The document provides a detailed timeline of relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia from 1979 to 2023. It outlines the key factors driving tensions between the two regional powers, including religious/sectarian differences and pursuit of influence. Major flashpoints in their rivalry included the Iran-Iraq war, clashes during Hajj pilgrimages, Saudi support for anti-Iran proxies, and disagreements over nuclear issues. However, the timeline also notes periods of improved ties and recent agreements to restore diplomatic relations and cooperation.
The document provides an overview of the complex and hostile relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran. It discusses how their rivalry is shaped by religious, political, economic, and international factors. Specifically, it examines how their differing interpretations of Islam, oil policies, government structures, and relationships with the United States have exacerbated tensions and proxy conflicts between the two regional powers seeking dominance in the Middle East. While recent talks failed, the author believes warmer relations may be possible if both countries focus on economic cooperation and mutual interests.
Source: Looking Glass Publications
By Linda Lavender, Writer / Robin Barnett, Editor
Understanding the past proxies is relevant to the recent unrest in the Middle East, which is often mischaracterized as a purely sectarian conflict. While clearly there is a sectarian component to ongoing unrest in the region, the conflicts, both latent and manifest within Lebanon, Iraq, Syria and Yemen are often reported as a struggle between opposing religious sects - Sunnis and Shiites. However, according to F. Gregory Gause of the Brookings Institution, the best way to understand regional politics and the current unrest in the Middle East is through a Cold War framework between Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Iran where the central issue is that of regional hegemony.
Crude Oil for Natural Gas: Prospects for Iran-Saudi Reconciliationatlanticcouncil
Despite the sectarian barbs traded between Saudi Arabia and Iran, Iran's unique ability to meet the kingdom's fast growing demand for electricity may help spur a reconciliation, according to the Atlantic Council's Jean-François Seznec. In his report Crude Oil for Natural Gas: Prospects for Iran-Saudi Reconciliation, Seznec argues that the two dominant energy producers do not necessarily need to see their energy production as competition.
Saudi Arabia's currently fuels its stunning 8 percent annual rise in demand for electricity with precious crude oil due to little low cost domestic natural dry gas reserves. Iran's vast gas reserves could be used to meet the kingdom's growing needs, but after decades of punishing sanctions its dilapidated gas fields need an estimated $250 billion in repairs. If Saudi Arabia used its investment power or buying power to help revitalize Iran's gas industry, it would both secure the energy it needs to meet its citizens' demands and free up its crude oil for export. While the sectarian rhetoric hurled back and forth may seem unstoppable and the timeline for reconciliation may be long, Seznec contends that both sides are rational at heart and highlights that that the benefit of economic cooperation on energy issues could open up better relations on a range of issues.
Summary of the 22 September attack against a military parade in Ahvaz, Iran. Research based on open sources. Osint, Geopolitics, Terrorism, Iran, Gulf, Ahvaz, Ahwaz, UAE, Saudi Arabia
CTP's Threat Update series is a weekly update and assessment of Iran and the al Qaeda network and its affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel.
Keep Your Eyes on the Middle East- Spotlight Saudi Arabia!Beth Frisby
The Middle East is on fire, and it's hard to make sense of all that's happening. Here are the "Cliff" notes for each Middle Eastern County- spotlight Saudi Arabia!
The execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr by Saudi Arabia has exacerbated tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. The execution was seen as a provocation by Iran and has reignited the proxy conflict between the two regional powers. The rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran dates back to the Iranian revolution but in recent decades they have exploited sectarian divisions and used proxy militias to counter each other. The execution threatens fragile hopes of resolving conflicts like the Syrian civil war and fighting ISIS.
The execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr by Saudi Arabia has exacerbated tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. The execution was seen as a provocation by Iran and has reignited the proxy conflict between the two regional powers. The rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran dates back to the Iranian revolution but in recent decades they have exploited sectarian divisions and used proxy militias to counter each other. The execution threatens fragile hopes of resolving ongoing conflicts in the region such as Syria and Yemen.
The document provides an overview of the complex and hostile relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran. It discusses how their rivalry is shaped by religious, political, economic, and international factors. Specifically, it examines how their differing interpretations of Islam, oil policies, government structures, and relationships with the United States have exacerbated tensions and proxy conflicts between the two regional powers seeking dominance in the Middle East. While recent talks failed, the author believes warmer relations may be possible if both countries focus on economic cooperation and mutual interests.
