Reproductive Systems
Chapter 14
Related Combining FormsStructureRelated Combining FormsMalePenispen/i, phall/iTesticlesorch/o, orchid/o, test/i, test/oFemaleOvariesoophor/o, ovari/oFallopian tubessalping/oUterushyster/o, metr/o, metri/o, urter/oVaginavagin/o, colp/oPlacentaplacent/o
2
Terms Related to Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes
Genitalia
Organs of reproduction and their associated structures
External genitalia: reproductive organs located outside of the body
Internal genitalia: reproductive organs located within the body
3
Terms Related to Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes
Perineum
Male perineum
Extends from scrotum to the area around the anus
Female perineum
Extends from pubic symphysis to the area around the anus
Functions of Male Reproductive System
Primary function
Produce sperm and deliver them into female body for union with ovum to create new life
Structures of Male Reproductive System
External male genitalia
Penis and scrotum, which contains two testicles
Internal male genitalia
Include remaining structures of male reproductive system
Structures of Male Reproductive System
Structures of Male Reproductive System
Scrotum and Testicles
Scrotum
Sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports testicles
Suspended from pubic arch behind the penis and lies between the thighs
Scrotum and Testicles
Testicles
Two egg-shaped glands that produce sperm
Develop within abdomen of male fetus and normally descend into scrotum before or soon after birth
Seminiferous tubules: site of sperm formation
Epididymis: coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle; descends the length of the testicle, then moves upward to merge into vas deferens
Scrotum and Testicles
Testicles
Spermatic cord
Attached to each testicle
Extends upward from epididymis
Contains vas deferens plus arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatic vessels for each testicle
Semen Formation
Semen
Whitish fluid containing sperm (male gametes)
Ejaculated through urethra at the peak of male sexual excitement
Spermatogenesis
Process of sperm formation
(spermat/o: sperm; -genesis: formation)
Semen Formation
Ideal temperature for sperm formation is 93.2˚F
Sperm move from seminiferous tubules of testicles into epididymus where they become motile and are stored
Semen Formation
From epididymus, sperm travel to vas deferens where seminal vesicles and prostate gland add secretions to form semen
Penis
Male sex organ
Transports sperm into female vagina
Three columns of erectile tissue
High pressure leads to filling of erectile tissues with blood during sexual stimulation
Penis
Glans penis
Sensitive region at the tip of the penis
Foreskin
Retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane
Covers and protects glans penis
Also known as prepuce
Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, and Ejaculatory Duct
Vas deferens
Long, narrow continuation of each epididymus
Leads upward and join the urethra
Seminal vesicles
Located at the base of urinary bladder
Open.
1. Reproductive Systems
Chapter 14
Related Combining FormsStructureRelated Combining
FormsMalePenispen/i, phall/iTesticlesorch/o, orchid/o, test/i,
test/oFemaleOvariesoophor/o, ovari/oFallopian
tubessalping/oUterushyster/o, metr/o, metri/o,
urter/oVaginavagin/o, colp/oPlacentaplacent/o
2
Terms Related to Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes
Genitalia
Organs of reproduction and their associated structures
External genitalia: reproductive organs located outside of the
body
Internal genitalia: reproductive organs located within the body
3
Terms Related to Reproductive Systems of Both Sexes
Perineum
Male perineum
Extends from scrotum to the area around the anus
Female perineum
Extends from pubic symphysis to the area around the anus
2. Functions of Male Reproductive System
Primary function
Produce sperm and deliver them into female body for union with
ovum to create new life
Structures of Male Reproductive System
External male genitalia
Penis and scrotum, which contains two testicles
Internal male genitalia
Include remaining structures of male reproductive system
Structures of Male Reproductive System
Structures of Male Reproductive System
Scrotum and Testicles
Scrotum
Sac-like structure that surrounds, protects, and supports
testicles
Suspended from pubic arch behind the penis and lies between
the thighs
Scrotum and Testicles
Testicles
Two egg-shaped glands that produce sperm
Develop within abdomen of male fetus and normally descend
into scrotum before or soon after birth
Seminiferous tubules: site of sperm formation
Epididymis: coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle;
3. descends the length of the testicle, then moves upward to merge
into vas deferens
Scrotum and Testicles
Testicles
Spermatic cord
Attached to each testicle
Extends upward from epididymis
Contains vas deferens plus arteries, veins, nerves, and
lymphatic vessels for each testicle
Semen Formation
Semen
