinal axis and the maternal longitudinal axis.
Longitudinal Position: both axes are almost parallel, which occurs in 99% of pregnancies to term.
Oblique Position: the angle between the two axes is about 45 °. At birth, it often becomes a
longitudinal or transverse position. Transverse Position: both axes determine an angle of
approximately 90 °.

 Gestational diabetes
Intolerance to carbohydrates detected by a glucose tolerance test. It starts during pregnancy,
usually after the third quarter, and is an effect of pregnancy hormones and may be associated
with foetal macrosomia.
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 GnRH agonist analogue
A molecule that displaces the natural GnRH for its receptor leading to a blockage of the
hypothalamus - pituitary.
Full view »
 GnRH analogue
synthetic molecule similar to GnRH secreted by the hypothalamus and essential to assisted
reproduction techniques.
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 GnRH antagonist analogue
A molecule that directly inhibits the action of GnRH on its receptor, blocking the hypothalamus
- pituitary system more quickly.
Horn
Top of the uterus where the fallopian tubes begin.


38.  Infertility
Inability to conceive after regular exposure to intercourse for 1 year. It affects about 15% of
couples. The cause is male in 40% of cases, another 40% female and mixed in the remaining 20%.
Full view »
 Intrauterine Device (IUD)
contraceptive method consists of a plastic that is inserted into the uterine cavity. They have
different shapes (anchor, T) and usually have copper or progesterone to achieve the desired
effect.

 Karyotype
Chromosome make-up of an individual. The human species consists of 22 pairs of autosomes and
2 sex chromosomes. Women are 46 XX and men 46 XY.
Full view »
 Koilocytosis
Cervical epithelial cells with a perinuclear halo secondary type to infection with human
papilloma virus (HPV).
Laboratory Technician
A professional in charge of tasks and procedures in a laboratory such as analysis, seminal studies,
hormonal studies etc.

 Macrocephaly
Abnormally large head circumference in a child. May be associated with hydrocephalus, trauma,
or be idiopathic
Full view »
 Macrosomia
Abnormally large newborn, such as those born to pregnant women with diabetes with poor
metabolic control. This is associated with an increased number of caesarean sections, neonatal
disorders of homeostasis and increased risk of foetal trauma during vaginal delivery (brachial
plexus injuries).
Full view »

39.  Malformation
Primary structural defect of a body part resulting from a localised error in development. It may
be congenital or acquired.
Full view »
 Mammography
Radiological imaging for detection of breast tumours.
Full view »
 Mammoplasty
It may be reconstructive (after surgery), augmentation (implants) or reduction.
Full view »
 Marker
Feature by which a cell or a molecule can be identified or a disease diagnosed.
Full view »
 Mastectomy
Surgical removal of the breast due to cancer.
Full view »
 Mastitis
Inflammation of secondary breast tissue due to a bacterial infection. Bacteria passes through
the nipple, and is more frequent during breast-feeding.
Full view »
 Mastodynia
Pain in the breast. Also called mastalgia.
Full view »
 Mastopathy
Refers to any disease of the breast.
Full view »

40.  Maturation
The process by which a primitive cell reaches its final structure and functional capacity (human
egg).
Full view »
 Meatus
External opening in the body (urinary meatus).
Full view »
 Meconium
Dark green intestinal content formed before birth and present in the ileum from days 75-80 of
pregnancy. It is composed of intestinal epithelial cells, skin cells and fetal hair (lanugo)
swallowed by the fetus together with amniotic fluid.
Full view »
 Medroxyprogesterone
Synthetic progesterone used as a progestin.
Full view »
 Megacolon
Abnormally large colon. It can be congenital or Hirschsprung's disease due to the absence of
nerve cells in the junction between the rectum and colon. The aganglionic area of the bowel
cannot relax during bowel movements leading to constipation and colonic distention. In
newborns, symptoms include abdominal distention, failure to pass meconium and vomiting bile.
Full view »
 Megestrel
Synthetic antineoplastic drug with progestogenic effect.
Full view »
 Melasma
Areas of dark patches on the skin, most commonly on the face and neck caused by the action of
oestrogen, for example through the use of hormonal contraceptives and pregnancy. It is also
called chloasma.
Full view »

