بیماري تب کیو، که برخی به اشتباه آنرا آنفلوآنزاي بزي می نامند، با گسترش در همه دنیا به جزء نیوزیلند، اخیراً از اکثر کشورهاي همسایه ایران از جمله عمان، عراق، افغانستان، امارات، ترکیه، عربستان و آذربایجان گزارش شده است.
ناشناخته بودن عامل بیماري براي مدتها، سبب انتخاب اینچنین نامی براي آن شد.
در بررسی هاي مروري انجام شده، در مورد تب کیو در ایران، تاریخچه و وضیعت کنونی تب کیو در بین جمیعت هاي حیوانی و محصولات دامی، تب کیو در حیوانات اهلی و وحشی براي اولین در 1331در بین حیوانات نقاط مختلف ایران، گزارش شده است.
بیماري تب کیو، که برخی به اشتباه آنرا آنفلوآنزاي بزي می نامند، با گسترش در همه دنیا به جزء نیوزیلند، اخیراً از اکثر کشورهاي همسایه ایران از جمله عمان، عراق، افغانستان، امارات، ترکیه، عربستان و آذربایجان گزارش شده است.
ناشناخته بودن عامل بیماري براي مدتها، سبب انتخاب اینچنین نامی براي آن شد.
در بررسی هاي مروري انجام شده، در مورد تب کیو در ایران، تاریخچه و وضیعت کنونی تب کیو در بین جمیعت هاي حیوانی و محصولات دامی، تب کیو در حیوانات اهلی و وحشی براي اولین در 1331در بین حیوانات نقاط مختلف ایران، گزارش شده است.
Agriculture development and food journal vol 6-issue 1 Naim Khalid
ADFJournal 6th issue is an open access journal and you can also send your article for publication. In this issue we have more information about food and nutrition.
پوست یا جلد بزرگترین ارگان بدن است که 16 درصد از وزن بدن را تشکیل می دهد و به علاوه سطحی معادل 1.8متر مربع را در بزرگسالی و 2.5 متر مربع یا 2500 سانتی متر مربع سطح را در حین تولد اشغال می نماید .
کل وزن پوست شامل اپی درم ، درم و ساب کوتیس در مردان حدود 4.8 کیلوگرم و 3.2 کیلو گرم در خانمها می باشد.
پوست ارگان مهمی است که عملکردهای اساسی آن عبارتند از :
حفظ آب و الکترولیت بدن ، تنظیم حرارت,دفاع در برابر حملات میکروبی, محافظت در برابر ضربه های وارده فیزیکی ؛ سموم محیطی، اشعه ماوراء بنفش , سنتز ویتامین, کمک به سیستم ایمنی بدن ,ادراک حسی , و همچنین بروز ظواهر زیبایی.
معرفي آفت كش هاي غير شيميايي و كشاورزي ارگانيك ، شركت كيمياسبزآور و محصولات Kimiasabzavar Co.
"KimiaSabzavar Co .“Environmentally Friendly Pesticides" : In developihng countries alone , organo-chlorine, and organo – phosphate pesticides , account for nearly 3 million cases of poisoning , about 20000 of which result in death and many other cases lead to diseases , such as cancer , liver , kidney and lung damages and nervous disorders ( WHO ,1992 ) . High levels of toxic residues from synthetic pesticides , on agricultural crops , has become a global concern and is threatening the health of consumers , all over the world . Application of long-lasting and broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides over the years , has led to considerable environmental damages , soil and water pollution , poisoning food resources , eradication of beneficial organisms and growing resistance of target pests . Pesticides derived from nature are the best alternatives to synthetic chemicals , since they are considered practically harmless to people and the environment . Kimia Sabzavar Co. has developed a number of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “ which contain natural ingredients such as plant extracts (garlic , pepper , cinnamon ) , minerals ( inorganic salts of potassium , calcium, iron ,…) , edible oils and soaps of vegetable oils . This group of pesticides , in experiments performed by Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), over the past few years , have proved their efficacy in controlling a wide range of agricultural pests ( aphids , mites, whiteflies, snails ,slugs ,rats ) and some common plant diseases ( powdery mildew , Botrytis , Damping-off , ….) , without any toxic residue . The plant for mass production of these products is located in Firooz Kooh industrial estate , located 120 km north-east of Tehran . Kimia Sabzavar Co. is presently providing farmers , interested in growing pesticide-free and organic crops across the country , with a wide range of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “. For detailed information, you are invited to visit our products in this website : www.kimiasabzavar.com For questions or inquiries , please contact us : info@kimiasabzavar.com
KimiaSabzavar Co .“Environmentally Friendly Pesticides" : In developihng countries alone , organo-chlorine, and organo – phosphate pesticides , account for nearly 3 million cases of poisoning , about 20000 of which result in death and many other cases lead to diseases , such as cancer , liver , kidney and lung damages and nervous disorders ( WHO ,1992 ) . High levels of toxic residues from synthetic pesticides , on agricultural crops , has become a global concern and is threatening the health of consumers , all over the world . Application of long-lasting and broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides over the years , has led to considerable environmental damages , soil and water pollution , poisoning food resources , eradication of beneficial organisms and growing resistance of target pests . Pesticides derived from nature are the best alternatives to synthetic chemicals , since they are considered practically harmless to