Whitish fluid containing sperm (male gametes)
Ejaculated through urethra at the peak of male sexual
excitement
Spermatogenesis
Process of sperm formation
(spermat/o: sperm; -genesis: formation)
Semen Formation
Ideal temperature for sperm formation is 93.2˚F
Sperm move from seminiferous tubules of testicles into
epididymus where they become motile and are stored
Semen Formation
From epididymus, sperm travel to vas deferens where seminal
vesicles and prostate gland add secretions to form semen
Penis
Male sex organ
4. Transports sperm into female vagina
Three columns of erectile tissue
High pressure leads to filling of erectile tissues with blood
during sexual stimulation
Penis
Glans penis
Sensitive region at the tip of the penis
Foreskin
Retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane
Covers and protects glans penis
Also known as prepuce
Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, and Ejaculatory Duct
Vas deferens
Long, narrow continuation of each epididymus
Leads upward and join the urethra
Seminal vesicles
Located at the base of urinary bladder
Open into vas deferens
Secrete yellow substance to nourish sperm cells
Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, and Ejaculatory Duct
Ejaculatory duct
Begins at vas deferens
Passes through prostate gland
Empties into urethra
Reflex action pushes semen into urethra and out of the body via
the penis
Prostate Gland
Lies under the bladder
5. Surrounds end of the urethra where vas deferens enters urethra
Secretes thick, alkaline fluid into semen aiding motility of
sperm during ejaculation
Bulbourethral Glands
Located just below the prostate gland
Open into urethra
Secrete pre-ejaculatory fluid helping flush any residual urine or
foreign matter in urethra
Fluid may contain sperm and may cause pregnancy even if
ejaculation does not occur
Urethra
Passes through the penis to the outside of the body
Part of both reproductive and urinary systems in males
Medical Specialties Related to Male Reproductive System
Urologist
Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of
genitourinary system of males and urinary system of females
Pathology of Male Reproductive System
Penis
Balanitis
Inflammation of glans penis
May be due to poor hygiene if not circumcised
(balan: glans penis)
Phimosis
Narrowing of foreskin preventing retraction to expose glans
penis
May be present at birth or become apparent during childhood
6. Pathology of Male Reproductive System
Penis
Erectile dysfunction
Inability of male to achieve or maintain a penile erection
Peyronie's disease
Penis is bent or curved during erection leading to sexual
dysfunction
Pathology of Male Reproductive System
Penis
Priapism
Painful erection lasting 4 hours or more, not accompanied by
sexual excitement and does not diminish after sexual
stimulation ends
May be due to medications or disease
Premature ejaculation
Early climax, usually before or shortly after penetrating the
female's vagina
Pathology of Male Reproductive System
Testicles and related structures
Andropause
Decrease of testosterone
Usually begins when man is in his late 40's
(andr/o: male or masculine; -pause: stopping)
Cryptorchidism
Undescended testicle
Developmental defect
(crypt: hidden; orch: testicle)
Pathology of Male Reproductive System
7. Testicles and related structures
Anorchism
Congenital absence of one or both testicles
Epididymitis
Inflammation of epididymis
Hydrocele
Fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading
from the testicles
(hydr/o: water; -cele: hernia/swelling)
Pathology of Male Reproductive System
Pathology of Male Reproductive System
Testicles and related structures
Spermatocele
Milky-fluid filled cyst in epididymis
Testicular cancer
Cancer that begins in the testicles
Most common cancer in American males between ages of 15 and
34 years
Pathology of Male Reproductive System
Testicles and related structures
Testicular torsion
Pain in scrotum caused by twisting of vas deferens and blood
vessels leading into the testicle
Testitis
Inflammation of one or both testicles
Varicocele
Knot of varicose veins in one side of the scrotum
(varic/o: varicose veins)
8. Sperm Count
Normal range: 20–120 million or more sperm per milliliter of
semen
Azoospermia
Absence of sperm in semen
(zoo: life)
Oligospermia
Sperm count below 20 million/mL
Sperm Count
Hematospermia
Presence of blood in seminal fluid
Can be caused by infection of seminal vesicles, prostatitis,
urethritis, or urethral strictures
Diagnostic Procedures of Male Reproductive System
Sperm count
Testing of freshly ejaculated semen to determine volume plus
number, shape, size, and motility of sperm
Testicular self-examination
Self-examination beneficial in early detection of testicular
cancer
Treatment Procedures of Male Reproductive System
General treatment procedures
Circumcision
Surgical removal of foreskin of penis
Orchidectomy (orchiectomy)
Surgical removal of one or both testicles
Treatment Procedures of Male Reproductive System
9. General treatment procedures
