This document provides information on integrated pest management for vegetable crops. It describes the major types of insect pests that damage vegetables, including borers that damage fruits, leaves, flowers, shoots, and roots. It also discusses sucking pests like aphids and whiteflies. The document then focuses on management strategies for key pests in important vegetable crops like tomato, brinjal, cucurbits and beans. It emphasizes the use of cultural, biological and mechanical controls as well as selective use of pesticides within an IPM framework.

1. Integrated insect and nematode Management in
vegetable crops
V. Sridhar
Division of Entomology and Nematology,
ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research,
Bengaluru – 560 089
Email: vsridhar@iihr.res.in
Mobile: 9449631795

2. Types of Insects
1. Biting & chewing : Caterpillars like Tomato
borer, bhendi borer,
brinjal borer etc.
2. Sucking type : Aphids, whiteflies, thrips

3. Insects damaging
Fruits
Tomato fruit borer, brinjal borer, okra borer,
pod borers in legumes
Insects eating
leaves
Tobacco caterpillar, Bihar hairy caterpillar,
brinjal ash weevil, diamond back moth,
cabbage leaf webber
Insects boring
flowers
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, legume flower &
pod borer
Insect boring
shoots/stems
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer, okra shoot and
fruit borer, Cabbage stem borer, brinjal stem
borer, Coffee stem borer, paddy stem borer,
Insects eating
roots
Ash weevil grub, white grub

4. Insects sucking
leaves
Aphids in cabbage, cauliflower, okra,
brinjal, etc.
Hoppers in okra, brinjal, legumes etc.
Thrips in chilli, onion
Insects sucking
leaves and
transmitting
disease
Whiteflies on okra transmitting yellow vein
mosaic
Thrips in water melon
Aphids in beans
Sucking Insects

5. Insect vs mite

6. Pests of Vegetables

8. Tuta absoluta
INTRODUCTION• South American tomato moth, Tuta absoluta is an invasive pest
on tomato and other solanaceous vegetables
• First reported from India during 2014 and since then spreading
rapidly to different states.
• In general, 20 to 30% yield loss is caused by this pest and may
result in 100% damage, if timely management interventions are
not followed.
• IPM has been one of the classical strategies developed and
adopted by plant protectionists to combat the insect pests and
reduce the losses caused.
• The IPM strategy aims at using all the available options, their
integration at ground level to achieve the desired economic and
ecological benefits while reducing the losses caused by the
pests.

9. Common agriculturally important
Gelechiids
•Aproaerema modicella – groundnut leafminer
•Keiferia lycopersicella – tomato pinworm
•Pectinophora gossypiella – pink bollworm
•Phthorimaea operculella – potato tuber moth
•Sitotroga cerealella – angoumois grain moth
•Tuta absoluta – tomato leafminer, South American
tomato moth

10. Little Confusing symptoms- for
first time observers
• Early blight
Late blight
Tuta typical damage

11. Damage symptoms

12. Life stages and damage symptoms of
T. absoluta on tomato

13. Management stratergies
• T. absoluta are well controlled by a combination of practices
that are not fully effective when used alone.
• Various control strategy could applied to control T. absoluta .
• To control the pest effectively it is critical to combine all
available control measures including
oPhysical methods
oCultural methods
o Biological control agents and
oCorrect use of registered pesticides

14. Physical methods-Green house condition
• Greenhouses should be fitted with insect exclusion nets throughout
and all doors capable of being sealed tightly.
• Any openings or gaps in the structure should be avoided
• Outward facing fans inside the double entry porch can blow back
any flying insect pests, which might otherwise be ‘sucked’ into the
crop on thermal currents when the outside door opens

15. Cultural methods
• Crop rotation with non-solanaceous crops (preferably
Cruciferous crops)
• Use of transplants free of pests
• Ploughing
• Adequate irrigation and fertilization
• Removal of infested plants and
• Complete removal of post-harvest plant debris and fruit

16. Biological control methods
• Biological control agents (living antagonists natural enemies:
predators, parasitoids and pathogens) are considered as one
possible solution of the T. absoluta crisis
• Predators-
oMacrolophus pygmaeus
oNesidiocoris tenuis Predatory bugs
oDicyphus maroccanus
• Parasitoids
oTrichogramma acheae
• Entomopathogens
oBacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki.