41.  Menarche
First menstrual period, usually occurs between ages 12 and 13.
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 Menometrorrhagia
Uterine bleeding occurring at irregular intervals and vary in the amount and duration of flow.
Full view »
 Menopause
Female stage of life which marks the transition of childbearing years to the non-reproductive
period. It is characterised by the onset of climacteric symptoms (hot flushes, night sweats,
irritability, insomnia, vaginal dryness, etc).
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 Menopause
The permanent cessation of menstruation due to ovarian follicular depletion, characterised by a
climacteric and its consequences. Occurs naturally around age 50.
Full view »
 Menorrhagia
Excessive and prolonged menstrual flow. May be due to functional or organic pathology (polyps,
submucous myomas).
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 Menstrual cycle
A period usually of 28 - 35 days in which oocytes are recruited, one is selected, which then
matures and is released during ovulation to be caught by the tubal fimbriae and could then be
fertilised by sperm. This fertilised egg becomes an embryo and moves along the fallopian tube
so that on Day 5 of postfecundation and inblastocyst stage, it can nest in the endometrial
cavity. If implantation takes place, the production of the pregnancy hormone starts and if it
does not occur the endometrium is shed forming menstruation.
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 Menstruation
The cyclic shedding of the endometrial lining in the absence of pregnancy, usually at intervals of
28-30 days and lasting 3-5 days.

42. Full view »
 Mestranol
Synthetic estrogen ethinyl estradiol derivative used in hormonal contraceptives.
Full view »
 Metaplasia
An abnormality in cell differentiation, in which an adult cell type is replaced by a different type
of mature cell that is not normal in that tissue. Squamous metaplasia: transformation of
columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium that frequently occurs in the endocervix.
Full view »
 Metastasis
Malignant tumor cells found in different areas than the original or primary tumour. The ability
to metastasise differentiates benign from malignant tumours.
Full view »
 Methotrexate
Cancer treatment drug, besides being used in the treatment of certain neoplasms
(choriocarcinoma, lymphoma) it is used for autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis,
ulcerative colitis) and in medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy as well. Can be used orally or
through injection.
Full view »
 Metronidazole
An antibiotic used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and protozoa.
Full view »
 Metropathia
Any pathological process that occurs in the uterus.
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 Metrorrhagia
Uterine bleeding at irregular intervals. May be due to infectious diseases, cancer, etc.
Full view »

43.  Miconazole
Drug used to treat fungal infections, mainly for vulvovaginal candidiasis. Can be used as vaginal
suppositories, cream and gel.
Full view »
 Microcephaly
Decrease in the size of the head due to reduced brain mass. Usually associated with congenital
syndromes (trisomy 13), infections (CMV) and central nervous system malformations.
Full view »
 Microinvasion
Local extension of a cancerous tumour to a depth no greater than 3 mm in adjacent tissue in the
absence of lymphatic invasion or blood.
Full view »
 Mifepristone
Progesterone antagonist used to induce early abortions. Its trade name is RU-486.
Full view »
 Minipill
Contraceptive pill contains only progesterone in low doses. Induces anovulation and amenorrhea
continued. It is generally used as a contraceptive of choice in infancy or when oestrogens are
contraindicated.
Full view »
 Miscarriage
Expulsion or extraction of the product of conception before 20 weeks of pregnancy or with a
weight of less than 500 grams. Threatened miscarriage is the bleeding of the uterine cavity in a
pregnant patient. Miscarriage in progress when the cervix is dilated and there are contractions.
Incomplete miscarriage involves partial removal of the pregnancy. Complete miscarriage when
the product of conception is entirely extracted. Missed miscarriage when no bleeding occurs but
there is no heartbeat. Spontaneous miscarriage is when pregnancy loss occurs without any
medical intervention. Therapeutic miscarriage is when pregnancy is interrupted by foetal or
maternal problems. Biochemical miscarriage is one in which there is pregnancy hormone
production (B-HCG) but without the gestational sac forming. Clinical miscarriage is a miscarriage
that occurs after or at the same time that it is seen on ultrasound.
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 Mola

44. Abnormal pregnancy in which a clear mass that resembles a bunch of grapes grows in the womb
due to the proliferation of placental tissue. It may be complete or partial, depending on
whether there an embryo is present. Also called a molar pregnancy or gestational trophoblastic
disease.
Full view »
 Moniliasis
Synonymous with candidiasis.
Full view »
 Monitoring
Monitoring and continuous monitoring for patients considered at risk or who are undergowing
specific treatments, such as ovarian stimulation in an IVF cycle.
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 Monoamniotic
Twin pregnancy with a single amniotic sac containing two foetuses.
Full view »
 Monosomy
Chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome is lost and therefore the karyotype is 45
instead of 46. It can affect any chromosome and is incompatible with life except Turner
syndrome or 45 X0.
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 Monozygotic
Twin pregnancy originated from a single embryo. The two foetuses share their genetic identity
and are of the same sex. They generally share the same placenta and amniotic sac itself.
Full view »
 Morbidity
Proportion of people falling ill in one place for a period of time compared to total population
there.
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 Mortality
Total number of deaths in a given period of time in a population.