Orchiopexy
Repair of undescended testicle
Varicocelectomy
Removal of portion of enlarged vein to relieve variocele
Male Sterilization
Castration
Surgical removal or destruction of both testicles
Vasectomy
Male sterilization procedure by surgical removal of a small
portion of vas deferens
Prevents sperm from entering the ejaculate
Does not change the volume of semen
Male Sterilization
Vasovasostomy
An attempt to restore fertility of a vasectomized male
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Infections caused by bacteria or virus
Commonly spread through sexual intercourse or genital contact
Chlamydia
Highly contagious
Requires early treatment with antibiotics
Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Bacterial vaginosis
Occurs in women due to abnormal overgrowth of certain
bacteria in vagina
Genital herpes
Highly contagious
10. Lesions on genitals or rectum
No cure
Antiviral drugs ease symptoms
Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Genital warts
Highly contagious
Caused by human papillomaviruses
HPV vaccine is available
Gonorrhea
Highly contagious
May affect mouth, throat, and anus as well as reproductive
organs of both males and females
Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Human immunodeficiency virus
Transmitted through exposure to infected body fluids
Syphilis
Highly contagious
Transmitted from person to person through direct contact with
chancre
May be difficult to distinguish from other Sexually Transmitted
Diseases (STDs)
Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Trichomoniasis
Infection caused by a parasite
May affect males or females
Functions of Female Reproductive System
Creation and support of new life
Ovaries
11. Produce mature eggs to be fertilized by sperm
Uterus
Provides environment and support for developing child
Breasts
Produce milk to feed infant
Structures of Female Reproductive System
Structures of Female Reproductive System
External female genitalia
Located posterior to mons pubis
Structures collectively known as vulva
Labia majora and labia minora: protect external genitalia and
urethral meatus
Clitoris: erectile tissue
Bartholin's glands: lubricate vaginal orifice
Vaginal orifice: exterior opening of vagina partially covered by
the hymen
Structures of Female Reproductive System
Structures of Female Reproductive System
Breasts
Made of fat, connective tissue, and mammary glands
Mammary glands: milk-producing glands that develop during
puberty
Lactiferous ducts: carry milk from mammary glands to the
nipple
(lact: milk; -iferous: carrying or producing)
Areola: dark-pigmented area surrounding the nipple
12. Structures of Female Reproductive System
Structures of Female Reproductive System
Internal female genitalia
Located within the pelvic cavity and protected by bony pelvis
Two ovaries
Small, almond-shaped organs located in lower abdomen, on
either side of uterus
Follicle: fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum
Ova: female gametes (eggs)
Fallopian Tubes
Two fallopian tubes
Extend from upper end of uterus to the point near but not
attached to an ovary
Carry sperm upward from uterus toward descending mature
ovum to allow fertilization
Infundibulum: funnel-shaped opening into fallopian tube near
the ovary
Fimbriae: finger-like extensions that catch the mature ovum
when it leaves the ovary
Fallopian Tubes
Uterus
Pear-shaped organ with muscular walls and mucous membrane
lining
Located between urinary bladder and rectum
13. Normal position is anteflexion
(ante-: forward; flex: bend)
Parts of Uterus
Fundus: rounded part above the entrance of fallopian tubes
Corpus: middle portion; body of the uterus
Cervix: lower, narrow portion that extends into the vagina
Three major tissue layers include perimetrium (outer layer),
myometrium (muscular middle layer), and endometrium (inner
layer rich in blood vessels)
Vagina
Muscular tube extending from cervix to the outside of the body
Lined with mucosa
Menstruation
Normal periodic discharge of endometrial lining and
unfertilized egg from uterus
Menarche
Beginning of menstruation
Average age in the United States is 12 years
(men: menstruation; -arche: beginning)
Menstruation
Menopause
Normal termination of menstruation during middle age
Considered confirmed if the woman has not had a menstrual
period for 1 year
Perimenopause
Transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no
periods at all
14. Terms Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth
Ovulation
Release of mature egg from follicle
Occurs on approximately 13th or 14th day of menstrual cycle
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone during second half of
menstrual cycle to maintain growth of uterine lining in
preparation for the fertilized egg
If no fertilization takes place, endometrium sloughs off
Fertilization
Conception occurs when sperm penetrates and fertilizes ovum
Union forms a single cell known as zygote
Implantation
Embedding of zygote into uterine lining
