"Is Someone There? Do They Have a Gun?" - ASSETS 2017
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"Is Someone There? Do They Have a Gun?" - ASSETS 2017
- 1. “Is Someone There? Do They Have a Gun?” How Visual Information About Others Can Improve Personal Safety Management for Blind Individuals + + Stacy Branham @branhammertim e
- 2. People who are blind are concerned about interpersonal safety. Yet, there has been little attention in research and industry to assistive safety devices. Let’s tackle Personal Safety Management together with a universal design lens.
- 3. Motivation Survey - what info about ppl do blind want? Interviews - how do blind manage safety? Discussion & Provocations Motivation Survey Interviews Discussion
- 4. Motivation Survey - what info about ppl do blind want? Interviews - how do blind manage safety? Discussion & Provocations Motivation Survey Interviews Discussion
- 5. Motivation Survey Interviews Discussion (CHI 17, ASSETS 16, CHI 16, ASSETS 15, ASSETS 14)
- 7. • in our prior work… • picture of navigation route that moves the infrastructure to the foreground, then moves other people to the foreground Motivation people?
- 8. What (if anything) do people who are blind want to know about nearby people?
- 10. Survey - 58 blind part. - open/closed Q’s - info about ppl?
- 11. Survey “I would like to know immediately when a person enters or exits a room, or my bubble. This is imperative as a blind individual, in case of .” –SP41safety criminal record “If they had a —SP43 .”
- 12. Harrell, E. (2017) Bureau of Justice Statistics. “Crimes Against Persons with Disabilities, 2009-2015 - Statistical Tables.” people with disabilities are more likely to be victims of violent crime
- 13. people who are blind are more likely to be victims of violent crime Harrell, E. (2017) Bureau of Justice Statistics. “Crimes Against Persons with Disabilities, 2009-2015 - Statistical Tables.”
- 15. e.g., (Zolyomi et al., 2017) e.g., (Branham & Kane, 2015) e.g., (Rector et al., 2015) e.g., (Abdolrahmani et al., 2016) Env. Safety & Obstacle Avoidance Emergency Services & Alarms Health-Risk Mediation Device- Oriented Safety What is AT doing for Physical Safety?
- 16. What about Interpersonal Safety? e.g., (Zolyomi et al., 2017) e.g., (Branham & Kane, 2015) e.g., (Rector et al., 2015) e.g., (Abdolrahmani et al., 2016) Env. Safety & Obstacle Avoidance Emergency Services & Alarms Health-Risk Mediation Device- Oriented Safety Interpersonal Safety
- 18. What interpersonal safety concerns do people who are blind have, and what strategies do/can they use to increase their safety? What (if anything) do people who are blind want to know about nearby people? Interpersonal Safety
- 19. - 10 blind part. - semi-structured - info about ppl? Interviews
- 20. Interviews “The majority of people whom I interact with ... will not come toward me, thinking that my would be .” –IP7 aggressive dog A.T. ALREADY IMPACTS SAFETY
- 21. “I thought he worked at the train station … and it turns out he’s that hangs out.” –IP8 just a guy IT’S A CHALLENGE TO I.D. POLICE / OFFICIALS Interviews
- 22. Interviews “Even if I get threatened or harassed in such situations, I cannot the person to .” –IP8authorities describe DESCRIBING A CRIMINAL / CRIME SCENE IS IMPORTANT
- 23. Interviews “ people may be mysterious and .” –IP3 spooky Quiet SILENT PEOPLE POSE UNKNOWN THREATS
- 24. Interviews “I suddenly heard, ‘HE’S GOT A ’ … if I had seen expressions, I … might have been able to take a from that.” –IP3 facial GUN! cue NEED TO ASSESS THREATS & ESCAPE
- 26. Discussion Is someone there? Do they have a gun? Are they big? Are they mad? Are they in uniform? Where’re the police? Is their clothing suspicious? What’s their gender?