17. oHowever need based use of following active ingredients are
suggested for the control of T. absoluta
Indoxacarb 0.75 ml/l
Spinosad 0.25 ml/l
Flubendiamide 0.25 g/l
Deltamethrin (against adult moths)
Rynaxypyr 0.3 ml/l
Spinetoram 1 ml/l

18. Components of IPM being tried against T.
absoluta
• Host Plant Resistance (Antixenosis &
Antibiosis)-screening for HPR-long term
• Use of egg parasitoids
• Use of entomopathogens
• Encouragement of other natural enemies
• Use of traps
• Evaluation of insecticides

19. • Entomopathogens
• Bt (1 ml/l)
• N. rileyi,
• B. bassiana and
• M. anisopliae @ 1 x 108 cfu/ml
• Egg parasitoids
• Trichogramma pretiosum,
• T. bactrae,
• T. chilonis were released at weekly interval @ 50,000/ha for
five weeks.

20. Entomopathogens
• Metarhizium anisopliae,
• Nomuraea rileyi and
• Bacillus thuringiensis
have resulted in 70-80% reduction in live larvae of T. absoluta on tomato.
• Among the egg parasitoids evaluated
• Trichogramma pretiosum,
• T. bactrae,
• T. chilonis
Trichogramma pretiosum was found promising (48 % damage reduction).

21. Natural enemies of Tuta absoluta
Metarhizium anisopliae
Beauveria bassiana , Bacillus thuringiensis
Nesidiocoris tenuis

22. Trapped T. absoluta adults
Pheromone trap installed in tomato field against T. absoluta
Solar light trap installed in tomato field
(3E,8Z, 11Z)-3,8,11-tetradecatrienyl acetate (TDTA)

23. The effective IPM module developed by ICAR-Indian Institute
of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru under protected
conditions against Tuta is presented below:
a) Use of incandescent bulb @ one bulb/150 m2
b) One pheromone trap/300 m2
c) Need based spray of spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml/l or flubendiamide 480 SC @
0.20 ml/l in rotation at 2-3 weeks interval.
d) Coinciding with the peak emergence of the Tuta adults, spray of decamethrin
2.5 EC @ 1 ml/l for killing adults.
Note (other points to be kept in mind in IPM plots): Light/pheromone traps
are to be installed before transplanting of the crop itself for effective pest
monitoring and management; remove and destroy the affected plant parts and
alternate hosts etc.

24. Major pests of Brinjal
Damaged fruit
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer

25. Brinjal shoot and fruit borer pheromone trap

26. Brinjal mealy bug
•

27. Brinjal ash weevil, Myllocerous subfasiciatus
Leaf hopper damage

28. Open field condition Net house condition
General Field View
Incidence and extent of loss due to Brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) in
Brinjal under net house and open field condition

29. BSFB incidence and yield in net house and open field condition
Harvest # % Borer damage
Net house Open field
1 0 25.00
2 0 29.00
3 0 95.70
4 0 53.50
5 0 63.10
6 0 68.60
7 0 78.00
8 0 55.40
9 0 30.80
10 0 77.10
Mean 0 57.70
2 value 576.84*
Marketable
Yield (kg)
437.5 59.3
Increase in
yield
737%
* Significant at 5 % level
(After 10 harvests incidence of bacterial wilt noticed in net house)

30. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci

31. Shoot and Fruit borer,
Earias sp
Initially attacks shoot & Later fruits
Apply neem cake @250 kg/ha at flowering &
Repeat after 30 Days

32. Petiole Maggot

33. Fruit borer :Integrated management
• Set up pheromone traps for Helicoverpa armigera or Spodoptera litura
at 12 Nos./ha.
• Collection and destruction of damaged fruits and grown up caterpillars.
• Spray Bacillus thuringiensis at 2 g/lit.
• Provide poison bait with rice bran + jaggery + insecticide

34. Botanicals
Neem seed powder extract
Neem soap
Karanj soap
Garlic paste
Pyrethrum

35. •Soak 4 kg pulverized neem seed powder in 20
litre water overnight.
•Filter repeatedly through a nylon net
•Make volume to 100 litres & Spray
•Spray about 800-1000 litres/ha
•One hectare requires 40 kg of neem seed
powder.
Preperation of neem seed powder
extract

