This document appears to be a presentation on next generation networks and related topics. It includes sections on topics like passive optical networks versus Ethernet, MPLS VPNs, quality of service, IPv6 transition technologies, and network optimization approaches. The document contains diagrams, tables, and questions/answers related to these technical subject areas.

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Next Generation Networks
IndonesiaNetworkOperatorGroup–IDNOG
Himawan Nugroho!

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Cisco Systems, Singapore, 2006 – 2008
Cisco Systems, Dubai, 2008 – present
Cisco Live Speakers, 2011 – present

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‘’It’s not
who you are
underneath,
it’s what
you do
that
defines you”!

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I’m a storyteller. I tell stories!

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I’m
your
Budi!
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1925

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Pandawa Networks!5
Future
proof?!
Improve
customer
experience?!
Optimize
Capex-Opex?!
Agile
infrastructure?!
Multi
Services?!
Clean
Internet?!
Local
content?!

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! Passive Optical Network (PON)
! " Lower CAPEX
! " Lower power consumption
! " Less CO rack space needed
! " Asymmetric BW split
! " More complex troubleshooting
! Ethernet
! " Easier BW upgrades
! " Easier unbundling
! " More space needed at CO for
distribution frames
! " More fiber duct utilization
PON ETH
Splitter 1:2
ONTs ONTs
Splitter 1:32
Splitter 1:64
OLT
Point to Multipoint Point to Point

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Customer Gateway
Internet Router
DC Gateway
Cache Redirection
2.5Gb/s (DS) 1.25 Gb/s (US)
2.5Gb/s (DS) 1.25 Gb/s (US)
Customer ODN CO
2.5Gb/s (DS) 1.25 Gb/s (US)
U N I V E R S I T YU N I V E R S I T Y
OLTApartment
Residential
Bungalows
Retail, Mall
Hotel, Stadium, University, School
Offices
DNS, DHCP
2.5Gb/s (DS) 1.25 Gb/s (US)
2.5Gb/s (DS)
1.25 Gb/s (US)
DATA CENTER INTERNET
Cache
Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
AAA

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Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
Data
Center

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Core Router
Access Aggregation Core
OLTApartment
Residential
Bungalows
Retail, Mall
Offices
DNS, DHCP
Service Router INTERNET
Cache + Filter
Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
AAA
DATA CENTER
DC Switch
ASBR
Customer
Gateway
Cache
Redirection
Internet
Gateway

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Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
Data
Center

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MPLS (Layer 2.5) Shim Header Fields:
Label, 20 bits
Experimental (CoS), 3 bits
Stacking bit, 1 bit. This is the bottom-of-stack bit. 1=on=last label.
Time to live, 8 bits
TTL#Label#(20#bits)# CoS# S#
IP#Packet#
32#bits#
L2#Header# MPLS#Header#

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Question: !How will the PE routers forward the VPN packets across the MPLS VPN backbone? !
Result:!
• The P routers perform label switching, and the packet reaches the egress PE router !
• The egress PE router performs a lookup on the VPN label and forwards the packet toward the CE router !
Answer: !They will label the VPN packets with a label stack, using the LDP label for
!the egress PE router as the top label, and the VPN label assigned by the
!egress PE router as the second label in the stack. !

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Question: !How will the ingress PE router get the second label in the
!label stack from the egress PE router?!
Answer: !Labels are propagated in MP-BGP VPNv4 routing updates.!

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PE Router
Access MPLS Backbone Core
DNS, DHCP, AAA
Service Router INTERNET
Cache + Filter
Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
SIP + Voice GW
DATA CENTER
DC Switch
ASBR
Customer
Gateway/CE
Cache
Redirection
Internet
Gateway
Service PE
CE
P Router
MP-BGP RR
PE RouterSIP client
VVVV
PSTN

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Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
Data
Center

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• Assume a flow from A to B
• T1: when L dies, the best path is impacted
loss of traffic
• T2: When the traffic reaches the destination again through the computed next best path.
If fast reroutes technologies are used, this may happen well before the network convergence
Once the network converges, a next best path is computed
• Loss of Connectivity: T2 – T1, called “convergence” hereafter
• Traffic can be restored long before the convergence time if fast reroute technology is used

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• Minimize network downtime/traffic loss
“Classical” Convergence > 1 sec.
Fast Convergence < 1 sec.
Fast Re-Route < 50-100 msec.
• Support all types (Link, Node or SRLG) of IP/MPLS restoration mechanisms.
• Keep it simple and straight.
• Keep it cost effective (both CAPEX/OPEX)

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STB /
Receiver
IPTV
Source
Out-of-band
source directory,
example: web server
Receiver learns of source, group/port
BA C D
EIGMPv3 (S, G) Join
Receiver sends IGMPv3 (S,G) Join
(S, G) Join
First-hop sends PIM (S,G) Join directly
toward Source
Result: Shortest path tree rooted
at the source, with no shared tree.