people and the environment . Kimia Sabzavar Co. has developed a number of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “ which contain natural ingredients such as plant extracts (garlic , pepper , cinnamon ) , minerals ( inorganic salts of potassium , calcium, iron ,…) , edible oils and soaps of vegetable oils . This group of pesticides , in experiments performed by Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), over the past few years , have proved their efficacy in controlling a wide range of agricultural pests ( aphids , mites, whiteflies, snails ,slugs ,rats ) and some common plant diseases ( powdery mildew , Botrytis , Damping-off , ….) , without any toxic residue . The plant for mass production of these products is located in Firooz Kooh industrial estate , located 120 km north-east of Tehran . Kimia Sabzavar Co. is presently providing farmers , interested in growing pesticide-free and organic crops across the country , with a wide range of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “. For detailed information, you are invited to visit our products in this website : www.kimiasabzavar.com For questions or inquiries , please contact us : info@kimiasabzavar.com
Agriculture development and food journal vol 6-issue 1 Naim Khalid
ADFJournal 6th issue is an open access journal and you can also send your article for publication. In this issue we have more information about food and nutrition.
پوست یا جلد بزرگترین ارگان بدن است که 16 درصد از وزن بدن را تشکیل می دهد و به علاوه سطحی معادل 1.8متر مربع را در بزرگسالی و 2.5 متر مربع یا 2500 سانتی متر مربع سطح را در حین تولد اشغال می نماید .
کل وزن پوست شامل اپی درم ، درم و ساب کوتیس در مردان حدود 4.8 کیلوگرم و 3.2 کیلو گرم در خانمها می باشد.
پوست ارگان مهمی است که عملکردهای اساسی آن عبارتند از :
حفظ آب و الکترولیت بدن ، تنظیم حرارت,دفاع در برابر حملات میکروبی, محافظت در برابر ضربه های وارده فیزیکی ؛ سموم محیطی، اشعه ماوراء بنفش , سنتز ویتامین, کمک به سیستم ایمنی بدن ,ادراک حسی , و همچنین بروز ظواهر زیبایی.
معرفي آفت كش هاي غير شيميايي و كشاورزي ارگانيك ، شركت كيمياسبزآور و محصولات Kimiasabzavar Co.
"KimiaSabzavar Co .“Environmentally Friendly Pesticides" : In developihng countries alone , organo-chlorine, and organo – phosphate pesticides , account for nearly 3 million cases of poisoning , about 20000 of which result in death and many other cases lead to diseases , such as cancer , liver , kidney and lung damages and nervous disorders ( WHO ,1992 ) . High levels of toxic residues from synthetic pesticides , on agricultural crops , has become a global concern and is threatening the health of consumers , all over the world . Application of long-lasting and broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides over the years , has led to considerable environmental damages , soil and water pollution , poisoning food resources , eradication of beneficial organisms and growing resistance of target pests . Pesticides derived from nature are the best alternatives to synthetic chemicals , since they are considered practically harmless to people and the environment . Kimia Sabzavar Co. has developed a number of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “ which contain natural ingredients such as plant extracts (garlic , pepper , cinnamon ) , minerals ( inorganic salts of potassium , calcium, iron ,…) , edible oils and soaps of vegetable oils . This group of pesticides , in experiments performed by Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), over the past few years , have proved their efficacy in controlling a wide range of agricultural pests ( aphids , mites, whiteflies, snails ,slugs ,rats ) and some common plant diseases ( powdery mildew , Botrytis , Damping-off , ….) , without any toxic residue . The plant for mass production of these products is located in Firooz Kooh industrial estate , located 120 km north-east of Tehran . Kimia Sabzavar Co. is presently providing farmers , interested in growing pesticide-free and organic crops across the country , with a wide range of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “. For detailed information, you are invited to visit our products in this website : www.kimiasabzavar.com For questions or inquiries , please contact us : info@kimiasabzavar.com
KimiaSabzavar Co .“Environmentally Friendly Pesticides" : In developihng countries alone , organo-chlorine, and organo – phosphate pesticides , account for nearly 3 million cases of poisoning , about 20000 of which result in death and many other cases lead to diseases , such as cancer , liver , kidney and lung damages and nervous disorders ( WHO ,1992 ) . High levels of toxic residues from synthetic pesticides , on agricultural crops , has become a global concern and is threatening the health of consumers , all over the world . Application of long-lasting and broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides over the years , has led to considerable environmental damages , soil and water pollution , poisoning food resources , eradication of beneficial organisms