36. Cucurbits
Fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae
On chow-chow On water melon

37. Fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) on Bitter gourd

38. Leaf eating caterpillar: Diaphania indica

39. Cue lure trap for fruit fly, B. cucurbitae

40. pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis

42. Contact insecticides: quinalphos, chlorpyriphos, etc.
Systemic insecticides: imidacloprid, dimethoate etc
Insect Growth Regulators: Novaluron,
Dimilin, Match etc.
Insecticides

43. BIOPESTICIDES/PARASITOIDS
• NPV
• BT
• Trichodermatoidea bactrae

44. Botanicals
Neem seed powder extract
Neem soap
Karnaj soap
Garlic paste
Pyrethrum

45. Trap crops
• Mustard as trap crop in cabbage
• Marigold as trap crop in tomato
• Chinese cabbage as trap crop in cabbage

46. Other methods
•Pheromone traps
•Light trap
•Sticky traps
•Baiting
•Mechanical collection

47. •Soak 4 kg pulverized neem seed powder in 20 litre water
overnight.
•Filter repeatedly through a nylon net
•Make volume to 100 litres & Spray
•Spray about 800-1000 litres/ha
•One hectare requires 40 kg of neem seed powder.
Preperation of neem seed powder
extract

48. Bean fly
• Serious during dry periods of the year
• Eggs laid on unifoliate leaves
• Critical time upto 15 days after germination
• Observed immediately after germination
• Mortality upto 90% in severe cases
• Cow pea and lab lab moderately susceptible

51. Control
• 2 sparys of neem/pongamia soaps or NSPE 5% at 10 DAS and 15 DAS

52. Aphids & Hoppers
 Jassids serious during September (NE
monsoon)
 Aphids localised incidence
 Spray Systemic insecticides or
neem/pongamia soaps when observed
 Repeat if necessary

53. Hopper damage in beans
Serious during Sept-Oct
Control: Spray systemic
insecticide

54. Pod borers (Cow peas)
•Maruca testulalis (Guen) is the major pod borer
•Lampides boeticus is minor borer
•Flower bud stage is critical
•Small larvae on flower buds, large larvae migrate
feed on pods
•Apply neem cake to soil at flowering @ 250 kg/ha
•Spray Chlorpyriphos (0.05%) or cypermethrin at
flower bud stage (0.0125%). One spray is enough

55. Bruchids
• Incidence starts from field
• Dry seeds thoroughly
• Mix with 2% edible oil
• Protects seeds for 6 months
• Spray walls and ceilings with 0.5% malathion in storage halls

56. IPM IN TOMATO

57. •Causes loss up to 40%
•Eggs are laid at the time of flowering
•Larvae initially feed on leaves, later migrate to fruits
•Apply neem cake @ 250 kg/ha at 20 DAP
•Use Marigold as trap crop & spray NPV or soap
•Monitor adult activity by pheromone trap
Tomato fruit borer

58. Leaf miner
•Serious particularly during summer and hot period
•Increases with more sprays
•Apply neem cake at planting
•Spray NSPE or soap

59. Red spider mite
•Becoming very serious nowadays in many crops
•Follow IPM
•Spray soaps 0.5-1% or dicofol 0.05% or any
acaricide

60. Tomato fruit borer

61. IPM Package for tomato
NURSERY
1. Raise early marigld nursery
2.Use Leaf curl resistant hybrid seeds
3. Use Nylon net
4. Spray imidacloprid/thiomethoxam
5. Root dip in imidacloprid/
thiomethoxam

62. Main field IPM
 Apply neem cake @250 kg/ha while
planting and at 20 DAP
 Root dip in imidacloprid/ thiomethoxam
 Spray imidacloprid/thiomethoxam at 15
DAP
 Spray NPV 250 LE or soaps at 28,35 and 42
DAP
 Soaps control fruit borer, mite, leaf miner
 Mechanically collect and destroy borer
fruits at least 1-2 times
 Spray need based fungicides
 Destroy leaf curl and spotted wilt affected
plants

63. Tomato Fruit Borer Management
1. Plant 1 row of 45 day Marigold(CV Golden age) for every16 rows
of 30 day tomato seedlings
2. Erect pheromone traps at flowering to monitor adult activity
3. Spray NPV -250 LE/ha ( PIB of 2 X 109) at 28, 35 and 42 DAP