Source: Looking Glass Publications
By Linda Lavender, Writer / Robin Barnett, Editor
Understanding the past proxies is relevant to the recent unrest in the Middle East, which is often mischaracterized as a purely sectarian conflict. While clearly there is a sectarian component to ongoing unrest in the region, the conflicts, both latent and manifest within Lebanon, Iraq, Syria and Yemen are often reported as a struggle between opposing religious sects - Sunnis and Shiites. However, according to F. Gregory Gause of the Brookings Institution, the best way to understand regional politics and the current unrest in the Middle East is through a Cold War framework between Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Iran where the central issue is that of regional hegemony.
Crude Oil for Natural Gas: Prospects for Iran-Saudi Reconciliationatlanticcouncil
Despite the sectarian barbs traded between Saudi Arabia and Iran, Iran's unique ability to meet the kingdom's fast growing demand for electricity may help spur a reconciliation, according to the Atlantic Council's Jean-François Seznec. In his report Crude Oil for Natural Gas: Prospects for Iran-Saudi Reconciliation, Seznec argues that the two dominant energy producers do not necessarily need to see their energy production as competition.
Saudi Arabia's currently fuels its stunning 8 percent annual rise in demand for electricity with precious crude oil due to little low cost domestic natural dry gas reserves. Iran's vast gas reserves could be used to meet the kingdom's growing needs, but after decades of punishing sanctions its dilapidated gas fields need an estimated $250 billion in repairs. If Saudi Arabia used its investment power or buying power to help revitalize Iran's gas industry, it would both secure the energy it needs to meet its citizens' demands and free up its crude oil for export. While the sectarian rhetoric hurled back and forth may seem unstoppable and the timeline for reconciliation may be long, Seznec contends that both sides are rational at heart and highlights that that the benefit of economic cooperation on energy issues could open up better relations on a range of issues.
Summary of the 22 September attack against a military parade in Ahvaz, Iran. Research based on open sources. Osint, Geopolitics, Terrorism, Iran, Gulf, Ahvaz, Ahwaz, UAE, Saudi Arabia
CTP's Threat Update series is a weekly update and assessment of Iran and the al Qaeda network and its affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel.
Keep Your Eyes on the Middle East- Spotlight Saudi Arabia!Beth Frisby
The Middle East is on fire, and it's hard to make sense of all that's happening. Here are the "Cliff" notes for each Middle Eastern County- spotlight Saudi Arabia!
The execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr by Saudi Arabia has exacerbated tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. The execution was seen as a provocation by Iran and has reignited the proxy conflict between the two regional powers. The rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran dates back to the Iranian revolution but in recent decades they have exploited sectarian divisions and used proxy militias to counter each other. The execution threatens fragile hopes of resolving conflicts like the Syrian civil war and fighting ISIS.
The execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr by Saudi Arabia has exacerbated tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. The execution was seen as a provocation by Iran and has reignited the proxy conflict between the two regional powers. The rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran dates back to the Iranian revolution but in recent decades they have exploited sectarian divisions and used proxy militias to counter each other. The execution threatens fragile hopes of resolving ongoing conflicts in the region such as Syria and Yemen.
The document summarizes the changing relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States over recent decades. It discusses how their alliance was based on oil interests but has frayed in recent years due to several shocks, including 9/11 and the US shale oil boom. It outlines tensions caused by differing approaches to Iran and issues like the 9/11 lawsuit. However, the two countries are trying to salvage ties through increased cooperation on security issues. As the alliance weakens, Saudi Arabia is exploring new partnerships elsewhere.
CTP’s Threat Update series is a weekly update and assessment of Iran and the al Qaeda network. CTP’s Iran team follows developments on the internal politics, nuclear negotiations, and regional conflicts closely. The al Qaeda network update includes detailed assessments of al Qaeda’s affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel.
1. Libyan Islamic State in Iraq and al Sham (ISIS) cells demonstrated a high level of coordination by conducting a large-scale spectacular attack on security forces in support of an ongoing campaign to seize Libyan oil infrastructure. ISIS Wilayat Tarablus detonated a large suicide vehicle-borne improvised explosive device at a police training camp in Zliten, Libya on January 7 and described the attack as part of the “Invasion of Abu al Mughira al Qahtani,” which is an operation focused on taking over Libya’s oil infrastructure. ISIS Wilayat Tarablus likely executed the Zliten attack to prevent or deter security forces from responding to ongoing offensive operations at the al Sidra and Ras Lanuf oil terminals, conducted by ISIS Wilayat Barqa. These concurrent actions demonstrate not only significant coordination between ISIS cells in Libya, but also the exportation of military knowledge, explosives expertise, and leadership capabilities from ISIS core to Libya.
2. Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is conducting media campaigns meant to both enhance the group’s local legitimacy in Yemen and reaffirm its status in the global jihadist community. The group released a video of operations in Taiz city, where AQAP militants are leveraging the al Houthi fight to build relationships with local militias, including tribal fighters and local Salafi groups. AQAP also released an audio statement from its chief bombmaker, Ibrahim al Asiri, likely in an effort to capitalize on al Asiri’s notoriety and highlight AQAP’s credentials as a leader of jihad against the West.
3. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and its associates may be resurging in Mali. An intercepted letter from AQIM-linked Ansar al Din to an associated militant group, the Macina Liberation Front, called for increased attacks against isolated Malian army posts.
The Saudi-Iranian rivalry has spilled over into Africa, with Sudan, Somalia, and Djibouti officially supporting Saudi Arabia after tensions rose between Iran and Saudi Arabia in 2016. Saudi Arabia has promised to construct large dams for Sudan and Somalia to promote agriculture and energy. Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, and Djibouti are also strategically important countries for controlling the Red Sea, where a civil war is occurring in Yemen with Saudi backing the government and Iran backing Houthi rebels. However, Iran still maintains influence in these African countries and is accused of supplying arms to terrorist groups like al-Shabaab in Somalia.
The document summarizes a blockade imposed on Qatar by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt two years ago over claims that Qatar supported terrorism and had close ties to Iran. The blockade cut all diplomatic, trade, air, land and sea ties. It started when hackers posted false statements attributed to Qatar's emir praising Iran and criticizing the US. Qatar rejected the claims and said there was no justification for severing relations. The Arab states issued demands for Qatar to scale back ties with Iran, stop funding terrorists, shut down media organizations, and align its policies with other Gulf nations.
RIYADH place and religion aspects - Saudi arabiaSamyuktha36
This document provides an overview of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Saudi Arabia, with a population of over 7 million people in 2022. Riyadh sits at an elevation of around 600 meters in the an-Nafud desert. The city has a hot desert climate with summer temperatures regularly exceeding 40°C. Riyadh has historically served as an important political and economic center in the region and became the capital of Saudi Arabia in the early 20th century.
The document provides an overview of Saudi Arabia and Iran, the two main powers in the divided house of Islam. It summarizes Saudi Arabia's history from nomadic tribes to modern oil-rich kingdom. It also summarizes Iran's history from ancient Persian empires to modern Islamic republic. Both countries face issues like lack of religious freedom, human rights abuses, and funding of international terrorism. Their rivalry and different sects of Islam create ongoing division in the Muslim world.
The Houthi Entanglement_Saudi Arabia and Iran Faceoff in YemenW. Troy Ayres
This document provides a summary of the proxy war between Saudi Arabia and Iran in Yemen. It discusses the geopolitical context of the conflict including the Sunni-Shia divide and Saudi Arabia's view of Yemen as within its sphere of influence. It then reviews literature on the major actors - Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the Houthi rebels in Yemen. The research aims to understand how Saudi Arabia may react if Iran continues military aid to the Houthis. The conclusion is that Saudi Arabia would likely lead a coalition in a ground war to eliminate an Iranian-backed government in Yemen and depending on Iran's response, the conflict could escalate further.
It englights the era of Iraq under the leadership of Saddam hussein untill he was executed. I have analysed Saddam's tenure including Iran-Iraq war, both Gulf wars and Substance of Anarchy embedled in Iraq while scrutinizes his policies and Baa'th agenda.
It englights the era of Iraq under the leadership of Saddam hussein untill he was executed. I have analysed Saddam's tenure including Iran-Iraq war, both Gulf wars and Substance of Anarchy embedled in Iraq while scrutinizes his policies and Baa'th agenda.
ISIS, also known as ISIL, arose from al-Qaeda in Iraq in the late 2000s and seeks to establish an Islamic caliphate across Iraq and Syria. It controls significant territory and oil resources, using conventional weapons captured from the Iraqi and Syrian armies as well as social media propaganda. A US-led international coalition conducts airstrikes against ISIS while supporting Iraqi and Kurdish ground forces.
Iranian interests, iraqi oil, and the u.s. response council on foreign rela...https://www.cia.gov.com
The blog post summarizes the geopolitical context surrounding rising tensions between the United States and Iran following the U.S. killing of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani. It discusses how both countries have legitimate strategic interests in the region, particularly regarding Iraq and its oil industry, and calls for diplomatic efforts to address historical grievances and consider each country's core security concerns to prevent further escalation.
The summary of the threat update document is:
1. Iran and Russia are expanding military coordination, including potential use of an Iranian air base by Russian bombers.
2. The incapacitation of an LNA commander in Libya creates a power vacuum that could lead to conflict and allow terrorist groups like ISIS and al Qaeda to rebuild.