Fertilization
Embryo
From implantation to the 8th week of pregnancy
Fetus
From 9th week of pregnancy to the time of birth
(fet: unborn child)
Multiple Births
Fraternal twins
Fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm cells resulting in
two separate embryos
Identical twins
Fertilization of single ova by single sperm that divides to form
two embryos
Each twin has the exact same genetic information from the
parents
15. Multiple Births
Chorion and Placenta
Chorion
Outer membrane that encloses embryo
Contributes to the formation of placenta
Placenta
Temporary organ within uterus allowing exchange of nutrients,
oxygen, and waste products between mother and fetus without
allowing mixing of maternal blood and fetal blood
Amniotic Sac
Innermost membrane that surrounds embryo in the uterus
Amnionic fluid protects fetus and allows for the floating
movements
Umbilical Cord
Carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from placenta to the
developing baby
Transports waste from fetus for disposal through mother's
excretory system
Cord is cut soon after the delivery of baby, but before the
delivery of placenta
Gestation
Period of development of baby in uterus
Average is approximately 280 days (40 weeks) divided into
three trimesters
Due date
Calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period
16. Quickening
First fetal movement felt by mother
Gestation
Braxton Hicks contractions
Intermittent painless contractions occurring frequently as
pregnancy progresses
Viable
When fetus is capable of living outside the uterus
Antepartum
Final stage of pregnancy just before the onset of labor
Mother
Nulligravida
Woman who has never been pregnant
(nulli-: none; -gravida: pregnant)
Nullipara
Woman who has never borne a viable child
(-para: bring forth)
Primigravida
Woman during her first pregnancy
(primi-: first)
Mother
Primipara
Woman who is giving birth to a viable child first time
Multiparous
Woman who has given birth two or more times
(-parous: having borne one or more children)
Childbirth
Labor and delivery (parturition)
17. Three stages
Dilation
Delivery of the baby
Expulsion of the afterbirth
Childbirth
Childbirth
First stage
Longest stage
Includes gradual dilation and effacement of cervix and rupture
of amniotic sac
Effacement: shortening, softening, and thinning of cervix
Fetal monitoring records fetal heart rate and maternal uterine
contractions during labor
Childbirth
Second stage
Begins when cervix is dilated 10 cm and is completed at the
delivery of baby
Third stage
Expulsion of placenta (afterbirth)
Postpartum
Postpartum means after childbirth
Mother
Puerperium
Time from delivery of placenta to approximately first 6 weeks
Lochia
18. Postpartum vaginal discharge that continues 4–6 weeks after
childbirth
(loch: childbirth)
Mother
Uterine involution
Return of uterus to normal size/condition
Colostrum
Specialized form of breast milk that delivers essential
nutrients/antibodies to the newborn
Produced during late pregnancy and first few days after giving
birth
Mother
Lactation
Process of forming and secreting milk from breasts
Milk develops few days after giving birth and replaces
colostrum
Postpartum depression
Feelings of sadness and loss of pleasure in normal activities
occurring shortly after giving birth
Baby
Neonate
Newborn infant during first 4 weeks after birth
Vernix
Greasy substance that protects fetus in utero
May be present at birth
Meconium
Greenish material collecting in the intestine of fetus forming the
first stool of the newborn
19. Apgar Scores
Scale of 1–10 evaluates newborn's physical status at 1 minute
and 5 minutes after birth
Best score: 8–10
Graded on 5 criteria on scale 0, 1, or 2
Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, response to
stimulation, skin color
Medical Specialties Related to Female Reproductive System
Gynecologist
Specializes in diagnosing/treating diseases/disorders of female
reproductive system
(gynec: female)
Obstetrician
Specializes in medical care during pregnancy, childbirth, and
immediate postpartum
Medical Specialties Related to Female Reproductive System
Neonatologist
Specializes in diagnosing/treating disorders of newborn
(neo-: new; nat: born)
Infertility specialist
Diagnoses/treats problems associated with the conception and
maintaining pregnancy
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ovulation
Anovulation
Absence of ovulation when normally expected
Menstruation may continue
Oophoritis
Inflammation of ovary
(oophor: ovary)
20. Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ovulation
Ovarian cancer
Originates within the cells of ovaries
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Inflammation of female reproductive organs occurring
frequently as the complication of STD
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Ovarian cysts resulting from incompletely developed follicles
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, and ovulation
Pyosalpinx
Accumulation of pus in a fallopian tube