45. Full view »
 Morula
Solid spherical mass of cells from the division of the fertilised egg in the early stages of
embryonic development. It represents an intermediate stage between the zygote and blastocyst
and is composed of blastomeres and uniform in size, shape and physiological potential.
Full view »
 Mosaicism
The presence of two or more populations of cells in a person, some with abnormal number of
chromosomes and others with extra chromosomes or deficit. Caused by errors in the division of
the fertilised egg. The presence of abnormal cells increases the risk of miscarriage and
chromosomal syndromes.
Full view »
 Mucosa
Inner layer of a tubular cavity (oral, esophageal, vaginal ...).
Full view »
 Multigravidae
Women who have been pregnant more than once.
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 Multiparous
A woman who has completed two or more pregnancies in each of which the foetus has reached
viability, whether born alive or not.
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 Multiple pregnancy
Introduction of two or more embryos into the endometrial cavity. Most are secondary to assisted
reproductive techniques and will be accompanied by more maternal complications
(hypertension, diabetes, etc) and foetal (prematurity, low birthweight, sequels, etc.).
Full view »
 Mutation
Permanent and heritable structural change in the DNA.

46. Full view »
 Mycoplasma
Single-celled microorganism that lacks cell membrane and can cause various diseases such as
pneumonia and infections of the genital tract.
Full view »
 Myelomeningocele
(Spina bifida) A neural tube defect with protrusion of the membranes covering the spinal cord
through an abnormal hole in the vertebral column. The protrusion is covered with skin and
contains spinal cord tissue and nerve roots.
Full view »
 Myelosuppression
Suppression of the activity of hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow, responsible for the
production of red cells, white cells and platelets.
Full view »
 Myoma
A benign tumour composed of smooth muscle cells and collagen. It usually occurs in the uterus,
may be single or multiple and can occur anywhere on the uterine wall. Also called fibroid or
leiomyoma. They are classified into subserosal, intramural and submucosal.
Full view »
 Myomectomy
Surgical removal of fibroids. The subserosal and intramural may be removed by laparotomy or
laparoscopy, whereas submucosal treated with hysteroscopy.
Full view »
 Myometrium
Muscular middle layer of uterine wall composed of smooth muscle fibres arranged in three
layers: the outer which continues through the fallopian tubes, the round utero-ovarian ligament
and, the intermediate, which is the thickest, contains large venous vessels and is in contact with
the endometrium.

 Natural cycle

47. An IVF treatment in which ovulation is not stimulated with exogenous hormones and therefore
only one egg will be recovered per attempt. The cost of the procedure is very low.
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 Nausea
Vomiting, usually associated with the first trimester of pregnancy.
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 Navel
Depressed area in the abdominal wall where the umbilical cord links to the foetus.
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 Necrosis
Irreversible damage and cell death in a specific area of living tissue and organs.
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 Necrospermia
Absence of motile sperm in a sperm sample.
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 Neonatal
The first four week period of life of the newborn.
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 Neonatology
The branch of medicine concerning alterations of the newborn from birth to the first 28 days of
life.
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 Neoplasia
Abnormal process results in the formation and growth of a tumour.
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 Neovagina

48. Surgically constructed vagina using skin from another area of the body or a piece of intestine
and is made after the total removal of the pelvic organs in the treatment of advanced cancer or
congenital absence of a vagina.
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 Nephrosis
Kidney disease that primarily affect the tubules.
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 Nephrostomy
Surgical opening of the renal pelvis to insert an external drain.
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 Nephrotoxicity
Toxic to kidney cells and kidney function.
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 Newborn
Newborn from birth to 28 days of life.
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 Node
Adding packed cells that appear different from the surrounding tissue.
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 Norethindrone
Progestogen use associated with oral contraceptives and estrogen replacement therapy, used
alone in the treatment of endometriosis and amenorrhea.
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 Nulligravid
Women who have never been pregnant.
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49.  Nulliparous
A woman who has never given birth after 20 gestational weeks or of 500 grams.
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 Nymphs
Synonym of the labia minora, closing the introitus.

 Obesity
Excessive accumulation of body fat. It is associated with increased risk of morphological
abnormalities and miscarriage in pregnant women and decreases the success of assisted
reproduction techniques. It is determined via the body mass index (BMI = weight / height
squared).
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 Obstetrician
A doctor specialising in obstetrics.
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 Obstetrics
The branch of medicine that is primarily responsible for the monitoring of pregnancy, labour and
birth.
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 Obstruction
Blockage passing through a tubular structure (vein, artery, etc.). Tubal obstruction causing
sterility.
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 Occlusion
Closure of a tubular structure, for example, tubal ligation as a permanent contraceptive
method.
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 Oestrogen