3. The Gulf crisis caused the ending of a military cooperation agreement between Somalia and the UAE, weakening counterterrorism efforts against al Shabaab and al Qaeda in the region.
An article by our Corse mate General Hasnain regarding Saudi is important from general knowledge and discussionAs he puts it "One could not have imagined the status of Saudi Arabia as it is today, having been one of the most powerful states in the Middle East. A combination of factors appears to have diluted its power and comparative strategic significance. This needs brief investigation although I am convinced that Saudi Arabia’s geo-strategic location, its energy resources and its ideological bent continues to make it one of the most significant countries in the world."
The Syrian Civil War began in 2011 as pro-democracy protests that were violently crushed by President Bashar al-Assad, leading to armed rebellion. The war escalated and involved multiple factions including the Syrian government backed by Russia and Iran, rebel groups backed by Western nations and Gulf states, and jihadist groups like ISIS. Over 350,000 people have been killed in the complex multi-sided war that continues today and has had devastating humanitarian and geopolitical consequences.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
The document summarizes the changing relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States over recent decades. It discusses how their alliance was based on oil interests but has frayed in recent years due to several shocks, including 9/11 and the US shale oil boom. It outlines tensions caused by differing approaches to Iran and issues like the 9/11 lawsuit. However, the two countries are trying to salvage ties through increased cooperation on security issues. As the alliance weakens, Saudi Arabia is exploring new partnerships elsewhere.
CTP’s Threat Update series is a weekly update and assessment of Iran and the al Qaeda network. CTP’s Iran team follows developments on the internal politics, nuclear negotiations, and regional conflicts closely. The al Qaeda network update includes detailed assessments of al Qaeda’s affiliates in Yemen, the Horn of Africa, and the Maghreb and Sahel.
1. Libyan Islamic State in Iraq and al Sham (ISIS) cells demonstrated a high level of coordination by conducting a large-scale spectacular attack on security forces in support of an ongoing campaign to seize Libyan oil infrastructure. ISIS Wilayat Tarablus detonated a large suicide vehicle-borne improvised explosive device at a police training camp in Zliten, Libya on January 7 and described the attack as part of the “Invasion of Abu al Mughira al Qahtani,” which is an operation focused on taking over Libya’s oil infrastructure. ISIS Wilayat Tarablus likely executed the Zliten attack to prevent or deter security forces from responding to ongoing offensive operations at the al Sidra and Ras Lanuf oil terminals, conducted by ISIS Wilayat Barqa. These concurrent actions demonstrate not only significant coordination between ISIS cells in Libya, but also the exportation of military knowledge, explosives expertise, and leadership capabilities from ISIS core to Libya.
2. Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula is conducting media campaigns meant to both enhance the group’s local legitimacy in Yemen and reaffirm its status in the global jihadist community. The group released a video of operations in Taiz city, where AQAP militants are leveraging the al Houthi fight to build relationships with local militias, including tribal fighters and local Salafi groups. AQAP also released an audio statement from its chief bombmaker, Ibrahim al Asiri, likely in an effort to capitalize on al Asiri’s notoriety and highlight AQAP’s credentials as a leader of jihad against the West.
3. Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and its associates may be resurging in Mali. An intercepted letter from AQIM-linked Ansar al Din to an associated militant group, the Macina Liberation Front, called for increased attacks against isolated Malian army posts.
The Saudi-Iranian rivalry has spilled over into Africa, with Sudan, Somalia, and Djibouti officially supporting Saudi Arabia after tensions rose between Iran and Saudi Arabia in 2016. Saudi Arabia has promised to construct large dams for Sudan and Somalia to promote agriculture and energy. Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, and Djibouti are also strategically important countries for controlling the Red Sea, where a civil war is occurring in Yemen with Saudi backing the government and Iran backing Houthi rebels. However, Iran still maintains influence in these African countries and is accused of supplying arms to terrorist groups like al-Shabaab in Somalia.
The document summarizes a blockade imposed on Qatar by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain and Egypt two years ago over claims that Qatar supported terrorism and had close ties to Iran. The blockade cut all diplomatic, trade, air, land and sea ties. It started when hackers posted false statements attributed to Qatar's emir praising Iran and criticizing the US. Qatar rejected the claims and said there was no justification for severing relations. The Arab states issued demands for Qatar to scale back ties with Iran, stop funding terrorists, shut down media organizations, and align its policies with other Gulf nations.