(-salpinx: fallopian tube)
Salpingtitis
Inflammation of fallopian tube
(salping: fallopian tube)
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Uterus
Endometriosis
Patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and attach to
other the structures in pelvic cavity
(metri: uterus)
Endometrial cancer
Cancerous growth that begins in uterine lining
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Uterus
Uterine fibroid
21. Benign tumor composed of muscle and fibrous tissue
Occurs in the wall of uterus
Uterine prolapse
Uterus slides from the normal position and sags into the vagina
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Cervix
Cervical cancer
Slow-growing squamous cell cancer
Cervical dysplasia
Presence of precancerous changes in cells that make up inner
lining of cervix
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Cervix
Cervicitis
Inflammation of cervix
(cervic: cervix)
Endocervicitis
Inflammation of mucous membrane lining the cervix
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Vagina
Colporrhexis
Tearing or laceration of vaginal wall
(colp/o: vagina)
Dyspareunia
Painful sexual intercourse
(-pareunia: sexual intercourse)
Leukorrhea
Whitish mucus discharge from the uterus and vagina
22. Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Vagina
Vaginal atrophy
Decrease in elasticity and lubrication related to the hormonal
changes
Vaginal candidiasis
Yeast-like infection of vagina
Vaginismus
Involuntary spasm of pelvic floor muscles
(-ismus: spasm/contraction)
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
External genitalia
Pruritus vulvae
Severe itching of external female genitalia
Vulvodynia
Painful syndrome of unknown cause
(vulv/o: vulva; -dynia: pain)
Vulvitis
Inflammation of vulva
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Breast diseases
Fibroadenoma
Firm mass rising from the excess growth of glandular and
connective tissues in breasts
Fibrocystic breast disease
Single or multiple benign cysts in breasts
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Breast diseases
Galactorrhea
Production of breast milk in woman who is not breastfeeding
23. (galact/o: milk)
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Breast diseases
Mastalgia
Pain in breast
Mastitis
Infection in the breast frequently seen during breastfeeding
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Menstrual disorders
Amenorrhea
Abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more
Dysmenorrhea
Painful uterine cramps during menstrual period
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Abnormal bleeding due to hormonal level changes
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Menstrual disorders
Hypermenorrhea
Excessive menstrual flow for more than 7 days
Hypomenorrhea
Unusually small amount of menstrual flow
Menometrorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during menstrual periods and at
other irregular intervals
(metr/o: uterus)
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Menstrual disorders
Metrorrhagia
24. Uterine bleeding between menstrual periods
Oligomenorrhea
Infrequent or very light menstrual periods after previously
normal periods
Polymenorrhea
Menstrual cycles occurring more frequently than normal
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Menstrual disorders
Premature menopause
Ovaries cease functioning before the age of 40 years
Due to disease, hormonal disorder, or surgical removal of
ovaries
Premenstrual syndrome
Symptoms, such as bloating, and headaches, occurring during
the two weeks before menstruation
Pathology of Female Reproductive System
Menstrual disorders
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Emotional and physical problems closely linked to the
menstrual cycle
Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth
Pregnancy
Abortion
Interruption or termination of pregnancy before fetus is viable
Ectopic pregnancy
Implantation of egg outside the uterus
Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth
Pregnancy
25. Infertility
Inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 year of
regular, unprotected intercourse
Preeclampsia
Complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension,
edema, and proteinuria
Eclampsia
More serious form of preeclampsia leading to convulsions
and/or coma
Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth
Pregnancy
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count
syndrome (HELLP)
Life-threatening pregnancy complication
Characterized by hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low
platelet count
Can occur during the third trimester of pregnancy or after
delivery
Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth
Rh factor
Defines presence or absence of Rh antigen on red blood cells
Can cause difficulties when Rh negative mother is pregnant
with Rh positive baby
Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth
Childbirth
Abruptio placentae
