course material

1. (Mt) – Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Natural Language
Processing Capstone
Please view explanation and answer below.Running head: Natural language
processingNatural Language ProcessingLiterature ReviewNameDepartment of Computer
and Information ScienceITM555 ITM CapstoneDr. Heather WegwerthJanuary 1,
20222Natural language processingAbstractNatural language processing (NLP) and its role
in the near future is the essential subjectof this report. In the current day and age,
technology is rapidly evolving to process an everincreasing amount of information. In the
field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), this isparticularly evident, with a growing
number of studies and applications being developed to dealwith the challenges posed by
ever-larger and more complex datasets. The advancement oftechnology has greatly
improved the way humans interact with machines. In the past, humanshad to learn how to
use machines to get them to work. However, as technology advanced,machines began to
learn how to understand and respond to human input. It is where naturallanguage
processing (NLP) comes in. NLP is a rapidly growing field with many real-
worldapplications. In the near future, NLP will become increasingly important as humans
developmore intelligent and Human-like Artificial Intelligence (AI).3Natural language
processingNatural Language Processing (NLP) And Its Role in The Near FutureNatural
language processing is relevant to the broader academic discussion surroundingartificial
intelligence and machine learning. NLP is a valuable tool for analyzing andunderstanding
large amounts of natural language data (Lin et al., 2021). Natural languageprocessing is a
field of computer science and linguistics concerned with the interactions
betweencomputers and human (natural) languages to enhance communication. To properly
understandand process human language, NLP systems need to be able to perform tasks
such as textclassification, information extraction, machine translation, and question-
answering.Due to the ever-growing demand for faster and easier ways to process and
communicateinformation, an important area of research in computer science is developing
ways to enablecomputers to analyze, understand and generate human language. This area
of study, known asnatural language processing (NLP), plays a vital role in many promising
future applications, suchas automatic machine translation, question answering, and
information retrieval from speech ortext. However, many significant technical challenges
must be overcome before these applicationscan be developed and deployed.The ultimate
goal of NLP research is to build computer programs that can automaticallytranslate

2. between different human languages, answer questions posed in natural language,
andgenerate text or speech that sounds natural to humans. However, many significant
technicalchallenges must be overcome before this can be achieved. In particular, more
research is neededon ways to represent the underlying structure of human language, as
well as on ways to generatetext or speech that is fluent and sounds natural to
humans.4Natural language processingNLP technologies are used in various applications,
including automatic (machine)translation, question answering, information retrieval from
speech or text, and creating chatbots.Many of these applications are still in their early stages
of development and are far from beingable to replace humans in performing these tasks
(Lin et al., 2021). However, there has beensome success in developing NLP systems that can
outperform humans in specific tasks, such asmachine translation of technical documents,
answering questions from extensive collections oftexts, and intelligent search engines. NLP
is a complex field that encompasses many differentsubfields, such as linguistics, artificial
intelligence, cognitive science, and computer science. Italso ties strongly to other areas, such
as psychology, anthropology, and sociology.Literature ReviewThis paper aims to provide an
overview of the field of natural language processing,including its history, current state, and
future direction. In addition, this paper will discuss thepotential applications of NLP
technology and the challenges involved in its development. Thereis a long history of
research in natural language processing, dating back to the early days ofcomputing.
However, the field has seen significant growth and advancement in recent years dueto
increased computational power and the availability of large data sets.First Main Point:
Automatic SummarizationAutomatic summarization is reducing a text document with a
computer program to createa summary that retains the most critical points of the original
document. The original documentmay be a complete text or any size: a web page, a
paragraph, a sentence, or even a single word.There are two types of automatic
summarization: extractive and abstractive.First subtopic to support the main point:
Extractive summarization5Natural language processingExtractive summarization is a
technique for creating a summary by selecting basicsentences from the original text and
copying them verbatim (Meera & Geerthik, 2022).Extractive methods are generally quick
and easy to implement, but they often produce shorterand rougher summaries than those
produced by abstractive methods.Second subtopic to support the main point: Abstractive
summarizationAbstractive summarization is a technique for creating a summary by
paraphrasing orrewriting the crucial ideas in the original text (Raharjana et al., 2021).
Abstractive methods aregenerally more challenging to implement than extractive methods,
but they often produce longerand smoother summaries than those produced by extractive
methods.Second Main Point: Machine TranslationMachine translation is the process of
translating a text from one language to another withthe help of a machine. There are two
types of machine translation: statistical and rule-based.First subtopic to support the second
main point: Statistical machine translationStatistical machine translation is a technique that
relies on statistical models to translatetext from one language to another. This approach is
generally faster and more accurate than rulebased machine translation but requires a large
amount of training data.Second subtopic to support the second main point: Rule-based
machine translationRule-based machine translation is a technique that relies on linguistic

3. rules to translatetext from one language to another (Lin et al., 2021). This approach is
generally slower and lessaccurate than statistical machine translation but requires less
training data.Third Main Point: Named Entity Recognition6Natural language
processingNamed entity recognition identifies named entities in text, such as people,
places,organizations, and so on. Three main approaches to named entity recognition are
rule-based,statistical, and hybrid.First subtopic to support the third main point: Rule-based
approachesRule-based approaches rely on linguistic rules to identify named entities in text.
Thisapproach is generally more accurate than statistical or hybrid approaches but is also
more timeconsuming and expensive.Second subtopic to support the third main point:
Statistical approachesStatistical approaches rely on statistical models to identify named
entities in text. Thisapproach is generally less accurate than rule-based approaches but is
also less time-consumingand expensive.Third subtopic to support the third main point:
Hybrid approachesHybrid approaches combine rule-based and statistical approaches to
identify namedentities in text. This approach is generally more accurate than rule-based or
statistical approachesbut is also more time-consuming and
expensive.CounterclaimsExample 1Natural language processing is not a reliable method of
communication. There are severalreasons why natural language processing (NLP) is not a
reliable method of communication. First,NLP systems are often based on statistical models,
which are notoriously difficult to verify.Second, even when NLP systems produce accurate
results, they can be challenging to interpret7Natural language processing(Saquete et al.,
2020). Third, NLP systems often use language-specific rules that may not betransferable to
other languages. Finally, NLP systems are usually designed for specific tasks ordomains and
may not be adequate for different tasks or domains.Example 2Natural language processing
is not effective for all types of communication. Naturallanguage processing (NLP) is not
effective for all kinds of communication. For example, NLPsystems often have difficulty
understanding irony, sarcasm, and other forms of non-literalcommunication. Additionally,
NLP systems typically require large amounts of training data toproduce accurate results,
making them impractical for many applications.NLP enhances communicationThe thesis
statement for this paper indicates that natural language processing aims toenhance
communication. It is a counterclaim to the first point that natural language processing isnot
a reliable method of communication. The thesis statement is also a counterclaim to
thesecond point that natural language processing is not effective for all types of
communication.The thesis statement argues that natural language processing is a reliable
method ofcommunication and is effective for all kinds of communication.ConclusionIn
conclusion, natural language processing is a relevant and vital topic in computerscience and
artificial intelligence. Current natural language processing methods are not yetadvanced
enough to accurately and fluently translate all forms of human communication.However,
with continued research and development in the field, these methods will likelycontinue to
improve, making natural language processing an increasingly valuable tool for8Natural
language processingbusinesses and individuals. Further research in this area is ne…