The document discusses various methods of irrigation including lift irrigation, flow irrigation, and tank irrigation. It describes different techniques used in tank irrigation such as border method, strip method, check basin method and furrow method. It also discusses various modern irrigation methods like sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. Finally, it covers topics related to lift and land irrigation including types of wells, tubewells, and groundwater.

1. Er.Neha Thakur
Lecturer (Civil)
JNGEC
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

2. Lift Irrigation
 Lift irrigation is a method of irrigation in which
water is not transported by natural flow (as in
gravity-fed canal systems) but is lifted with
pumps or other means.

3. Flow Irrigation
 When the water is available at a higher level and
it is supplied to lower level,by the mere action of
gravity then it is called flow irrigation.

4. Tank Irrigation
 An irrigation tank or tank is an artificial reservoir
of any size, mainly in India.. It can also have a
natural or man-made spring included as part of a
structure.

5. Tank irrigation

6. Various methods of applying water to
crops:
 Border method
 Strip method
 Check basin
 Furrow method
 Sprinkler method
 Drip method

7. Border method
 Land is divided into a number of strips,separated
by low levees
 10 to 20m in width and 100 to 400m in length

8. Border Method

9. Check Flooding
 Water is controlled by surrounding the check area
with low and flat levees.
 Levees are connected with cross levees
 Check is filled with water at a fairly high rate and
allowed to stand until the water infiltrates.

10. Check flooding

11. Basin flooding

12. Basin flooding

13. Furrow Method

14. Furrow Irrigation

15. Sprinkle Method
 Water is applied to the soil in the form of a spray
through a networks of pipes and pumps
 It is a kind of an artificial rain
 Very costly process
Types of sprinkler systems
 Permanent system
 Semi-permanent
 Portable system

16. Sprinkler system

17. Drip Method
 Also called trickle irrigation
 Water is slowly and directly applied to the root
zone of the plants
 Less evaporation and perolation

18. Drip Method

19. Drip Method

20. Drip Method

21. Tank + sprinkler irrigation method

22. LIFT AND LAND IRRIGATION
 OPEN WELLS AND TUBE WELLS
 TYPES OF TUBE WELLS
 IRRIGATION FROM WELLS
 GROUND WATER FIELDS AND WELL
HYDRAULICS

23. WELLS
 A water well is a hole usually vertical, excavated
in the earth for bringing ground water to the
surface.
 Wells may be classified into two types:
(1) open wells
(2) tube wells

24. OPEN WELLS
 Open wells are generally open masonry wells
 Having bigger diameter
 Are suitable for low discharge of order of 1-5 liters
per second
 Diameter of open wells vary from 2 to 9 m and
less than 20m in depth
 The walls of an open well may be built of precast
concrete ring or brick or stone masonry.
 Yield of an open well is limited because wells can
be excavated to a limited depth.

25. OPEN WELLS

26. Open well fitted with hand pump

27. OPEN WELLS
 Open wells may be classified into two types:
(1) Shallow open wells
(2) Deep open wells

28. Methods of lifting water from open
wells:
 Denkli
 Churus or Mote
 Persian Wheel or Rehat
 Pumps

29. Persian Wheel or Rehat
 This arrangement uses animal labour
 Very suitable for wells of 12 to 20 m depth.
 it consists of an endless chain of buckets made
of G.I sheets
 Chain is mounted on a drum
 Drum is connected by means of a horizontal axle
rod to a toothed wheel

30. Tubewells
 To obtain larger discharge mechanically tubewells
are used
 Tubewell is a long pipe or a tube ,is bored or
drilled deep into the ground,intercepting one or
more water bearing stratum.
 In tubewells larger discharge can be obtained

31. Types of tubewells
 Cavity type tubewells
 Screen type tubewells
 Cavity type tubewells:
1. Cavity type tubewell draws water from the
bottom of the well,not from the sides
2. Very economical,as it requires only plain well
pipe
3. Working of cavity type tubewell is similar to that
of a deep open well.
4. Used for small supplies particularly for domestic
supplies.

32. Screen type tubewells
 Most widely adopted
 Such a well can easily tap a number of aquifers
 Does not depends only on one aquifer like cavity
well.
 Divided into two types:
1. Strainer tubewells
2. slotted pipe gravel-pack tubewell

33. Strainer tubewell:
 A strainer tubewell uses strainer lengths lowered
into the bore hole and located opposite the water
bearing formation,whereas,plain pipe lengths are
located opposite the non water bearing formation.
 Water enters into the well through these strainers
from the sides
 Flow is radial
 A strainer type tubewell is generally unsuitable for
fine sandy strata

34. Slotted pipe gravel pack tubewell
 Slotted pipe is not covered by any wire mesh
 A mixture of gravel and bajri is poured into the
bore hole between the well pipe assembly and
the casing pipe

35.  Waste Treatment in the Food Processing
Industry
 edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Yung-Tse Hung,
Howard H. Lo, Constantine Yapijakis