65. •Pheromone traps inconsistent
•Spray NPV or soap at 28, 35 and 42 DAP
•Mechnically collect and destroy bored fruits

66. IPM in Brinjal

67. Major Pests of Brinjal
• Shoot & Fruit borer
• Ash weevil
• Hopper
• Whitefly
• Mites

68. Myllocerus ash Weevil in Brinjal

69. Brinjal Borer Management
1. Apply neem cake 250 kg/ha at flowering and repeat 2 times at 30 days
interval
2. Prune borer damaged shoots and destroy bored flower buds and fruits
regularly
3. Erect pheromone traps to monitor and destroy adults
4. Spray NSPE 4% once in 15 days
5. Spray rynaxypyr “ 0.3 ml/l

70. White fly in brinjal

71. Hopper damage

72. IPM In Brinjal
• Apply Neem cake @250 kg/ha at planting
• Repeat neem cake 2 more times at 30 days
interval
• Erect pheromone traps @ 32/acre
• Spray NSP 4%
• Spray pongamia oil 2 ml+ endosulfan 2 ml/litre
• Spray soap at 1% to control hoppers, whiteflies

74. Major insect pests of Cabbage
1. Diamondback moth (DBM)
2. Leaf webber
3. Stem borer
4. Aphids

75. DBM
 Occurs even in nursery
 Very serious during hot summer months (more than 5
larvae/plant at times more than 40/plant )
 Less serious during rainy and cooler months
 Follow IPM of mustard trap crop , sprays of NSPE,
neem or pongamia soaps

76. Leaf webber
 Leaf damage by gregarious larvae can be seen from a
distance
 If on growing tip, causes rotting
 Now occurs throughout year
 Easy to control by any contact insecticide

77. Aphids
 Brevicoryne is very serious during summer months
 Disappears due to good rainfall
 Marked by crinkled leaves & mealy appearance
 Generally localised in the field and cab be seen
from a distance
 Can be controlled by any systemic insecticide

78. Spodoptera litura
 Occasionally serious
 Young larvae are gregarious
 Early larval damage identified by papery leaves from a distance
 Destroy the egg masses and gregarious larvae (Cheapest and most
effective)
 Large larvae bore into head and can be destroyed by piercing and
hand picking

80. Baiting
 Rice bran 750 gm
 250 gm Jaggery
 Enough water for forming pellets
 Keep for 24 hours for fermentation
 Add 2% insecticide make small pellets
and apply in furrows in the evening

81. IPM Package for Cabbage in Nursery
•Drench the Nursery with 2.5 g Captan or Blitox
•Spray Bt at 10 DAS if DBM is observed
•Spray BT one day before transplanting

82. IPM of Cabbage(Main Field)
1. Sow one row of mustard for every 25
rows of cabbage
2. Adopt wide spacing of 60 X 45 cm
3. Remove diseased and basal leaves if required,
repeat
4. Need based Sprays of
Mancozeb/chlorothalonil
5. Use light trap for adult DBM
6. Spray NSPE or soaps
7.Mechanical destruction of Spodoptera
8. Baits for grown up spodoptera if required

83. Use Indian Mustard as Trap crop

84. IPM of Cabbage using Indian Mustard as trap crop
1. Sow one row of Mustard for every 25 rows of Cabbage
2. Spray BT (1%) or neem soap/pongamia soap (0.75%) at 10 DAP
3. Spray pulverised neem seed powder extract (PNSPE)4% or
neem soap/pongamia soap (1%) at 20 DAP and repeat 2-3 times
at 10-15 days interval

85.  Protect mustard foliage by monitoring leaf damage
and spraying Diclorvos (1%) 2-4 times
 Protect cabbage at primordia formation (18-25 DAP)
by spraying NSP (4%) or Pongamia soap (0.5-1%)
 Repeat Spray 2-3 more times according to pest
damage

86. Neem Seed Powder & Soaps
Use 4% pulverised seed powder
or
Use 1% neem soap or pongamia soap sprays

87. Light trap in cabbage plot for trapping DBM adults

88. Baiting for Grown up Spodoptera larvae
< 1 k.g. rice bran+100 g jaggery+ 50 g mythomyl
+ enough water to make a powder
< 12-15 kg/acre
< Keep 12 hours
< Sprinkle over the crop in evening
< Repeat 2-3 times

