Ivors Fighting Phytophthora 08
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This document discusses methods for isolating the plant pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora from different plant substrates. It describes using the "swipe" method which involves washing infected plant leaves or fruit from the field in fresh water, placing them in a humid chamber with the underside facing up, incubating for one day at 18 degrees Celsius, and then swiping the leaf underside to transfer the pathogen to culture media for isolation and identification. Major crops in Western North Carolina that are affected by Phytophthora include vegetables, Christmas trees, burley tobacco, and ornamentals.
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a tropical and subtropical crop, rice is
cultivated as far north as 53° N
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USSR and China and as far south as
39° S latitude in Central Argentina,
and from sea level to altitudes of
3,000 m. The crop is established either
by direct sowing (broadcast or
drilled) or by transplanting. Rice
grows under diverse water regimes:
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source of moisture, or a lowland crop
under conditions in which water,
derived either from rain or irrigation
systems, is impounded in the fields.
Rice is cultivated on terraces, on
slopes, and in valleys or other lowlying sites. Floating rice may be
grown in several meters of standing
water.
Most of the world's rice production is from irrigated and rainfed
lowland ricefields where insect pests
are constraints. The warm and humid
environment in which rice is grown is
conducive to the proliferation of
insects. Heavily fertilized, hightillering MVs and the practice of
multicropping rice throughout the
year favor the buildup of pest populations. The intensity of the insect
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illustrated by the experience at IRRI.
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yielded almost twice as much as
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This document discusses the isolation of the antioxidant flavonoid quercetin from various sources, including plants and endophytic fungi. It provides historical background on quercetin isolation from plants like fenugreek. It defines endophytic fungi as fungi that live within plant tissues without causing symptoms of disease. It also describes several techniques used for isolating and detecting fungal endophytes, including dilution plating, scraping plant tissues under a microscope, and a seed squash method to observe endophytes in seeds. The overall goal appears to be discussing strategies for extracting quercetin from endophytic fungi.
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Cotton crops are vulnerable to a variety of sucking pests, which can severely impact plant health, yield, and fiber quality. These pests primarily feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients directly from the plant's vascular system. Here's a breakdown of some of the most significant sucking pests in cotton cultivation:
Aphids: Cotton aphids or melon aphids can cause direct damage by sucking sap and indirect damage by secreting honeydew, which encourages sooty mold growth. This can interfere with photosynthesis and weaken the plant. Aphids can also transmit viral diseases.
Whiteflies: Two species, the silverleaf whitefly and the bandedwinged whitefly, are particularly troublesome. They not only suck sap from the underside of leaves, causing yellowing and leaf drop, but their honeydew excretion promotes sooty mold and they can transmit several plant viruses.
Thrips: While thrips can chew on plants, their primary damage to cotton is through sucking. They attack the cotton plant during its seedling stage, which can stunt growth and reduce vigor. Thrips are also capable of transmitting the Cotton Bud disease.
Spider Mites: These are not insects but arachnids. Spider mites, such as the two-spotted spider mite, suck cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled discoloration and potentially significant leaf loss if infestations are severe.
Leafhoppers: Including various species, leafhoppers can cause direct damage through feeding, which results in leaf curling and stunted growth. They can also be vectors for plant diseases.
Mealybugs: These pests are less common but can be problematic, especially in clustered planting conditions. They suck sap and secrete honeydew, which leads to sooty mold. Mealybugs can also spread viruses.
Stink Bugs: Although primarily known for their chewing mouthparts, certain stink bugs can cause damage similar to sucking pests by injecting saliva into the plant and sucking out nutrients, leading to boll damage and stained lint.
Management Strategies:
Cultural Controls: This includes practices such as crop rotation, using resistant varieties, and managing planting and harvesting times to avoid peak pest populations.
Biological Controls: Beneficial insects like lady beetles, lacewings, and predatory mites can naturally control sucking pest populations. Parasitic wasps also play a role in controlling aphid and whitefly populations.
Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be used but should be chosen carefully to minimize resistance development and preserve beneficial insects. Systemic insecticides can be particularly effective against sucking pests.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining multiple control strategies based on monitoring and thresholds to apply the most effective and environmentally sensitive approach.
Effective management of sucking pests in cotton requires a thorough understanding of the pest species present, their life cycles, and the ecological balance of the field environment.
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Ph.D. Candidate Exam Slides
The document describes a study that identified nine putative cases of ancient horizontal gene transfer between plants and fungi through phylogenetic analysis. The study analyzed protein sequences from plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes to identify gene families that showed phylogenetic trees indicative of rare HGT events between the domains. Four lines of evidence supported the identification of these nine candidate genes as horizontally transferred, including alternative tree topologies and statistical tests.
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The document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic differences between human populations to understand patterns of human adaptation. The study found that:
1) Most genetic differences between populations can be explained by neutral processes like genetic drift rather than strong positive selection.
2) There are very few examples of alleles reaching near fixation between populations due to strong selection.
3) Population bottlenecks and weak selective pressures along with drift likely explain more of the genetic differences observed between human populations than strong positive selection alone.
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The document summarizes a presentation about using multi-locus phylogenetic analysis to study the relationships within the genus Phytophthora. It discusses the importance of Phytophthora species as plant pathogens, provides background on their taxonomy and relevant disease examples. It then describes the development of phylogenetic markers from genome sequences of several Phytophthora species and the analysis of sequence data from multiple loci to infer evolutionary relationships among 82 Phytophthora species.
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The document discusses the development of Phytophthora and Pythium databases to support the identification and monitoring of these major plant pathogen groups. It describes the objectives of building a cyberinfrastructure to archive genotype, phenotype and distribution data on Phytophthora species/isolates. The Phytophthora Database provides tools for sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis and molecular identification. Future directions include expanding to other plant pathogen databases and integrating genomic and geospatial data.
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This document summarizes work done to clarify the taxonomic status of Phytophthora cryptogea and P. drechsleri using molecular data. Sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region, large subunit of ribosomal RNA, and cytochrome oxidase I gene from over 200 accessions validated separating P. cryptogea and P. drechsleri into two distinct phylogenetic species. Preliminary results also indicate there are 6-10 additional phylogenetic species within what was originally described as P. cryptogea or P. drechsleri. The work was supported by grants from the USDA National Research Initiative Plant Biosecurity program.
O31 De Cock
This document summarizes a phylogenetic tree analysis of Pythium species based on ITS sequences. The tree clusters Pythium into several clades that correlate with sporangium morphology. Clades contain species with filamentous, inflated, contiguous, globose, or internally proliferating sporangia. Oogonium ornamentation is present in clades with globose sporangia and the contiguous clade, but not filamentous clades. Ornamentation in Clade F is typically digitate.
O30 Abad
This document discusses the taxonomy and evolution of oomycetes, specifically the genus Phytophthora. It provides a history of Phytophthora research dating back to its identification as the cause of the 1840s potato famine. Key researchers who studied Phytophthora morphology and developed identification keys are mentioned. The document then focuses on the development of a new morphological-phylogenetic lucid key for identifying 60 important Phytophthora species and taxa using minimal morphological characters and DNA fingerprinting. Details on morphological structures used in Phytophthora taxonomy like sporangiophores, sporangia, hyphal swellings and chlamydospores are given.
O29 Bonants
This document describes a quantitative multiplex detection method for plant pathogens using padlock probe (PLP) technology and the OpenArray platform. PLPs allow for high specificity detection of multiple targets simultaneously through ligation-dependent amplification and quantification. Testing showed specific detection of various pathogens individually and in mixtures. The method provides advantages over existing technologies through its quantitative, high-throughput and multiplex capabilities. It has applications in disease management, microbial community analysis and gene expression studies.
