This chapter discusses business processes and how organizations can improve them. It defines a business process as a series of tasks to accomplish a business goal. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate business processes across departments through a centralized database. The chapter also explains how business process management seeks to optimize existing processes, while business process reengineering aims to radically redesign processes from the ground up to achieve dramatic improvements.

1. Chapter 8
Business Processes

2. Learning Objectives
Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to:
• define the term business process;
• identify the different systems needed to support business processes
in an organization;
• explain the value of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system;
• explain how business process management and business process
reengineering work; and
• understand how information technology combined with business
processes can bring an organization competitive advantage.

3. What is a business process?
• A process is a series of tasks that are
completed in order to accomplish a goal.
• A business process, therefore, is a process that
is focused on achieving a goal for a business.
• Processes are something that businesses go
through every day in order to accomplish their
mission.
• The better their processes, the more effective
the business.

4. Documenting a Process
• The simplest way to document a process is to simply create
a list.
• How to create an account on eBay, might look like this:
1. Go to ebay.com.
2. Click on “register.”
3. Enter your contact information in the “Tell us about you” box.
4. Choose your user ID and password.
5. Agree to User Agreement and Privacy Policy by clicking on
“Submit.”

5. Documenting a Process
• A list is not good enough for some processes.
Below is a process diagram to determine if a
new term should be added to Wikipedia.

6. Managing Business Process
Documentation
• The requirement to manage process documentation has been one
of the driving forces behind the creation of the document
management system.
• A document management system stores and tracks documents and
supports the following functions:
– Versions and timestamps.
– Approvals and workflows.
– Communication.
• A document management system will notify the appropriate people
when a change to a document is approved.

7. ERP Systems
• An enterprise resource planning (ERP) system
is a software application with a centralized
database that can be used to run an entire
company.

8. ERP Systems
• All data in an ERP system is stored in a single, central
database.
• data entered in one part of the company can be
immediately available to other parts of the company.
• An ERP can be used to manage an entire organization’s
operations.
• Companies need to purchase modules for an ERP that
represent different functions within the organization.
• Some companies choose to purchase many modules,
others choose a subset of the modules.

9. ERP modules
• When an ERP vendor designs a module, it has to
implement the rules for the associated business
processes.
• These rules reflects the best practices for that
process within a giving industry.
• The implementation of an ERP system is an
excellent opportunity to improve their business
practices.

10. ERP challenges
• Is the process embedded in the ERP really better
than the process they are currently utilizing?
• Can a company differentiate from its competitors
if they use the same ERP system?
• Can a ERP be customized to match a given
organization processes? (Yes, but who “manage”
the customized system?)

11. ERP vendors
• Some of the best-known ERP vendors are:
– SAP
– Microsoft
– ORACLE (People Soft)
– INFOR (mid size and small organizations)

12. ERP and organizational value
• ERP vendors combine subset of ERP modules
to offer applications with high impact on the
organizations.
• The most important ones are:
– Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
systems
– Supply Chain Management (SCM) systems.

13. ERP and customer relationship
management
• CRM systems allow to managing a company’s
interaction with current and future customers.
• We are familiar with CRM systems from
companies that we do business with:
– Your car dealer send you a letter (or card) letting you
know that your card need service.
– Netflix recommends you new movies to watch.
– Expedia send you offers for cities you have visited.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmnPlfJh7z
M

14. Advantages of CRM Systems
• Allows track goals and metrics for sales,
marketing, and customer services.
• Increase customer retention
• Increase profitability
• Facilitate to identify “who are your customers”
• Permits to know “what is important to your
customers”
• Allows opportunity management

15. ERP and Supply Chain Management
• Supply chain management has been defined as the
"design, planning, execution, control, and monitoring
of supply chain activities with the objective of creating
net value, building a competitive infrastructure,
leveraging worldwide logistics, synchronizing supply
with demand and measuring performance globally.”
(APICS 2013).
• SCM draws heavily from the areas of operations
management, logistics, procurement and information
technology, and aims for an integrated approach to
optimize the flow of good and services. (Bartch 2013)

16. SCM examples
• Dell
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owQzo82
ac_M
• Walmart
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZC4neLa
x5o

17. Advantages of SCM Systems
• Secure accurate SCM metrics
• Help controlling bullwhip effect
• Facilitate visualization of SCM metrics
• Improve productivity
• Increase profitability
• Help to integrate value systems

18. Business Process Management
• The literature report three alternatives to
business process manage:
• Automatize
• Streamlining
• Business process engineering

19. Automation
• While automation can make a business more efficient,
it cannot be used to provide a competitive advantage.
• Simply automating a bad process does not make it
better.
• Organizations that are serious about improving their
business processes will also create structures to
manage those processes.
• Business process management (BPM) can be thought
of as an intentional effort to plan, document,
implement, and distribute an organization’s business
processes with the support of information technology.

20. Streamlining
• Streamlining has a better impact on efficiency
and productivity, but it cannot warranty a
competitive or sustainable advantage.
• It is a good strategy for process that are essential
to the company but they cannot bring
competitive advantage.
• Business process management will provide
several key benefits to an organization, which can
be used to contribute to competitive advantage.

21. Business process management
The benefits of business process management
include:
• Empowering employees.
• Built-in reporting.
• Enforcing best practices.
• Enforcing consistency.

22. Business process reengineering
• Organizations look to manage their processes to
gain a competitive advantage.
• Companies should “blow up” their existing
processes and develop new processes that take
advantage of the new technologies and concepts.
• Do not optimize, obliterate (Hammer 1990.)
• BPR is fully understanding the goals of a process
and then dramatically redesigning it from the
ground up to achieve dramatic improvements in
productivity and quality.

23. How to do BPR (Hammer)
• Organize around outcomes, not tasks.
• Have those who use the outcomes of the process perform
the process.
• Subsume information-processing work into the real work
that produces the information.
• Treat geographically dispersed resources as though they
were centralized.
• Link parallel activities instead of integrating their results.
• Put the decision points where the work is performed, and
build controls into the process.
• Capture information once, at the source.

24. Sidebar: Reengineering the College
Bookstore

25. Summary
• Define the term business process;
• Identify the different systems needed to support business processes
in an organization;
• Explain the value of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system;
• Explain how business process management and business process
reengineering work; and
• Understand how information technology combined with business
processes can bring an organization competitive advantage.