90. Economics of Cabbage IPM
Reduction in Pesticide sprays : From 14 to 1.50
Reduction in Cost towards sprays :

92. Insect Pest Management in Okra

93. Major Insect Pests of Okra
1. Shoot and Fruit borer
2. Petiole Maggot
3. Hopper
4. Aphids

94. •Serious during early growth period
•May cause mortality of plants
•Apply Neem cake @ 250 kg/ha immediately
after germination
Petiole Maggot

95. Shoot and Fruit borer
Initially attacks shoot & Later fruits
Apply neem cake @250 kg/ha at flowering &
Repeat after 30 Days

96. Plant Hoppers & Aphids
Hoppers cause Hopper burn, Aphids cause sooty mold
Spray any systemic insecticide or
soap (1%) or
apply neem cake to soil

98. IPM in Cucurbits

99. Major pests
• Red pumpkin beetle
• Leaf miner
• Fruit fly
• Leaf eating caterpillar

100. Raphidopalpa foveocolis: Red pumpkin beetle
• Larvae feed on roots
• Adults defoliate immediately on germination
• Dust methyl parathion/endosulfan if required

101. Leaf miner in Cucurbits
Control:Spray NSP 4% or cypermetrhin (once)

102.  Apply neem cake 30 g/plant after germination and
repeat at flowering
 Spray NSP 7.5% at 10 days interval
 Install cuelure traps “ 10/ac.
Fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) in cucrbits

104. Leaf eating caterpillar: Margaronia indica
Semilooper : Plusia peponis
Occasionally serious
Control:Spray NSP 4% or Soap or
pyrethroids (once)

105. Red spider mite in cucurbit
Control: Spray Dicofol/ Wettable
Sulphur

106. Tomato leaf curl virus transmitted
by whitefly

107. Management
 Manage the polyhousse nets without any damage.
 Raise the seedlings in greenhouse
 Spray imidacloprid (Confidor) 0.3ml/l or Thiomethoxam
(Actara) 0.3 g/l in nursery 15 days after sowing.

108. Management (contd.)
 Dip roots of the seedlings in imidacloprid (Confidor) 0.3
ml/l before transplanting
 Remove the leafcurl-infested plants as soon as
symptoms are expressed
 Install yellow sticky traps - for monitoring adult whitefly
population

109. Yellow sticky straps for whitefly monitoring on tomato

110. Red spider mite damage on tomato

111. Mite damage in tomato

112. Management
 Remove and destroy mite infested leaves in severe cases
 Spray following acaricides on the lower surface of leaves
in rotation with plant products or oils
 Abamectin (Vertimec) (0.4ml/l) or Pongamia or Neem oil
(8-10 ml/l) or Neem soap (10g/l)
* Oil based formulations should not be sprayed when temperatures are high

113. Serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii
 It is a tiny, metallic fly, with a characteristic yellow patch
behind the compound eye.
 This pest was accidentally introduced to the Indian sub-
continent and attacks several crops.
 Damage is severe in cotyledons and young leaves.
 Initially the adult female punctures the developing leaf and
feeds on the oozing sap, these punctures are called as
ovipositional punctures
 larvae mine leaves in a serpentine manner, severe
damage leads to drying and dropping leaves

114. Leafminer damage on tomato leaves

115. Severity in Tomato

116. Remove & burn heavily infested leaves
Spray Decis 0.005% or Profenofos or 0.05 % or triazophos
0.06%
Use yellow sticky traps

117. Management
 Remove severely infested leaves
Need based sprays of
 Neem Seed Kernal Extract (NSKE) 4% or
 Neem soap 1% or Triazophos 1.5 ml/l or Deltamethrin 1ml/l

118. Fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera
This pest is not serious in greenhouse.
Damage starts from flowering.
Eggs lay on young leaves.
After emergence initially larva feed on tender leaves and
scrape the green matter in absence of fruits,
Later the larvae bore the fruits and damaged fruits are
unmarketable.