50. A general term for the female sex hormone responsible for stimulating and maintaining
secondary sexual characteristics, synthesised in the ovaries, placenta, testes, adrenal cortex
and some vegetables such as soy (phytoestrogens).
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 OHSS
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Complication of assisted reproduction techniques,
potentially serious and even fatal, characterized by vascular leakage of fluid to a third space,
resulting in ascites, pleural and metabolic disorders.
It does not occur if there is no exogenous HCG administration and at the same time it tends to
get worse if there is a pregnancy and high endogenous production of HCG.
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 Oligohydramnios
Amniotic fluid deficiency, may be due to premature rupture of membranes, foetal urinary tract
obstruction, intrauterine growth retardation or foetal death. Also called oligohydramnios.
Full view »
 Oligomenorrheics
Reduction in the frequency of menstrual periods or menses each over 35 days.
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 Oligozoospermia
Decreased number of sperm per unit volume. It is considered when <20 million sperm /
mliappears in the ejaculate .
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 Omphalocele
Congenital hernia of the navel in which a small portion of the abdominal contents covered by a
membranous sac protruding into the base of the umbilical cord. Often associated with
chromosomal abnormalities.
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 Oncology
Specialty of medicine that deals with the study of the causes, characteristics, diagnosis and
treatment of cancer.
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51.  Ovarian Cyst
An accumulation of various fluids inside the ovary (serum, mucin, pus, fat, etc.). They are
usually benign and treated by laparoscopic surgery.
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 Ovulation Test
Urine analysis that seeks to detect the LH peak in order to determine the woman's most fertile
period.

 Pelvic exenteration
Removal of the pelvic organs in the treatment of advanced or recurrent pelvic cancer. It may
include the bladder, urethra, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and lymph nodes to the
rectum-sigma.
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 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Inflammation of the female internal genital tract, secondary to a sexually transmitted infection
or other vaginal bacteria. Usually is associated with pelvic pain and fever, will require
antibiotic-anti-inflammatory treatment, and can badly affect the tubes which are then
associated with infertility or ectopic pregnancy.
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 Peritoneal cavity
Anatomical area bound between the pelvis and diaphragm, covered by the peritoneum and
which contains all the abdominal and female pelvic organs.
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 PGD
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis involves the detection of a disease in a blastomere prior to
the transfer of healthy embryos to the womb. Requires a cycle of IVF, an embryo biopsy and
genetic analysis.
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 PGS

52. Pre-implantation genetic screening used for the study of aneuploidy in embryos generated after
an IVF cycle. It might be indicated in patients with repeated abortions, advanced maternal age,
repeated implantation failures and FISH in altered sperm.
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 Placenta abruptio
Total or partial detachment of the placenta, resulting in genital bleeding during pregnancy,
acute foetal distress, foetal death and coagulatory problems in the mother.
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 Pregnancy
Status of women from conception until birth. It is usually 280 days from the date of the last
menstruation. Also called gestation.
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 Probing
Introduction of a catheter into a cavity, a channel or a tubular structure.
Quadrantectomy
Surgical technique for the treatment of breast cancer, removing the tumour and all breast tissue
encompassed in that quadrant as a safety margin.
 Radiation
Emission and power projection of high-speed particles or waves
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 Radiopelvimetry
X-ray technique to determine the height, diameter and shape of the pelvis.
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 Radiotherapist
Medical specialist in radiotherapy.
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 Radiotherapy
Treatment of malignant disease with high-energy rays or subatomic particles such as alpha, beta
and gamma rays; radioactive materials include cobalt, radio, cesium, and iridium.

53. Full view »
 Rectocele
Hernial protrusion of the rectum with posterior vaginal wall caused by alteration of the
connective tissue between rectum and vagina, which weakens the wall and usually occurs after
childbirth.
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 Rectum
Portion of the intestinal tract that extends from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal.
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 Reflex
Involuntary and immediate response to a stimulus.
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 Repeat Miscarriage
Two or more miscarriages either consecutive or alternating with term pregnancies.
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 Repeat Miscarriage
Two or more miscarriages either consecutive or alternating with term pregnancies.
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 Reproduction
The process of reproduce. Assisted reproduction: reproduction achieved through the help of
certain techniques, including direct retrieve of ovarian oocytes and transfer of gametes and
embryos into the uterus.
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 Resection
Surgical removal of tissue or body parts.
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 Retraction

54. Maintain corporal wastes that are abnormally discharged (retained placenta).
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 Retro-mammary
Behind the mammary glands (breast retromammary prosthesis).
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 Retrocecal
Behind the first portion of the large intestine (cecum) in the right lower abdomen.
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 Retrocervical
Located behind the cervix.
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 Retroflection
Organ rack back. Uterine retroflection: extreme inclination or angulation backwards to the
uterine body, while the cervix remains in its normal position without any functional repercussion
and associated with dysmenorrhoea.
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 Rotation
Movement around an inner axis. In obstetrics, the rotation of the head or the foetal
presentation at birth, so that the head fits into the birth canal.
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 Rubella
Contagious viral disease, usually mild and of short duration, but capable of causing foetal
abnormalities if the mother has the infection during the first three months of pregnancy (rubella
embryopathy). It is characterized by malaise, fever, enlarged lymph nodes and maculopapular
rash. Caused by the rubella virus "rubivirus" gender. The incubation period is 2 to 3 weeks.
Currently virtually eradicated by vaccination at 12-15 months and 3-4 years.