RIYADH place and religion aspects - Saudi arabiaSamyuktha36
This document provides an overview of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in Saudi Arabia, with a population of over 7 million people in 2022. Riyadh sits at an elevation of around 600 meters in the an-Nafud desert. The city has a hot desert climate with summer temperatures regularly exceeding 40°C. Riyadh has historically served as an important political and economic center in the region and became the capital of Saudi Arabia in the early 20th century.
The document provides an overview of Saudi Arabia and Iran, the two main powers in the divided house of Islam. It summarizes Saudi Arabia's history from nomadic tribes to modern oil-rich kingdom. It also summarizes Iran's history from ancient Persian empires to modern Islamic republic. Both countries face issues like lack of religious freedom, human rights abuses, and funding of international terrorism. Their rivalry and different sects of Islam create ongoing division in the Muslim world.
The Houthi Entanglement_Saudi Arabia and Iran Faceoff in YemenW. Troy Ayres
This document provides a summary of the proxy war between Saudi Arabia and Iran in Yemen. It discusses the geopolitical context of the conflict including the Sunni-Shia divide and Saudi Arabia's view of Yemen as within its sphere of influence. It then reviews literature on the major actors - Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the Houthi rebels in Yemen. The research aims to understand how Saudi Arabia may react if Iran continues military aid to the Houthis. The conclusion is that Saudi Arabia would likely lead a coalition in a ground war to eliminate an Iranian-backed government in Yemen and depending on Iran's response, the conflict could escalate further.
It englights the era of Iraq under the leadership of Saddam hussein untill he was executed. I have analysed Saddam's tenure including Iran-Iraq war, both Gulf wars and Substance of Anarchy embedled in Iraq while scrutinizes his policies and Baa'th agenda.
It englights the era of Iraq under the leadership of Saddam hussein untill he was executed. I have analysed Saddam's tenure including Iran-Iraq war, both Gulf wars and Substance of Anarchy embedled in Iraq while scrutinizes his policies and Baa'th agenda.
ISIS, also known as ISIL, arose from al-Qaeda in Iraq in the late 2000s and seeks to establish an Islamic caliphate across Iraq and Syria. It controls significant territory and oil resources, using conventional weapons captured from the Iraqi and Syrian armies as well as social media propaganda. A US-led international coalition conducts airstrikes against ISIS while supporting Iraqi and Kurdish ground forces.
Iranian interests, iraqi oil, and the u.s. response council on foreign rela...https://www.cia.gov.com
The blog post summarizes the geopolitical context surrounding rising tensions between the United States and Iran following the U.S. killing of Iranian general Qasem Soleimani. It discusses how both countries have legitimate strategic interests in the region, particularly regarding Iraq and its oil industry, and calls for diplomatic efforts to address historical grievances and consider each country's core security concerns to prevent further escalation.
The summary of the threat update document is:
1. Iran and Russia are expanding military coordination, including potential use of an Iranian air base by Russian bombers.
2. The incapacitation of an LNA commander in Libya creates a power vacuum that could lead to conflict and allow terrorist groups like ISIS and al Qaeda to rebuild.
3. The Gulf crisis caused the ending of a military cooperation agreement between Somalia and the UAE, weakening counterterrorism efforts against al Shabaab and al Qaeda in the region.
An article by our Corse mate General Hasnain regarding Saudi is important from general knowledge and discussionAs he puts it "One could not have imagined the status of Saudi Arabia as it is today, having been one of the most powerful states in the Middle East. A combination of factors appears to have diluted its power and comparative strategic significance. This needs brief investigation although I am convinced that Saudi Arabia’s geo-strategic location, its energy resources and its ideological bent continues to make it one of the most significant countries in the world."
The Syrian Civil War began in 2011 as pro-democracy protests that were violently crushed by President Bashar al-Assad, leading to armed rebellion. The war escalated and involved multiple factions including the Syrian government backed by Russia and Iran, rebel groups backed by Western nations and Gulf states, and jihadist groups like ISIS. Over 350,000 people have been killed in the complex multi-sided war that continues today and has had devastating humanitarian and geopolitical consequences.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
• For a full set of 530+ questions. Go to
https://skillcertpro.com/product/servicenow-cis-itsm-exam-questions/
• SkillCertPro offers detailed explanations to each question which helps to understand the concepts better.
• It is recommended to score above 85% in SkillCertPro exams before attempting a real exam.
• SkillCertPro updates exam questions every 2 weeks.
• You will get life time access and life time free updates
• SkillCertPro assures 100% pass guarantee in first attempt.
1.) Introduction
Our Movement is not new; it is the same as it was for Freedom, Justice, and Equality since we were labeled as slaves. However, this movement at its core must entail economics.