119. Management
 Spray Nuclear PolyhedrosisVirus (NPV) (Helicoverpa
NPV) 250 LE/ha + 1% Jaggery during evening to
protect NPV from UV rays-only 1st instar
 Collect bored fruits and destroy
Spray against larvae
 Indoxacarb14.5 SC 0.5 ml/l or
 Thiodicarb 75 WP (Larvin) 1 g /l or

120. Leaf eating caterpillar, Spodoptera litura
 Collection and destruction of egg masses and gregarious
larvae
 Spray Nuclear PolyhedrosisVirus (NPV) (Spodoptera
NPV) 250 LE/ha + teepol or any sticker 1% during
evening to protect NPV from UV rays
 Spray Indoxacarb 0.5 ml/l or
 Thiodicarb (Larvin) 1 g /l or
 NSKE 5%
 Poison baits : 10 kg rice/wheat flour + 1 kg jaggery + 500
g methomyl/ha

121. Tomato in greenhouse

122. Weekly sprays of Ha NPV@-250
LE /ha ( 1ml = 6x109 POBs
/ml)from 5 - 10 % flowering
( about 28 days after planting)
effectively controls H.armigera
on tomato.

123. Tomato red spider mite

124. Leaf miner

125. Pest of Chilli

126. Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis
1. Apply neem cake @250 kg/ha to
plant beds while planting and
repeat after 30 days
2. Spray imidacloprid 17.8 SL 0.3
ml/L + neem oil 2 ml/l or
fipronil (1.5 ml/l) or alternately
at fortnightly interval. Avoid
spray of same chemical
repeatedly.
3. Spray imidacloprid 17.8 SL 0.3
ml/L ) + pongamia oil (2 ml)
and sticker (1 ml) per litre of
spray solution.

127. Fruit borers, Spodoptera litura & Helicoverpa armigera
• Ha NPV, Sl NPV
• Give poison baits to grownup Spodoptera larvae. The poison bait
consists of 1 kg of rice bran + 100 g of jaggery + 50 g of methomyl.

128. Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus
Spray with acaricides such as dicofol @ 4 ml/l or wettable sulphur @ 3 g/l or
diafenthiuron @ 1 g/l or abamectin 1.9 EC @ 0.5 ml per litre.

129. Chilli gall midge, Asphondylia capsici
• Spray 3 ml/l neem based insecticides
• Spray imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.5 ml/l

130. PESTS OF CAPSICUM IN GREENHOUSE
 * Thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis
 * White or yellow mite, Polyphgotersonemus latus
 Aphids, Aphis gossypi,
 Fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera
 Leaf eating caterpiller, Spodoptera litura
 Nematodes
* Major pests in greenhouse

131. Thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis
Nature of damage and symptoms
 Minute insects with fringed wings
 serious during dry periods (high temperature).
 Both adult and nymphs suck the sap from developing
leaves.
 Affected leaves curl upwards (downward curling of
leaves) along the margin and are reduced in size.

132. Thrips damage on capsicum leaves
(upward curling)

133. Thrips damage on capsicum fruits

134. Nature of damage and symptoms (contd.)
 It also feed beneath calyx of flowers and fruits causing
loss in value of fruits.
 It also affects the market value and quality of fruits
due to scrapping (laceration) on fruit surface.
 Considerable reduction in the yield

135. Management
Need based Sprays of
 Imidacloprid (confidor) 0.5 ml/l or
 Fipronil (Regent) 1 ml/l or
 Ethofenprox (Nukil) 1 ml/l in rotation
 Application of Neem cake 250 kg/ha to kill pupae

136. White or yellow mite,
Polyphgotersonemus latus
 Major pest on capsicum
 very minute insect cannot see by naked eyes.
 Damage is more in hot and dry weather and
greenhouse (when temperature is high).

137. Nature of damage and symptoms
 Adults and nymphs suck the sap from terminal leaves
and axillary shoots, the leaves become narrow, twisted
and downward curling of leaves.
 Severe infestation leads to dropping of flowers and
stunted growth

138. Mite damage on capsicum
on capsicum leaves (Downward curling)

139. Management
Need based sprays of
 Abamectin (Vertimec) (0.5ml/l) or
 Dicofol (Kelthane) (2ml/l) or
 Fenazaquin 10 EC (Magister) 1 ml/l or
 Ethion (1ml/l) or Pongamia oil
 Neem oil (8-10 ml/l) or neem soap (10g/l) or
 Neem Seed Kernel Extract 4% (NSKE) in rotation.
Note: Care must be taken to see that under (lower)
surface of leaves receive good spray coverage