Placenta separates from the uterine wall before the birth of the
fetus
Breech presentation
Buttocks or feet are positioned to enter the birth canal first
26. instead of the head
Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth
Childbirth
Placenta previa
Implantation of placenta in lower portion of the uterus
Premature infant
Fetus born before the 37th week of gestation
Stillbirth
Birth of fetus that has died before or during the delivery
Diagnostic Procedures of Female Reproductive System
Colposcopy
Visual examination of tissues of cervix and vagina
Endovaginal ultrasound
Determines the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding
Diagnostic Procedures of Female Reproductive System
Hysterosalpingography
Radiographic examination of uterus/fallopian tubes
Diagnostic Procedures of Female Reproductive System
Hysteroscopy
Visual examination of uterus/fallopian tubes
Pap smear
Exfoliative biopsy of cervix to detect the early indicators of
cervical cancer
Diagnostic Procedures Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth
Pregnancy test
Detects high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin in blood
27. or urine specimen
First trimester screening
Ultrasound and finger-stick blood test performed at 11–13
weeks of pregnancy
Assists with the detection of the increased risk of Down
syndrome
Diagnostic Procedures Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth
Chorionic villus sampling
Examination of cells from chorionic villi to detect genetic
abnormalities
Performed between 8th and 10th week of pregnancy
Amniocentesis
Collection of specimen of amniotic fluid, usually after 14th
week of pregnancy to detect congenital disorders
Diagnostic Procedures Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth
Pelvimetry
Radiographic study to measure the dimensions of pelvis to
evaluate capacity to allow passage of fetus through birth canal
Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System
Medications
Contraceptive
Lessens likelihood of pregnancy
Diaphragm
Barrier contraceptive preventing sperm from reaching and
fertilizing the egg
Intrauterine device
Plastic contraceptive inserted through cervix into the uterus to
prevent pregnancy
28. Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System
Medications
Condom
Prevents pregnancy when used correctly
May prevent transmission of STDs
Hormone replacement therapy
Use of estrogen and progesterone to replace those that are no
longer produced during and after menopause
Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System
Ovaries and fallopian tubes
Oophorectomy
Surgical removal of one or both ovaries
Salpingectomy
Surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes
Salpingo-oophorectomy
Surgical removal of a fallopian tube and ovary
Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System
Ovaries and fallopian tubes
Tubal ligation
Surgical sterilization
Fallopian tubes are sealed or cut preventing sperm from
reaching a mature ovum
Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System
Uterus, cervix, and vagina
Colpopexy
Surgical fixation of prolapsed vagina
Conization
Surgical removal of cone-shaped specimen of tissue from the
cervix
Colporrhaphy
29. Surgical suturing of a tear in vagina
Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System
Uterus, cervix, and vagina
Dilation and curettage
Dilation of cervix
Scraping away of endometrium
Myomectomy
Surgical removal of uterine fibroids
(myom: muscle tumor)
Treatment Procedures of Female Reproductive System
Uterus, cervix, and vagina
Hysterectomy
Surgical removal of uterus
Total hysterectomy: removal of uterus and cervix
Radical hysterectomy: removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes,
uterus, cervix, and nearby lymph nodes
Mammoplasty
Breast augmentation
Increases breast size
Breast reduction
Decreases and reshapes excessively large, heavy breasts
Mastopexy
Affixes sagging breasts in a more elevated position
Treatment Procedures Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth
Cesarean section
Delivery of child through incision in maternal abdomen and
uterine walls
Episiotomy
30. Surgical incision into perineum to enlarge vaginal orifice to
prevent tearing as baby is delivered through the birth canal
Treatment Procedures Related to Pregnancy and Childbirth
Episorrhaphy
Surgical suturing to repair episiotomy
Incubator
Maintains environment of controlled temperature, humidity, and
oxygen concentration for premature or ill newborn
Assisted Reproduction
Artificial insemination
Sperm from woman's partner or a donor are introduced
deliberately into the vagina or uterus during the ovulatory phase
of her menstrual cycle
In vitro fertilization
Mature ovum is removed from mother to be fertilized outside
the body and the resulting embryo is transferred into the uterus
with hope it will implant and continue as normal pregnancy
Answers to Learning Exercises
Chapter 14 Answers
Matching
Word Parts 1
14.1 cervic/o
14.2 gynec/o
14.3 men/o
14.4 -gravida
14.5 colp/o