2.) Historical Context
This is the same movement because none of the previous movements, such as boycotts, were ever completed. For some, maybe, but for the most part, it’s just a place to keep your stable until you’re ready to assimilate them into your system. The rest of the crabs are left in the world’s worst parts, begging for scraps.
3.) Economic Empowerment
Our Movement aims to show that it is indeed possible for the less fortunate to establish their economic system. Everyone else – Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, Israeli, Jews, etc. – has their systems, and they all set up and usurp money from the less fortunate. So, the less fortunate buy from every one of them, yet none of them buy from the less fortunate. Moreover, the less fortunate really don’t have anything to sell.
4.) Collaboration with Organizations
Our Movement will demonstrate how organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League, Black Lives Matter, and others can assist in creating a much more indestructible Black Wall Street.
5.) Vision for the Future
Our Movement will not settle for less than those who came before us and stopped before the rights were equal. The economy, jobs, healthcare, education, housing, incarceration – everything is unfair, and what isn’t is rigged for the less fortunate to fail, as evidenced in society.
6.) Call to Action
Our movement has started and implemented everything needed for the advancement of the economic system. There are positions for only those who understand the importance of this movement, as failure to address it will continue the degradation of the people deemed less fortunate.
No, this isn’t Noah’s Ark, nor am I a Prophet. I’m just a man who wrote a couple of books, created a magnificent website: http://www.thearkproject.llc, and who truly hopes to try and initiate a truly sustainable economic system for deprived people. We may not all have the same beliefs, but if our methods are tried, tested, and proven, we can come together and help others. My website: http://www.thearkproject.llc is very informative and considerably controversial. Please check it out, and if you are afraid, leave immediately; it’s no place for cowards. The last Prophet said: “Whoever among you sees an evil action, then let him change it with his hand [by taking action]; if he cannot, then with his tongue [by speaking out]; and if he cannot, then, with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith.” [Sahih Muslim] If we all, or even some of us, did this, there would be significant change. We are able to witness it on small and grand scales, for example, from climate control to business partnerships. I encourage, invite, and challenge you all to support me by visiting my website.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Gulf region, also known as the Persian Gulf, has been historically characterized by geopolitical tensions. This region
includes countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Oman.
One of the primary sources of tension in the region has been the longstanding rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia.
These two major regional powers have competed for influence and dominance in the region, often through proxy
conflicts in countries like Yemen, Iraq, and Syria. The rivalry is driven by various factors, including differences in
religious ideologies (Sunni Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia and Shia Islam practiced in Iran), geopolitical ambitions, and
the pursuit of regional hegemony.
• Another significant concern in the Gulf region is the security of oil and gas resources, as several countries in the
region possess significant reserves and are major global energy suppliers. Thishas led to a complex dynamic
involving the protection of vital shipping routes, such as the Straitof Hormuz, which connects the Persian Gulf to the
Arabian Sea. Any disruption or conflict in thisarea could have a significant impact on global energy markets.
• Furthermore, the Gulf region has also experienced internal and external challenges, such as political instability,
sectarian divisions,and the rise of non-state actors like ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) and other extremist
groups.
26. TIMELINE OF IRAN-SAUDIA RELATIONS
• Iran and Saudi Arabia have been regional rivals for more than three decades
• Tensions date back to the 1979 Iranian revolution.
• Relations were strained throughout the 1980s, as Saudi Arabia quietly supported Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war whe
Saudi Arabia reportedly makes three of its ports available to ship military equipment to Iraq.
• 1981: Six Gulf states – Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain –form the Gulf
Cooperation Council, in part as a security response to the Iranian revolution and the Iran-Iraq war.
• 1982: Saudi Arabia reportedly supplies Iraq with $1 billion per month in aid.*
• May 1984: Iran attacks a Saudi oil tanker in Saudi waters, in retaliation for Iraq’s attempts to interfere with Iran’s oi
shipping Saudi Arabia shoots down an Iranian Phantom jet over Saudi waters.
• 1987: Shiite pilgrims clash with Saudi police during the annual hajj, resulting in a stampede. At least 400 people ar
killed in the clashes, including more than 200 Iranians. In response, Iranian protesters attack the Saudi and Kuwaiti
embassies in Tehran.
1988: Saudi Arabia severs ties with Iran over the hajj clash.
1988-1990: Iran boycotts the hajj after Saudi Arabia reduces the number of Iranian pilgrim visas in response the
clashes in 1987.
1990: Saudi Arabia sends aid to Iran after an earthquake kills 40,000 people.
1991: Riyadh and Tehran restore diplomatic ties.
27. TIMELINE... CONTINUE
• 1989-1997: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani is elected president and takes a more conciliatory stance towards Saudi
Arabia.Trade and direct flights between the two countries increase.