 Sac

55. Anatomical structure in a pouch. Gestational sac: membranes enveloping the foetus or embryo.
Composed by the fusion of chorion and amnion.
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 Sacrum
Gently curved, triangular bone, composed by 5 fused vertebrae forming the back of the pelvis.
It gets articulated with the ileum of each side, the tail bone down and the last lumbar vertebra
above.
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 Sagittal
In anteroposterior position.
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 Salpingectomy
Surgical removal of the fallopian tube, usually by laparoscopy
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 Salpingitis
Inflammation of one or both fallopian tubes. It can be caused by infection with a single or
several bodies. The most frequently implicated include Neisseria gonorrhoea, Chlamydia
trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.
It is associated with tubal-factor infertility.
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 Salpingo-oophorectomy
Surgical removal of the tube and ipsilateral ovary.
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 Salpingografy
Radiographic examination of the fallopian tubes after infusion of radiopaque contrast through
the cervix, usually done to diagnose tubal obstruction.
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 Salpingoplastic surgery
Surgical repair of the fallopian tube. Poor results technique and displaced by IVF.

56. Full view »
 Salpingostomy
Surgical linear opening of the tube when there is an ectopic pregnancy. It is carried out to
preserve the tube and try to maintain its function.
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 Salpinx
Tube in Latin.
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 Sarcoma
Cancerous tumour composed by connective tissue
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 Satellite
Any structure, lesion, mass or radiographic density associated to another, usually larger, one.
Full view »
 Scanner
Digitised, radiological device which systematically scans a given anatomical area, point by
point.
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 Scanner
Digitised, radiological device which systematically scans a given anatomical area, point by
point.
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 Sclerosis
Hardening of the tissues by proliferation of connective tissue. Usually associated with chronic
inflammations.
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 Sclerosis

57. Hardening of the tissues by proliferation of connective tissue. Usually associated with chronic
inflammations.
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 Screening
Review of a large population to detect a particular disease or disorder.
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 Secretion
The process by which a cell or gland produces and releases a substance.
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 Secundigravid
Women who have given birth twice.
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 Selective reduction
Surgical treatment aimed at removing one or several embryos in supernumerary pregnancies
after assisted reproduction techniques. It is performed vaginally (8-9 weeks) or trans-
abdominally (12-14 weeks) under sedation. It is not out of risk. The highest risk would be the
abortion of all embryos.
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 Sella turcica
Depression between two ridges (anterior and posterior) of the uppermost surface of the
sphenoid bone at the base of the skull that resembles a Turkish sword. It houses the pituitary
gland.
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 Semen
secretion produced by the testicles and the accessory glands containing sperm, plus glandular
products of secretion. Together they form the seminal fluid. Synonym of sperm.
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 Seminiferous Tubules
A group of small tubules found in the interior of the testes where sperm is produced.

