.

1. RIYADH
-Saudi Arabia

2. INTRODUCTION
• It is the largest city on the Arabian Peninsula,
• It is situated in the center of the an-Nafud desert, on the eastern part of the Najd plateau.
• The city sits at an average of 600 meters (2,000 ft) above sea level,[6] and receives
around 5 million tourists each year.
• It is the forty-ninth most visited city in the world and the 6th in the Middle East.
• Riyadh had a population of 7.0 million people in 2022.

3. HISTORY
• During the Pre-Islamic era the city at the site of modern Riyadh was called Hajr (Arabic: ‫حجر‬
)
, and was
reportedly
• It founded by the tribe of Banu Hanifa.[14] Hajr served as the capital of the province of Al-Yamamah,
• governors were responsible for most of central and eastern Arabia during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras.
• Al-Yamamah broke away from the Abbasid Empire in 866 and the area fell under the rule of the Ukhaydhirites,
who moved the capital from Hajr to nearby Al-Kharj.
• The city then went into a long period of decline. In the 14th century, North African traveler Ibn Battuta wrote of
his visit to Hajr, describing it as "the main city of Al-Yamamah

4. • Later on, Hajr broke up into several separate settlements and estates.
• The most notable of these were Migrin (or Muqrin) and Mi'kal, though the name Hajr continued to
appear in local folk poetry.
• The earliest known reference to the area by the name Riyadh comes from a 17th-century chronicler
reporting on an event from the year 1590.
• In 1737, Deham ibn Dawwas, a refugee from neighboring Manfuha, took control of Riyadh.Ibn
Dawwas.

5. FIRST SAUDI STATE
• In 1744, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab formed an alliance with Muhammad ibn Saud,
• the ruler of the nearby town of Diriyah. Ibn Saud then set out to conquer the surrounding region with
the goal of bringing it under the rule of a single Islamic state.
• Ibn Dawwas of Riyadh led the most determined resistance, allied with forces from Al Kharj, Al Ahsa,
and the Banu Yam clan of Najran.
• However, Ibn Dawwas fled and Riyadh capitulated to the Saudis in 1774, ending long years of wars,
and leading to the declaration of the First Saudi State, with Diriyah as its capital.

6. MODERN HISTRTY
• From the 1940s, Riyadh mushroomed from a relatively narrow, spatially isolated town into a spacious
metropolis.
• When King Saud came to power, he made it his objective to modernize Riyadh, and began developing
Annasriyyah, the royal residential district, in 1950.
• Following the example of American cities, new settlements and entire neighborhoods were created
on grid plans, and connected by high-capacity main roads to the inner areas.
• The grid pattern in the city was introduced in 1953.[17] The population growth of the town from 1974 to
1992 averaged 8.2 percent per year.

7. • The mayor is Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz al-Muqrin. Al-Muqrin was appointed in 2019 by royal decree and
succeeds Tariq bin Abdul Aziz Al-Faris.
• Riyadh is now the administrative and to a great extent the commercial hub of the Kingdom. According to the Saudi
Real Estate Companion, most large companies in the country established either sole headquarters
• According to the Global Financial Centres Index, Riyadh ranked at 77 in 2016–2017.
• Though the rank moved up to 69 in 2018, diversification in the economy of the capital is required in order to avoid
what the World Bank called a "looming poverty crisis" brought on by lingering low oil prices and rich state
benefits.[22]

8. • Since 2017, Riyadh has been the target of missiles from Yemen.[23] In March 2018, one
person died as a result of a missile attack.
• The number of missiles which targeted Riyadh are a small portion of the dozens of missiles
fired from Yemen at Saudi Arabia due to the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
• A restoration of heritage buildings of historical significance was launched in Riyadh by
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman on 13 September 2020.

9. CLIMATE
Climate data for Riyadh (1985-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record
high °C
(°F)
33.0
(91.4)
35.0
(95.0)
38.0
(100.4)
42.0
(107.6)
46.0
(114.8)
47.5
(117.5)
48.4
(119.1)
49.8
(121.6)
46.8
(116.2)
42.5
(108.5)
38.0
(100.4)
32.7
(90.9)
49.8
(121.6)
Average
high °C
(°F)
20.2
(68.4)
23.4
(74.1)
27.7
(81.9)
33.4
(92.1)
39.4
(102.9)
42.5
(108.5)
43.5
(110.3)
43.6
(110.5)
40.4
(104.7)
35.3
(95.5)
27.8
(82.0)
22.2
(72.0)
33.3
(91.9)
Daily
mean °C
(°F)
14.4
(57.9)
17.3
(63.1)
21.4
(70.5)
26.9
(80.4)
32.9
(91.2)
35.7
(96.3)
36.8
(98.2)
36.7
(98.1)
33.5
(92.3)
28.4
(83.1)
21.5
(70.7)
16.3
(61.3)
26.8
(80.3)
Average
low °C
(°F)
9.0
(48.2)
11.2
(52.2)
15.2
(59.4)
20.4
(68.7)
25.9
(78.6)
28.0
(82.4)
29.3
(84.7)
29.2
(84.6)
25.9
(78.6)
21.2
(70.2)
15.5
(59.9)
10.6
(51.1)
20.1
(68.2)
Record
low °C
(°F)
−5.4
(22.3)
−3.3
(26.1)
2.4
(36.3)
8.9
(48.0)
15.7
(60.3)
19.8
(67.6)
20.0
(68.0)
20.0
(68.0)
14.4
(57.9)
8.9
(48.0)
4.5
(40.1)
−2.0
(28.4)
−5.4
(22.3)
Average
rainy
days
6.1 4.3 9.4 11.3 3.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 3.3 6.3 44.8

10. CIYY IMAGES