and growing resistance of target pests . Pesticides derived from nature are the best alternatives to synthetic chemicals , since they are considered practically harmless to people and the environment . Kimia Sabzavar Co. has developed a number of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “ which contain natural ingredients such as plant extracts (garlic , pepper , cinnamon ) , minerals ( inorganic salts of potassium , calcium, iron ,…) , edible oils and soaps of vegetable oils . This group of pesticides , in experiments performed by Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), over the past few years , have proved their efficacy in controlling a wide range of agricultural pests ( aphids , mites, whiteflies, snails ,slugs ,rats ) and some common plant diseases ( powdery mildew , Botrytis , Damping-off , ….) , without any toxic residue . The plant for mass production of these products is located in Firooz Kooh industrial estate , located 120 km north-east of Tehran . Kimia Sabzavar Co. is presently providing farmers , interested in growing pesticide-free and organic crops across the country , with a wide range of “Environmentally Friendly Pesticides “. For detailed information, you are invited to visit our products in this website : www.kimiasabzavar.com For questions or inquiries , please contact us : info@kimiasabzavar.com
7. iii.برای بروماید میتایل با تدخین توسط تیوبر تعقیم5-6برای الدیهاید فارم بخار ،ساعت12غوته و ،ساعتنمودن
فارملین در تخمی تیوبرهای10%،ساعت یک برای9%برای هایپوکلوراید کلسیم33،دقیقه0.4% - 1.6%محلول
برای کاربوفیوران یا سلفون الدیکارب/الدیکارب های30-60باشد می مؤثر دقیقه(3،6و8).
مآخذ /منابع
5.اصفهانی،نصردیگران و.5789شناسی نماتود ومبانی .اصولص اصفهان.ص واحد دانشگاهی جهاد گیاهی.انتشارات:80-
508.
9..اکبر پوپل،محمد5787. مزروعی نباتات .امراضانتشارات،بهیر مطبعه،شهرنوص ص .کابل:40-975.
7.خیابانی،شبسترومهدی.5783.زمینی سیب بیماریهای و آفاتانتشارات .جهاد سازمان کشاورزی ترویج هماهنگی مدریت
آذ کشاورزیشرقی ربایجانص .ص:1-54.
4.و محمدعارفرضوی،.جاوید9006..کچالو پاک تخم تولید دستی کتابانتشاراتCIP/ICARDAص ص .:70-75.
5. Anonymous, 2015-16. Afghanistan Statistical Year Book. CSO. PP: 159-161
6. Perry,R.N.,andMoens,M., eds.2006. PlantNematology.CABIPublishing,Wallingford,Oxfordshire,
UK.
7. Shurtleff, M.C, and Averre, C.W., III. 2000. Diagnosing Plant Diseases Caused by Nematodes.
American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
8. Schumann, Gail L. and D’Arcy Cleora J. 2010. Essential Plant Pathology II. The American
Phtopathological Society St. Paul, Minnesota USA.
ABSTRACT
The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important dicotyledonous source of human food. It ranks
fifth major food crop of the world, exceed only by the grasses such as wheat, rice, maize, and barley. It is
characteristically a crop of the cool, temperate regions or of elevation of approximately 2000 m or more
in the tropics. It requires cool nights and well-drained soil with adequate moisture and does not produce
well in low altitude, warm, tropical environment. Commercial production of most potatoes is primarily
through vegetative propagation by means of lateral buds formed on the tuber, a modified stem. Through
such vegetative propagation, many diseases are transmitted from generation to generation. Suppression of
such diseases and reduction of yield losses due to disease are a necessary part of increasing the food
supply. The principles, strategies, and tactics of plant disease management are important to preventing
yield losses. There are two species of PCN, G. rostochiensis and G. pallida, with some differences
between them which affect how they can be controlled. PCN feed within the roots of potatoes and reduce
yields. When the female matures, it forms a hard-skinned cyst attached to the outside of the root,
containing up to 500 eggs. When the potatoes are harvested the cysts generally drop off into the soil, but
may still be lodged in eyes or blemishes. The main way in which PCN spreads is by movement of
infested soil on equipment, machinery, footwear and tubers. The egg content of the cyst declines with age,
most cysts contain fewer than 100 eggs by the time the land is tested for seed potato production. The cyst
protects the eggs and may survive in the soil for 7-20 years or more. When host plants are planted in that
soil, chemicals given out by their roots stimulate the eggs within the cysts to hatch and release juveniles
who enter the roots of the developing crop. In the absence of host plants, some eggs will hatch
spontaneously each year, but those juveniles will be unable to develop, so the population decreases slowly
over time. Integrated management of PCN includes regular inspection for healthy seed or nursery, crop
production, correct identification of the problem, cultural practices (crop rotation, sanitation etc.),
biological control, soil fumigation (if necessary), seed or nursery stock treatment and disinfestations of
cutting tools. In this review, a PCN management method of potatoes including IPM is summarized.