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PE Router
Access MPLS Backbone
DNS, DHCP, AAA
Service Router INTERNET
Cache + Filter
Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
SIP + Voice GW
DATA CENTER
DC Switch
ASBR
Customer
Gateway/CE
Cache
Redirection
Internet
Gateway
Service PE
CE
P Router
MP-BGP RR
PE RouterSIP client
VVVV
PSTN
VVVV
PSTN
DC Firewall Load Balancer
STB
IPTV

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Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
Data
Center

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• Optimize bandwidth utilization
for Video, Voice and Data apps
• Drives productivity
by enhancing service-levels to
mission-critical applications
• Helps maintain network
availability
in the event of DoS/worm
attacks
Quality of
Service
Network Availability
Security

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How Does It Work and Essential Elements
CLASSIFICATION AND
MARKING
QUEUEING AND DROPPING POST-QUEUING
OPERATIONS
• Classification and Marking:
The first element to a QoS policy is to classify/identify the traffic that is to be treated differently; following classification, marking tools can set an attribute of a
frame or packet to a specific value
• Policing:
Determine whether packets are conforming to administratively-defined traffic rates and take action accordingly; such action could include marking, remarking or
dropping a packet
• Scheduling (including Queuing and Dropping):
Scheduling tools determine how a frame/packet exits a device; queuing algorithms are activated only when a device is experiencing congestion and are
deactivated when the congestion clears
• Link Specific Mechanisms (Shaping, Fragmentation, Compression, Tx Ring)
Offers network administrators tools to optimize link utilization

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Business Requirements Will Evolve and Expand over Time
Time
Critical Data
Realtime
4-Class Model
Best Effort
Signaling / Control Call Signaling
Critical Data
Interactive Video
Voice
8-Class Model
Scavenger
Best Effort
Streaming Video
Network Control
Network Management
Realtime Interactive
Transactional Data
Multimedia Conferencing
Voice
12-Class Model
Bulk Data
Scavenger
Best Effort
Multimedia Streaming
Network Control
Broadcast Video
Call Signaling

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What Difference Does It Make?
CE1 PE1
Uniform
Pipe
Short
Pipe
IPIP IP/MPLS
PE2 CE2

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Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
Data
Center
Data
Center

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RSP
LC
LC
LC
LC
RSP
LC
LC
LC
LC
Cluster – nV (Network Virtualization)
Key motivation is in the Access edge:
Simpler Access Dual-homing
• scaling the L2/L3 control plane (not data plane)
Key motivation is in the Core:
Simpler Core PoP
• scaling the non-blocking data plane
• back-to-back, 2+1, 8+2, etc.
Cluster
(one L2 & IP/MPLS control plane)
Cluster + Satellites
(remote linecards)
Multi-Chassis
(one router)
RP
LC
LC
RP
LC
Multi-Chassis - IP Core
LC
LC
LC
LC
dRP

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ISO/IEC 42010:2007, Systems and Software Engineering

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Access!
Ethernet Node
Ethernet Node
DSL Node
PON Node
Access! Carrier Ethernet Aggregation!
Aggregation
Node
Distribution
Node
Distribution
Node
Aggregation
Node
Core Network
IP / MPLS
Content Network
TV SIP
Content Network
TV SIP
IP Edge! Multiservice Core!
MPLS/IPoDWDM Optical Network
Core Node
Core Node
Business
Corporate
Business
Corporate
2G/3G RBS
Residential
STB
Residential
STB
Residential
STB
Business
Corporate
Pre-Agg /AggNode
Aggregation Node
MPLS/IP/Ethernet
BSC/RNC
BSC/RNCCell Site Gateway
MPLS/IP Transport
Transport Deployment:
VPWS, VPLS
Service Aware Deployment:
VPWS, VPLS, MPLS VPN/IP
HSI
Service Edge Node
Optional Video
Service Edge Node
Optional Business
Service Edge Node
NMS Service Management
SEF
EMSACS Performance ManagementAAA, DHCP, DNS,
OAM Subsystem

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Market Services Access SLA Type SLA Example
Residential Internet Access
Ethernet, DSL,
PON Transport
Dynamic access bandwidth, session/idle timeout, advertisements, post paid/prepaid
(time and volume)
VoIP Telephony
Ethernet, DSL,
PON Application
The number of VoIP appliances, SIP URLs/PST Phone numbers, active calls, VoIP call
quality
VoD
Ethernet, DSL,
PON Application The number of STBs, stream quality, content flavours, charging models
TV
Ethernet, DSL,
PON Application The number of STBs, type of TV packages, SD vs HD content and delivery quality
Business L3 VPN
Ethernet, DSL,
PON, POS TDM Transport
Access bandwidth, differentiated services support, L3 VPN topology, managed services
(unicast and multicast)
E-Line
Ethernet, DSL*,
PON* Transport Access bandwidth, differentiated services support, transparency
E-LAN
Ethernet, DSL*,
PON* Transport Access bandwidth, differentiated services support, multipoint transport, transparency
Legacy VPWS
FR, and FR to IP
(Ethernet) Transport
Guaranteed bandwidth per FR DLCI service. Also FR DLCI transport with IP
interworking and Ethernet Access.
Transport Mobile RAN
2G,
3G R99,
3G R5, R8 Transport
Guaranteed bandwidth, delay and jitter synchronization (frequency and phase)
accuracy inline with Mobile Radio technology
HSI
Wholesale
Ethernet,
DSL, PON Transport
Aggregated bandwidth on ISP level, differentiated services support, with subscriber
management at ISP, with L2TP or MPLS VPN transport
Triple Play
Wholesale
Ethernet,
DSL, PON Transport
Aggregated bandwidth on ISP level, differentiated services support, transparent P2P
Ethernet transport for unicast services, P2MP Ethernet transport for IPTV
Contribution
Video
Ethernet, Video
HD-SDI Transport Guaranteed bandwidth, delay, jitter , and close to zero or zero loss
* Ethernet Relay Point to Point and Multipoint only