58. Full view »
 Sepsis
systematic response to infection characterized by two or more of the following signs: elevation
of body temperature, heart and respiratory rate and white blood cell count.
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 Septum
Thin wall or split between two cavities or masses of thin tissue. Uterine septum: most frequent
uterine morphological abnormality, secondary to a defect in caudo-cranial re-absorption of the
fused Mullerian conducts, that is associated with repeated abortions. It is treated by
hysteroscopic septoplasty.
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 Sessile
Attached by a broad base instead of a pedicle; applied to polyps and tumours.
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 Sessile
Attached by a broad base instead of a pedicle; applied to polyps and tumours.
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 Sex selection
Molecular medical procedure that allows the choosing of the sex of the baby. The patient has to
undergo an IVF cycle with pre-implantation diagnosis. It might be indicated in case of sex-linked
inherited diseases. In this case, the Spanish law supports it. But In case of sex "social" selection,
most countries, including Spain, forbid it tacitly.
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 Sigmoid
Applied to the distal descending colon portion.
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 Sign
Any objective indicative evidence of disease that is perceived by the examiner.
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59.  Sinciput
the upper front part of the head.
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 Sinclitism
position for the foetal head to traverse the maternal pelvis at birth. The head fits into the pelvis
with the sagittal suture in the transverse diameter of the maternal pelvis, midway between
pubis and sacrum.
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 Solution
A mixture of a liquid, solid or gas (solute) substance and a non-crystalline liquid or solid
(solvent) through which the dissolved substance can be recovered.
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 Sonoluscent
Synonymous for anechoic. It is used in an ultrasound to define an image occupied by liquid.
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 Speculum
An instrument for dilating and keeping open a channel or cavity to facilitate inspection and
acting on it (vaginal speculum).
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 Sperm
Haploid cell of the testis, from secondary spermatocytes, which undergo the process of
spermiogenesis to become spermatozoa.
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 Sperm (count, motility, morphology):
Mature male gamete, contracted to transport the male haploid genetic load into the oocyte. It
consists of head, midpiece and tail or flagellum that allows mobility. According to WHO criteria
of normality are 2 ml, 20 million / ml, 50% of mobile type A + B, 14% of normal forms.
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60.  Sperm bank
Storage unit for cryopreserved sperm samples from anonymous donors for subsequent use in
fertility treatments in which sperm is needed
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 Spermicide
Any physical or chemical substance that kills sperm. It includes copper IUDs, and nonoxynol-9 in
creams, condoms and vaginal sponges.
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 Spermiogram
The study of quality in a semen sample of ejaculate. At least 2 semen samples are
recommended in order to reach an accurate diagnosis. It envolves a macro and microscopic
study of semen, along with the analysis of the number, motility, morphology, survival test, test
selection, etc. in the spermatozoa.
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 Sphincter
Circular muscle that remains closed and open body cavity relaxation which allows the passage of
substances through the cavity.
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 Sphincter
Circular muscle that remains closed and open body cavity relaxation which allows the passage of
substances through the cavity.
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 Spina bifida
A congenital defect closing level of the posterior arches of the spine that allows the protrusion
of the membranes or even the neural canal.
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 Spotting
Low and unexpected vaginal bleeding. It may be insignificant or it can indicate a functional or
organic disorder.
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61.  Stage
Stage of any process or procedure, as the course of a disease.
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 Staging
clinical method for estimating the severity of a cancerous tumour, based on its size, local
invasion and distant metastasis.
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 Staphylococcus
Gram-positive bacteria, stationary and tends to aggregate in clusters. The most common
pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus and epidermidis.
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 Stenosis
Abnormal narrowing of a body cavity or canal. Cervical canal stenosis occurs absence of
menstruation and cyclical abdominal pain.
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 Sterile
Free of potentially pathogenic living microorganisms.
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 Sterilisation
Destruction or removal of living organisms in any form. Treatment depriving a living on their
ability to reproduce.
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 Steroids
A family of chemicals with an identical biochemical basis. Including adrenal hormones, male and
female sex.
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 Stimulation

62. The act of exciting the body or any part thereof to increase functional capacity.
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 Streptococcus
Gram positive bacteria round or ovoid in pairs or chains.
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 Striae
A line or parallel lines on the skin caused by dilation and relaxation of elastic tissue. Often
associated with obesity but mainly pregnancy.
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 Stroma
Skeleton support of an organ.
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 Subinvolution
Failure of an organ to get completely restored to its normal size. Like when the uterus remains
abnormally increased in size after birth.
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 Super-ovulation
Production of a number of eggs larger than usual, normally resulting from administration of
exogenous gonadotrophins in assisted fertilisation procedures.
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 Superfertilisation
Fertilisation of two or more eggs in a short period of time (during the same ovulatory cycle) but
not necessarily in the same coitus, nor with the same man.
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 Surgery
Medical specialty that deals with the treatment of disease, deformity and injury through manual
or instrumental operations.
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63.  Surrogay
assisted reproduction technique that allows women without a uterus to get a child, either with
her own eggs or even through egg donation. In most countries, including Spain, it is not legal.
This technique is normally carried out in USA and India.
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 Suspended Cycle
Treatment cycle is interrupted by a bad administration of medication.
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 Suture
Thread used in surgery to approximate surfaces. Immovable fibrous joint that connects the
bones of the skull.
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 Swim-up
laboratory technique used to select and capacitate the sperm that will be used for insemination
or IVF.
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 Symphysis
Type of joint where the opposing surfaces of bone are covered by a thin layer of hyaline
cartilage and held together by a layer of fibrocartilage (pubis).
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 Symptom
subjective disorders experienced by the patient that are examined by the physician. The
medical treatment is based in the signs and the additional tests performed.
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 Syncytiotrophoblast
trophoblast peripheral zone. It enters into the maternal tissues to attach the blastocyst to the
uterus and become part of the placenta.
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64.  Syndrome
A set of signs and / or symptoms that occur together with reasonable consistency. S.Hellp:
haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count; it may occur in pregnant women in
association with severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Ovarian hyperstimulation S.: in assisted
reproduction, ovarian volume increase, bloating and weight gain. Severe cases include ascites,
pleural effusion, electrolyte abnormalities and hypovolemia with hypotension and reduced
glomerular filtration.
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 Syphilis
An infectious disease caused by the Treponema pallidum bacterium, transmitted by sexual
contact or other primary contact. The first symptoms appear after an incubation period of 12 to
30 days. The microorganism can cross the placenta and infect the foetus.

 Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heartbeat. Usually occurs when pulse exceeds 100 beats per minute. It may also
be called tachyarrhythmia. Foetal tachycardia occurs when the foetus' pulse exceeds 160 beats
per minute. It tends to be caused by a maternal infection, foetal hypoxia or the consumption of
certain substances by the mother.
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 Tachyphylaxis
Rapid decreasing response to a physiological or pharmalogically active substance after its
repeated administration.
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 Tachypnea
Abnormally rapid breathing
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 Taxol
The commercial name for Placlitaxel. A drug used in chemotherapy, derived from yew bark,
used in cancers such as ovarian, breast, lung etc.
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 Teak

65. The packaging around an ovarian follicle composed of an external fibrous layer and an internal
vascular and secretor layer.
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 Tear
Laceration occurring during vaginal birth and can affect everything from the vulvar skin to the
rectal mucosa.
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 Tecoma
Ovarian tumour, solid and benign composed of teak cells with varying degrees of lipid content.
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 Telangiectasia
Abnormal dilation of groups of thin veins in the skin or in mucous membranes.
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 Telarquia
Beginning of breast development in adolescent women.
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 Teratogen
Any environmental agent or microorganism which is able to produce physical defects in the
embryonic or foetal development.
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 Teratoma
Tumours that derive of one of the three layers of germ cells (endoderm, mesoderm or
ectoderm). They are continually seen in ovaries and testes. They can be benign or malignant
and can occur at any age.
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 Teratozoospermia
Number of sperm with normal morphology less than 14%.
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66.  Testicle
Glands that produce sperm and hormones (testosterone and small amounts of estrogen),
normally found in the scrotum.
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 Testicular biopsy
Sampling of testicular tissue under local or general anaesthesia for diagnostic study or to
retrieve testicular sperm, which can be used for one cycle of IVF - ICSI or frozen for future use.
Full view »
 Testosterone
The most powerful male hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of the
secondary sexual characters. It is produced by testicular Leydig cells under the control of the
pituitary luteinizing hormone.
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 Thalassemia
A group of hereditary alterations characterized by the deficient production of one of the
polypeptide chains of hemoglobin. It is classified in function of: if the affected chain is Alpha or
Beta, and the latter in major or minor, in function of the penetrance.
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 Thalidomide
A hypnotic drug and sedative that can produce fetal anomalies if they are taken during
pregnancy. Characteristically, they produce phocomelia.
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 Thrombocytopenia
A decreased number of platelets in the blood (less than 150.000 per microlitre).
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 Thrombophlebitis
The inflammation of the wall of a vein in association with the formation of a clot.
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67.  Thrombosis
An abnormal vascular situation in which a thrombus develops in the inside of a blood vessel,
both in arteries and veins.
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 Thrombus
Blood clot. A solid or semi-solid mass formed in the inside of an intact blood vessel. It is
composed of the constituents of blood, mainly platelets and fibrin.
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 Thromophilia
A state of secondary blood hypercoagulability to a deficit of the natural inhibitors of coagulation
such as the protein C, S and antithrombin III. It can be hereditary like the Factor V Leiden or
Prothrombin 20210 and can be associated to repeated abortions or recurrent miscarriages.
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 Thyroid
Endocrine gland found in the neck, underneath and to the sides of the trachea, and the back of
the larynx, where thyroid hormones are produced.
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 Thyroiditis
Autoimmune inflammation or affectation of the thyroid glands, which can cause hyper or
hypothyroidism.
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 Thyroxin (Free T4)
A hormone that is elaborated by the thyroid gland and is in charge of the regulation of the basal
metabolism and development.
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 Tissue
Mass of cells and of the surrounding substances which are united in order to carry out a
particular function.
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68.  Tocolysis
Inhibition of uterine contractions to stop the risk of preterm birth.
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 TORCH
Chronic bacterial infections that occur during the perinatal period and cause similar clinical and
laboratory findings. The term is an acronym for: Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and
Herpes.
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 Torsion
A twist or curl around an axis.
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 Toxemia
The presence of bacterial toxins in the bloodstream.
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 Toxoplasmosis
A disease caused by the infection of Protozoon Toxoplasma Gondi. It can give the symptoms of a
common cold or an infectious mononucleosis in adults. The disseminated form can produce
hepatic, pulmonary, cardiac, cerebral or spinal inflammation. Another form affects the eyes. A
women infected during pregnancy can transmit the disease to her child, causing cerebral
damage or even death. The most common form of acquiring the infection is by ingesting raw
meat or being in contact with infected animal stool (cat).
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 Transcervical
The action conducted through the hole of the cervix.
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 Transsexual
Surgical and hormonal intervention to alter the external characteristics of an individual in order
to make the person look of the opposite sex.
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69.  Transvaginal aspiration
Current method of oocyte collection in in vitro fertilisation treatments.
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 Treatment
Any course of action or program adopted to restore health, prevent illness or to mitigate
symptoms.
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 Trichomonas
Genus of parasites, Flagellates. Trichomona vaginalis: A mobile form that infects the lower
genital tract in women, as well as the urethra and the prostate in men.
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 Trichomoniasis
The infection of the lower genital tract with Trichomona Vaginalis, practically always acquired
by sexual transmission. In women, it usually causes various degrees of vulvovaginal irritation,
pruritus and leucorrhea. Men tend to be asymptomatic.
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 Trisomy
An abnormality in which an additional chromosome is present in cells. The extra chromosome is
a copy of an already existing pair, so that particular chromosome is triploid. The consequences
can go from early fetal death or abortion to numerous abnormalities in the newborn.
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 Trophoblast
External layer of cells that form the wall of the blastocyst. Plays an important role in embryonic
nesting and later goes to form the placenta.
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 Tumour
Excessive tissue growth. If it is malignant, it is called neoplasia.