140. Phytotoxicity on capsicum leaves due to
pongamia oil 1% spray

141. Important pests, their symptoms and
control measures of Onion

142. Thrips (Thrips tabaci)
Symptoms of damage
1. Thrips infestation at the early stage (transplanting to 45 days) can be identified by
curling and twisting of leaves
2. Typical symptom of onion thrips is the presence of white or silvery patches on the
leaves
3. In severe infestation, whole plant looks blemished and turns white.
Feeding damage caused by onion thrips, T. tabaciAdult onion thrips,
T. tabaci

143. Management
1. Planting of two rows of maize or one outer row of maize and one inner row
of wheat as a barrier crop surrounding onion crop (250 sq. m) at least 30
days prior to transplanting helps block the movement of adult thrips
2. Spray insecticide when thrips population crosses the economic threshold
level of 30 thrips/plant
3. Foliar spray of insecticides like Fipronil 5 SC @1.5 ml/l or Spinosad 45 SC
@ 0.25 ml/l depending upon the severity of infestation
Barrier cropping to control thrips movement

144. Eriophyid mite
Symptoms of damage
1. Leaves do not open completely. Whole plant shows curling.
2. Yellow mottling is seen mostly on the edges of the leaves.
Management
1. Spray Dicofol 18.5 EC @ 3 ml/l as soon as the symptoms
appear in the field. Repeat the spray after 15 days, if
necessary.
2. Foliar spray of wettable sulphur @ 3 g/l

145. Damage symptoms caused by Eriophyid mite

146. Potato Carrot and beet root Sweet potato
Almost all vegetables are prone to nematode attack!!!!

147. 1 Bio-nematicide – Paecilomyces lilacinus (=Purpureocillium lilacinum) 1% W. P.
2 Bio-pesticide - Trichoderma harzianum – 1% W.P
3 Bio-pesticide - Pseudomonas fluorescens – 1% W.P.
4 Bio-pesticide - Trichoderma viride – 1.5% W.P
5 Bio-nematicide - Verticillium chlamydosporium (Pochonia chlamydosporia) – 1% W.P
6 Arka Plant Growth Enhancer and Yield Promoter
IIHR Biopesticides

148. 1. PAECILOMYCES LILACINUS (IIHR PL-2, ITCC NO.
6887)
• Bio-Nematicide
• Nematophagous
fungus
• Parasitising the eggs of
nematodes
• Produce proteases and
chitinase enzymes that
could weaken
nematode egg shell

149. 2. VERTICILLIUM CHLAMYDOSPORIUM (POCHONIA
CHLAMYDOSPORIA, IIHR VC-3, ITCC NO. 6898)

150. 4. PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS
(IIHR PF-2, ITCC NO. B0034) - 1% W. P.

151. 5.TRICHODERMA VIRIDE
(IIHR TV-5, ITCC NO. 6889)

152. FYM-compost & Bio - pesticide
1000 kg of FYM/vermicompost
2 kg of P. lilacinus
2 kg of P. fluorescens
Enrich for 15 -20
days by mixing
bio- inocula under
shade
2 kg of T. viride/ harzianum

153. Enrichment process:
One ton of Neem cake/ Vermicompost/ well decomposed FYM has to be enriched
by mixing with 2 kg each of Pseudomonas fluorescens + Trichoderma harzianum +
Paecilomyces lilacinus formulation under shade. It has to be covered with mulch
and optimum moisture of 25 - 30% has to be maintained for a period of 15 -21
days.
i. Seed treatment - 15 to 20 g of formulation /kg of seed.
ii. Substrate treatment - 5 to 10 g of formulation/kg of coco-peat (substrate).
iii. Preparation of beds: Bio-pesticides enriched FYM@ 5kg/sq.m + bio-pesticides
enriched neemcake @ 250g/sq.m or bio-pesticides enriched vermicompost @ 1kg
have to be mixed in top 12 cm of soil in the beds.
iv. Spraying, drenching/ drip irrigation: Formulation sprayed on the plants,
applied through drip / by drenching at regular intervals at a dosage of 5g/ lit
Mode of delivery of biopesticides

154. Thank you