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1) Reduce the number of networks
! IP NGN = single multiservice network
2) Reduce the number of layers
! IP NGN = IP/MPLS + DWDM
3) Reduce the number of nodes
! Direct Links = huge broadband traffic takes shortest path
4) Reduce the number of links
! MPLS Technology = statistical multiplex and hierarchy
5) Innovate – make use of modern technologies
! Moore’s Law = Lower TCO, Price/Gigabit, Watt/Gigabit
Optimization: How to move bits cheaper...
...reduce OPEX, CAPEX, and keep reasonable quality?

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• IPv4 address pool exhausted
• NGN Capabilities to Defence
• Government Mandates
• Cable market address scaling
• Population densities in various countries
• 4G deployments
• Smart Grids/Sensor Networks
• Connected Communities
• IPv4 connects computers
• IPv6 connects people and things
IPv6 is an enabler
It is NOT a new service
It allows anything to connect to everything
Why Move To IPv6?

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IPv4 Address
HOST: 156.50.20.1
NET: 156.50.0.0/16
IPv6 Address
FE80::20B:60FF:FEA7:D81A
2001:0:0:A1::/64
Network Operator
I need some Catnip…
HEX is a curse…
Comparison of Address Type Syntax (CATS)
Why we need IPv6 Address Management Tool

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IPv4
Address
Run-Out
IPv4
IPv6
6rd
CGN
+
6rd
Dual
Stack
DS-
Lite
Obtain IPv4 Addresses
MAP
CGN
IPv4 Address Sharing
IPv4 # IPv6
Transition Technologies in one Slide

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IPv4
Internet
IPv4
Backbone
Double step stateful translation:
! At CPE level
Between home network and ISP access network
! At CGN level
Between ISP network and public address network
From CGN perspective: NAT44 = NAT444
IPv4 Traffic
CGNCPE
Source Address = 10.1.1.10
Outside Address = 170.0.0.1
Translated Address =
10.8.1.111

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IPv6
Backbone
IPv6
Internet
IPv4
Internet
! Two flavors:
– stateful (1:n)
– stateless (1:1)
! DNS64 to resolve IPv4 domain names
IPv4 Traffic
IPv6 Traffic
CGN
NAT64
Source Address = 2001:db8:1::10
Outside Address = 170.0.0.0
NAT64

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• NfV initiative announced at SDN and OpenFlow World Congress, October 2012
Industry Specification Group (ISG) with ETSI
• Leveraging cloud technology to support virtualizing specific network functions
vSwitch(
(Nexus(1000v)(
vRouter(
(CSR1000v)( vISE(
vFW(
(ASA(1000v)(
vWAAS( vESA( vWLC(
vRouteReflector(vNAM(vVideoCache(
VSG(
vWSA(
Nexus/Catalyst# ASR/ISR/CRS# IdenCty/Policy#D#ISE# Firewall#D#ASA#
WAAS# Email#Security#D#ESA# Wireless#LAN#Controller#
IOS/XR#RR#Video#Cache# Web#Security#D#WSA#
Network#Analysis#D#
NAM#
Security#Gateway#

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PE Router
Access MPLS Backbone
Switch
Firewall
DNS
DHCP
AAA
Load Balancer
SIP GW
IPTV
Cache
Filter
Service Router INTERNET
Internet/
Transit
Internet/
Transit
VIRTUALIZED
DATA CENTER
ASBR
Customer
Gateway/CE
Cache
Redirection
Internet
Gateway
Service PE
CE
P Router
MP-BGP RR
PE RouterSIP client
PSTN
STB NAT
VM
Firewall
VM
SBC
VM
dDOS
VM
Virus Scan
VM
IPS
VM
DPI
VM
CGN
VM
Portal
VM
PCRF
VM
DNS
VM
DHCP
VM
BNG
VM
SDN
Ctrl.
VM
RaaS
VM
WLC
VM
WAAS
VM
CDN
VM
Cachin
g
VM
NMS
VM
vRR
VM
vRR
VM

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Ideas are!
cheap!!

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Questions?