70.  Ultrasonography
A visualisation of the body's internal structures by applying high frequency sound waves to the
body tissues and converting the echoes into an image on a screen. It is the basis of current
Gynaecology and Obstetrics.
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 Ultrasound
Sound waves with a higher frequency than the range which is audible by humans. They are
propagated at a certain speed in function of the physical conditions of the medium through
which they pass.
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 Ultrasound
Safe technique of modern obstetrics and gynecology, based on the piezoelectric effect.
Currently composed of several variants such as 2D, 3D, 4D, Doppler, colour Doppler, etc.
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 Urachus
A channel present in the foetus between the navel and the apex of the bladder. It is obliterated
in Utero and becomes a thick fibrous cord after birth.
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 Ureaplasma
A genera of gram-negative bacteria that lack cell walls and hydrolyse urea. Ureaplasma
Urealyticum: Responsible for genitourinary infections, which are often transmitted sexually.
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 Ureter
A long and thin muscular tube that carries urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder.
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 Ureterostomy
Abouchement of the distal ureter to skin of the lower abdomen and maceration of external
opening through which urine can be discharged when the bladder has been removed.
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71.  Ureterotomy
Surgical division of the ureter.
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 Urethra
A channel that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body.
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 Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra. Common symptoms are burning sensations during urination. It is
usually caused by infections or chemical irritation.
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 Urethrocystopexy
Surgery for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. It surgically elevates the bladder neck.
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 Urodinia
Pain or discomfort during urination.
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 Urodynamics
The study of the activities of the bladder, the urethral sphincter and the pelvic muscles with
the use of various pressure mechanisms.
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 Urography
Visualisation (using X rays) of the urinary tract.
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 Uteroplasty
The reconstructive surgery of the uterus.
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72.  Uterus
A deep muscular organ in women found in the pelvis between the bladder and the rectum. Its
function is to host the embryo and the foetus until birth. It has the shape of a pear, a thick wall
and is approximately 75 mm long. It reaches adult size at the age of 15 and reduces in size at
menopause. It consists of a main section, a superior section which ends in the Fallopian tubes,
and another lower section which opens to the vagina: the neck.

 Vagina
A musculomembranous structure in women, which extends from the cervix to the vulva.
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 Vaginismus
Involuntary contractions of the musculature that surrounds the vagina which hinder or prevent
penetration. This can be a cause of sterility.
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 Vaginitis
The inflammation of the vagina due to an infectious, traumatic or unspecified factor.
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 Vaginoplasty
The reconstructive surgery of the vagina. It may also be called colpoplasty.
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 Vaginosis
Vaginal infection due to an increase of anaerobic bacteria which are part of the usual flora of
the vagina.
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 Varix
Tortuous dilated veins due to an alteration in their valves.
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 Venereal

73. Relative to sexual contact.
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 Venereology
A branch of medicine that is in charge of the study of STDs.
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 Ventriculomegaly
Abnormal state of expansion of a cerebral ventricle, like the one seen in hydrocephalus.
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 Version
A manual turn of the foetus in the uterus to change its position and make it more favourable for
labour.
Wart
A small elevation of the skin, usually product of the human papilloma virus.
X-ray
Portraying an image of inside the body using X-ray transmission through it with a thin layer.
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 Zona pellucida
A layer of glycoprotein around a developing ovule in an ovarian follicle. It plays a role in
fertilisation when it is penetrated by the sperm. It persists when the zygote is dividing until the
stage of a blast cyst. This is when it degenerates and disappears just before the process of
implantation.
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 Zygote
A fertilised cell structure produced by the union of masculine and feminine reproductive cells.