• 1997: Crown Prince Abdullah attends the Organization of Islamic Conference summit in Tehran, becoming the most
senior Saudi official to visit Iran since 1979.
• 1999: Iranian President Khatami meets with Crown Prince Abdullah in Saudi Arabia.
• 2001: Iran and Saudi Arabia sign a security pact on terrorism and drug trafficking.
• 2005-2013: President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad comes to power and takes a more hardline stance on foreign policy.
Tehran and Riyadh increasingly seek to boost their regional influence through proxybattles in Lebanon, Palestine,
Iraq, and Afghanistan.
• 2011: The Arab Spring fuels bilateral tensions. Saudi officials accuse Iran of inciting protests inBahrain against the
country’s Sunni royal family. The kingdom sends 1,000 troops to quell the uprising.
• 2012: A series of protests against anti-Shiite discrimination erupt in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province. Saudi Arabia
blames Iran for the protests.
• 2014: Saudi authorities issue a death sentence for Nimr al Nimr, a Shiite cleric involved in the 2011 protests. Iranian
officials denounce the conviction.
• March 2015: Saudi Arabia begins a bombing campaign in Yemen. Riyadh claims the airstrikes are a response to
Iranian support for the Houthis, a Zaydi Shiite movement that took over large parts of the country in 2014.
• July 2015: Iran and the world’s six major powers reach a deal over Iran’s controversial nuclear program. Saudi
28. TIMELINE ... CONTINUE
• September 2015: A stampede in Mina during the annual hajj kills at least 2,000 people, including hundreds of
Iranians. Tehran accuses the Saudi government of mismanagement and threatens legal action.
• January 2016: Saudi Arabia executes Sheikh Nimr al Nimr, a prominent Shiite leader who supported anti-
government demonstrations, along with 46 others for alleged terror-related offenses. The move prompts protests or
condemnation from Shiites in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Turkey, Pakistan, India, Lebanon, and Yemen. In Iran, protestors burn
part of the Saudi Embassy in Tehran and storm the compound.
• May 2016: Saudi Arabia and Iran fail to reach a deal over security and logistics concerning the annual Islamic
pilgrimage to Mecca.Riyadh’s pilgrimage ministry issues a statement saying the Iranian government “will be
responsible in front of Allah Almighty and its people for the inability of the Iranian citizens to perform Hajj for this
year,” adding that the Saudi leadership “has stressed its categorical rejection to politicize Hajj rituals.”Iran had barred
its pilgrims from traveling to Mecca to take part in the annual Hajj after claiming Saudi Arabia had failed to
guarantee the safety of its citizens.
• September 2016: Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei accuses the kingdom of “murdering” pilgrims
during the 2015 Hajj. “The stampede demonstrated that this government is not qualified to manage the Two Holy
Mosques,” said the Supreme Leader.
• Khamenei also took to Twitter to accuse the Saudis of “depriving” Iranians of the opportunity to attend the Hajj.
29. TIMELINE ... CONTINUE
• April 2017: Iranian President Hassan Rouhani says Iran is ready to establish good relations with all neighboring
countries, including Saudi Arabia. “What happened in front of the Saudi embassy in Tehran was carried out by some
reckless people and was condemned by all institutions,” Rouhani said, referring to protests that occurred following
Saudi Arabia’s execution of prominent Shiite leader Sheikh Nimr al Nimr in January 2016.
• May 2, 2017: In a televised interview, Saudi Deputy Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman says there is no space for
dialogue with Iran due to its ambitions “to control the Islamic world,” and its desire to spread its Shia doctrine. He
added, “We know we are a main target of Iran. We are not waiting until there becomes a battle in Saudi Arabia, so we
will work so that it becomes a battle for them in Iran and not in Saudi Arabia.”
• Late May 2017: President Trump visited Riyadh, where he signed a $110 billion arms deal. In a joint statement, Saudi
Arabia and the United States “agreed on the need to contain Iran’s malign interference in the internal affairs of other
states, instigation of sectarian strife, support of terrorism and armed proxies, and efforts to destabilize the countries
in the region.” After Trump’s visit, Iranian leaders harshly criticized Saudi Arabia’s regional policies.
• May 27, 2017: Supreme Leader Khamenei condemned Saudi Arabia for trying to “gain the friendship of Islam’s
enemies” (e.g., the United States) but dealing harshly with Muslims. “They oppress their own people in this manner,
and oppress the people of Yemen and Bahrain in other ways. But they are going to perish,” he said in a speech
marking the start of the holy month of Ramadan.