- 27. DiscussionWhich direction are they facing? How far away form me are they? Are they looking at me? How many?
- 29. walking alone at night is scary
- 30. BrailleSketch (Li et al., 2017) Non-observable Authentication (Wolf & Kuber, 2016) Discussion Motivation Survey Interviews
- 31. (Bigham et al., 2017) Discussion Motivation Survey Interviews
- 32. Technology-Mediated Sight (Zolyomi et al., 2017) Discussion Motivation Survey Interviews
- 33. (Madjaroff & Mentis, 2017) Discussion Motivation Survey Interviews
- 34. How do we support Personal Safety Management in a way that is respectful of privacy of others?
- 35. we need to address interpersonal safety universal, important, especially for PWD Personal Safety Management
Editor's Notes
- Hi, I’m Stacy. Happy to present “Is Someone There? Do They Have a Gun?” Deep appreciation to my team: Ali Abdolrahmani, Will Easley, Morgan Scheuerman, Erick Ronquillo, and Amy Hurst at UMBC
- the entire point of my talk. If you remember one message, remember this: 1) People who are blind are concerned about interpersonal safety. 2) Yet, there has been little attention in research and industry to assistive safety devices. 3) Let’s tackle Personal Safety Management together with a universal design lens.
- Talk outline: Motivation, Survey, Interviews, then Discussion
- Starting with Motivation
- Amy Hurst and collaborators have been publishing a lot about design concerns regarding wearable indoor navigation aids. We’ve been addressing questions like: What cues are useful? How might users react when the device makes errors? Are there social implications of the AT?
- If you’re new to navigation aids for people who are blind, these devices generally take one of two tacks: 1) identifying landmarks like storefronts or restrooms, 2) giving turn-by-turn directions based on your location. Microsoft Azure is an example of such a system. https://www.microsoft.com/developerblog/2016/08/08/building-an-ar-navigation-system-for-visually-impaired-users/
- In our recent CHI paper, we reported that bystanders actually play a big role in the use of an independent navigation aids. So, we wondered if perhaps it would useful for your navigation aid to also tell you about the movements of people.
- We began with the research question: What (if anything) do people who are blind want to know about nearby people?
- And we conducted a survey
- we had 58 blind participants, open/closed Questions, and asked in various ways what info they might want to know about other people while navigating.
- We got the sorts of info that you would expect––is there someone is behind the convenience store counter, is that person at the other end of the bar checking me out, is my friend Joy at this party? We were surprised to find, though, that some of replies were focused on personal safety concerns posed by others. “I would like to know immediately when a person enters or exits a room, or my bubble. This is imperative as a blind individual, in case of safety .” –SP41 “If they had a criminal record” -SP43
- We started looking into the numbers, and people with disabilities are 2.5 times more likely to be victims of violent crime they are 4x more likely to be victim of serious violent crime (rape or sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault) and 2x more likely to be victims of simple assault (posing threat to physical safety that instills fear but does not involve physical contact) and that’s what we know just based on self-reporting, so the real numbers are likely higher
- Interestingly, the risk of being victimized differs from disability to disability, with people with vision impairments falling somewhere in the middle, around 2x more likely to be victims of violent crime
- These statistics, our survey results, are both pointing to challenges with interpersonal safety—safety threats posed by other people.
- When we looked into the HCI literature, we found a great deal of prior work on safety, which we grouped into the following four categories: 1) Environmental Safety and Obstacle Avoidance: collisions, interrupting one’s route, offering unwanted directions, or grabbing arms or white canes without consent 2) Access to Emergency Services and Alarms 3) Health-Risk Mediation 4) Device-Oriented Safety But, we had difficulty finding literature that directly focused on interpersonal safety for people with disabilities.
- In a search of the proceedings for the last 18 ASSETS conferences, it appears that the word “violence” has never been used. As we all know, the ACM digital library search tool is extremely reliable…
- We conducted a set of interviews to try to understand more about the interpersonal safety disturbing and upsetting
- So, we ditched our old research question and began asking: What interpersonal safety concerns do people who are blind have, and what strategies do/can they use to increase their safety?