O28 Riedel
This document describes the development of a nanobiotechnology-based diagnostic system for detecting Phytophthora species. The system uses a microchip containing a PCR chip for DNA amplification and a DNA chip for species-specific detection of Phytophthora DNA fragments via hybridization. Initial results showed the PCR chip could successfully amplify DNA from P. ramorum, and the DNA chip could specifically detect P. ramorum DNA using species-specific probes. The goal is to create a sensitive, robust, easy-to-use diagnostic tool that can identify Phytophthora species directly in the field within a short period of time.
O27 Martin
This document discusses advances in molecular techniques for identifying Phytophthora, Pythium, and related genera. It describes the challenges of morphological identification and outlines desired characteristics for molecular markers. Several nuclear and mitochondrial molecular loci used for species identification are discussed, including rDNA, Î2-tubulin, elicitin genes, and mitochondrial genes like cox1 and cox2. Techniques for molecular identification of isolates and subpopulations are summarized, such as DNA sequencing, PCR-RFLP, and development of species-specific PCR for pathogen detection.
O26 Webber
This document discusses the persistence of Phytophthora kernoviae (Pk) and P. ramorum in the environment. It finds that both pathogens can survive for extended periods in infected leaf litter and soil even after the removal of infected rhododendron plants. Signs of Pk disease returned in one woodland over 3 years after eradication efforts. The persistence of these pathogens poses challenges for fully eradicating them from natural areas and preventing future outbreaks. More research is still needed to determine how long inoculum remains viable in the environment.
O25 Scott
This document discusses research investigating Pythiaceous root pathogens associated with decline of Eucalyptus gomphocephala (Tuart) trees in Western Australia. Several key findings are mentioned:
1) A new Phytophthora species was isolated from declining Tuart trees and soil.
2) Application of phosphite improved crown condition of trees, indicating a potential role of Phytophthora.
3) Loss of fine roots and root tip dieback were observed, suggesting infection by a Phytophthora root pathogen.
4) Further research aims to characterize the new Phytophthora species and evaluate its pathogenicity through inoculation trials.
O24 Palmucci
This document summarizes research on the genera Phytophthora and Pythium in Argentina. It provides an inventory of species reported in Argentina, including 17 Pythium species found on 235 hosts and 18 Phytophthora species found on 180 hosts. Maps show the geographical distribution of species within Argentina. Data on affected crops, symptoms, and references are presented in tables. P. ultimum and P. debaryanum are identified as the most aggressive Pythium species, affecting a wide variety of horticultural, ornamental, forest and fruit crops. P. cinnamomi is noted for its wide host range. The results provide an updated understanding of these fungal genera in Argentina.
O23 Nechwatal
Flooding events and rising water temperatures increase the significance of the reed pathogen Pythium phragmitis. P. phragmitis causes damage to reed seedlings and mature leaves. Experiments showed that fully submerging reed plants for 3 weeks killed all plants infected with P. phragmitis, while control plants recovered. Partially submerging infected plants also increased shoot death and reduced regeneration compared to control plants.
O22 Moralejo
1) Phytophthora ramorum has a wide host range of over 100 potential hosts across many plant families and organs, but produces 100-1000 times fewer sporangia on leaf infections than in culture.
2) This reduced sporulation suggests a trade-off between the pathogen's ability to infect multiple hosts (virulence) and its ability to reproduce and spread from individual hosts (transmission/sporulation).
3) The lifestyle of P. ramorum in its native habitat may be shaped by this transmission-virulence trade-off, as short-distance spore dispersal in species-rich forests imposes constraints selecting for a broad host range but reduced aggressiveness on individual hosts
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Ivors Fighting Phytophthora 08
- 1. Methods for Isolating Phytophthora from Different Substrates Kelly Ivors Dept. of Plant Pathology North Carolina State University Fletcher, NC
- 2. Asst. Professor Extension Specialist MOUNTAIN HORT. CROPS RESEARCH EXT. CENTER (WESTERN) Fletcher, NC vegetables, Christmas trees, burley tobacco, ornamentals
- 3. Major crops in Western NC Phytophthora spp. P. nicotianae P. capsici P. infestans,
- 4. Isolating from foliage, stems and fruit using the ‘swipe’ method
- 5. Close up of underside of infected leaf (P. infestans)