• June 7-11 2017: At least 12 people were killed and 46 were wounded in twin terror attacks on the Iranian Parliament
and the tomb of Ayatollah Khomeini. This Islamic State claimed responsibility, but Iranian officials blamed Saudi
Arabia for the attacks, pointing to Mohammed bin Salman’s May remarks threatening to bring the battle to Iran.
Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif accused Riyadh of being “actively engaged” in supporting militants inside Iran
days after the attacks.
30. TIMELINE ... CONTINUE
• August 13, 2017: Saudi Arabia asked Iraq’s prime minister to mediate between Tehran and Riyadh.
• Mid-August 2017: Iran sent pilgrims to the the haj pilgrimage to Mecca for the first time in two years.
• October 13, 2017: Saudi Arabia supported President Trump’s decision to de-certify the nuclear deal, citing the move
as a way to confront Iranian aggression in the region.
• November 2017: Saudi Arabia charged Iran with an act of war for a missile fired at the Saudi capital by the Houthis
in Yemen.Iran denied any links to the attack.
• December 2017: Yemeni Houthi rebels fired another missile at Saudi Arabia, but it was intercepted by Saudi’s air
defense system before it reached Riyadh. “This hostile and indiscriminate act by the Iran-back Houthi armed group
proves the continued involvement of the Iranian regime in supporting (the) Houthi armed group with qualitative
capabilities,” a Saudi spokesman said. Iran denied the allegations.
• March 15, 2018: Saudi Arabia said it will develop nuclear weapons if Iran does so. “Saudi Arabia does not want to
acquire any nuclear bomb, but without a doubt if Iran developed a nuclear bomb, we will follow suit as soon as
possible,” Prince Mohammed bin Salman said in a CBS interview.
• May 9, 2018: Saudi Arabia supported President Trump’s decision to withdraw the Iran nuclear deal.
• June 29, 2020: Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal urged the international community to extend the arms embargo
on Iran. “We both see Iran as a grave danger not only to regional stability, but international stability,” he said. “We
believe that Iran is the chief sponsor of terrorism and that the international community has to be more firm in
dealing with the Iranians and their proxies.”
• August 28, 2021: Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian met his Saudi counterpart Faisal al Saud on the
sidelines of the Baghdad summit to discuss resuming bilateral talks.
31. TIMELINE ... CONTINUE
• September 22, 2021: In his address to the United Nations, King Salman expressed hope that talks with Iran will
yield a “tangible outcome to build trust.”
• November 9, 2022: Intelligence Minister Esmail Khatib warned Saudi Arabia against interfering in Iran’s internal
affairs. Iranian officials had blamed Riyadh for inciting anti-government protests sparked by the death of Mahsa
Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish woman, on September 16.
• December 2022: Iranian officials had refused to meet with Saudi diplomats amid anti-government government
protests in Iran, according to Iraqi officials. They noted that Tehran blamed Riyadh for the unrest. “The Iranian-Saudi
negotiations have stalled, and this will have a negative impact on the region,” said Amer al Fayez, an Iraqi lawmaker.
On December 20, Esmail Ghaani, the commander of Iran’s elite Qods Force, called Saudi Arabia a “puppet
government” of the United States and a “scum and not worthy of being an enemy.”
• March 10, 2023: Iran and Saudi Arabia agreed to restore diplomatic ties seven years after severing relations. The
regional rivals committed to reopening embassies in Tehran and Riyadh by May 2023. The deal, brokered by China,
also included the implementation of a security cooperation agreement signed in 2001 and a 1998 pact to enhance
cooperation on trade, investment, technology, and culture.
• April 4, 2023: President Raisi had accepted a Saudi invitation to visit the kingdom.
32. TIMELINE ... CONTINUE
• April 6, 2023: The Iranian and Saudi foreign ministers met in Beijing, facilitated again by China. Their joint statement
included the following points:
1. Expand the “scope of co-operation, and contribute to achieving security, stability and prosperity in the region”
2. Reopen open embassies in Riyadh and Tehran and general consulates in Jeddah and Mashhad.
3. Resume technical coordination to resume flights and facilitate the issuing of visas.
4. Affirm “readiness to do everything possible to overcome any obstacles facing the promotion of co-operation”.
33. CONCLUSION
• Iran despite of foreign sanctions and opposition , still it has strong hold in
middle east .
• Comparison between the two ; Iran and Saudi Arabia is complex ,Saudi
Arabia has more capabilities and economic stability than Iran but
itsmodernization is not indigenous , which shape its
compromisingbehavior.
• Iran has strong legitimacy in Muslim world (at societal level) because of its
anti West, anti Israel policies and behavior .
• Moreover Iran modernization is completely indigenous .