- We interviewed 10 participants with semi-structured interviews for roughly an hour each. Because we wanted to get a sense of how important interpersonal threats were to our participants, our interview protocol did not explicitly mention physical safety threats until the end, after most participants had already identified this as an important application without prompt.
- Here are just a few of the themes and examples from the paper, but I highly encourage you to read the paper and the accounts of our participants directly. Theme: Assistive technology already impacts safety Example: “The majority of people whom I interact with ... will not come toward me, thinking that my dog would be aggressive.” –IP7
- Theme: It’s a challenge to reliably identify police and officials Example: “I thought he worked at the train station … and it turns out he’s just a guy that hangs out.” –IP8
- Theme: Describing a criminal or crime scene is important but poses challenge Example: “Even if I get threatened or harassed in such situations, I cannot describe the person to authorities.” –IP8
- Theme: silent people pose unknown threats Example: “Quiet people may be mysterious and spooky.” –IP3
- Theme: need to assess threats and find viable escape routes Example: “I suddenly heard, ‘HE’S GOT A GUN!’ … if I had seen facial expressions, I … might have been able to take a cue from that.” –IP3
- To review, just a few of the themes we uncovered: ATs Impact Sense of Interpersonal Safety And various challenges exist to taking important safety measures like: Identifying Police Officers and Officials Assessing the Degree of Threatening Situations Judging if a Silent Person Poses a Threat Escaping Threatening Situations
- Participants wanted to know: Is someone there? Do they have a gun? Are they physically large, imposing? Do they look aggressive? Are they in a uniform? Are there police nearby? What is their gender? Is their clothing suspicious?
- How many people are there? Are they looking at me? How far away are they from me are they? Which direction are they facing?
- There are a whole host of questions that assistive technologies should be helping people who are blind evaluate, but we have yet to start tackling them from a perspective of interpersonal safety. We’re calling this new design space Personal Safety Management––at the risk of making this problem space sound like some corporate buzzword for workplace safety. We ultimately chose this term because it emphasizes that technologies are support structures for empowering people with disabilities who already have safety strategies and are disproportionately targeted by perpetrators.
- It’s important to emphasize that personal safety management is not just an area of technological opportunity for people who are blind or even just the broader disabilities community. I was walking home from the office after midnight last Friday, on a mostly empty, dark college campus. I’m a woman, I was wearing heels (aka misogynistic woman traps) I pulled out my phone and turned to the emergency call screen I checked regularly to see if anyone was behind me I noted the blue emergency light phone ahead of me and thought about ways I could run to it Personal Safety Management is a universal design problem.
- This presentation was given at ASSETS 2017 in the last session of the conference. So, the last several slides call attention to research efforts that might be extended to Personal Safety Management. Li et al. are working on BrailleSketch, which enables people who are blind to use touchscreen gestures to author Braille. Wolf and Kuber are working on non-observable authentication for touchscreen devices. My question: what touchscreen interactions should we design for a person in a distressing situation who needs to clandestinely call for help?
- Bigham et al. are studying accessibility vs. usability challenges in the web. I’d like to see a not knowing what you don’t know study on physical interpersonal safety. Is the blue light call tower merely difficult to use, or is it simply not accessible at all?
- Zolyomi et al. studied the impact of technology-mediated sight on low vision users. I’d like to see studies on technology-mediated safety. For example, which AT’s increase feelings of confidence, and how do they affect safety strategies of PWD?
- Madjaroff and Mentis presented narratives of care between caregivers and patients. I would like to see a study of narratives of interpersonal safety, particularly so for people with various and multiple disabilities—not just people with vision impairments.
- These are problems worth solving. However, in solving them, we have to be aware of the problems we make. I do worry about how to balance privacy and information access. I do worry about technologies that perpetuate stereotypes or misclassify particularly vulnerable populations.