iot first unit.pptx

By
B.V.V.L.KALA BHARATHI
Dept of ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Aditya Engineering College(A)
Surampalem.
ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE(A)

Aditya Engineering College (A)
What is IoT?
Definition
The Internet of Things, or IoT, is essentially an
ecosystem of physical devices, vehicles,
appliances, and other things that have the ability
to connect, collect and exchange data over a
wired and wireless network, with little or no
human-to-human or human-to-computer
intervention
Internet of Things (IoT) comprises things that
have unique identities and are connected to the
Internet
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B.V.V.L.KALA BHARATHI INTERNET OF THINGS

How Does IoT Work?
A complete IoT system is made up of
four distinct components that work
together to deliver the desired output
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1. Sensors/Devices
• First of all, sensors or devices collect very
minute data from the surrounding
environment.
• For example, the mobile phone is a device
with several built-in sensors such as GPS,
Camera, Accelerometer, without which the
phone is not able to sense things.
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2. Connectivity
Once the data is collected, it is sent to a cloud
infrastructure to an IoT platform with the help of a
medium.
That’s where several wireless and wired networking
technologies, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Cellular
Networks, LPWAN, Ethernet, etc come into handy.
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3. Data Processing
• Once the data gets to the cloud infrastructure, it is stored,
analyzed, and processed securely using a Big Data
Analytics Engine for better decision making.
• This analysis can be as simple as checking whether or not
the temperature reading on an AC or heater is within an
acceptable range, or as complex as identifying intruders in
your house with the help of surveillance cameras.
• The processed data is then used to perform immediate,
intelligent actions that turn our ordinary physical devices
into exceptionally smart devices.
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4. User Interface
• The last step involves notifying the end user about
the action through an email, text, notification, or
alert sound triggered on their IoT application.
• Depending on the complexity of the IoT system, the
user can then either leave the automatically
performed action intact, proactively check in on
their IOT system, or manually perform an action to
backfire or affect the system.
• For instance, if the user detects some changes in a
particular room, he can remotely adjust that room
temperature via an IoT app installed on his phone.
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Benefits of IoT
1. Access to High-quality Data
• Everyone, especially marketers and entrepreneurs, loves data
and with the invention of IoT devices, companies now have
greater access to data related their customers and
products than ever before.
• They can take advantage of these real-time operational
insights to monitor consumer behavior, deliver better
customer experiences and make smarter business decisions.
• Technically, the more information you have, the easier it is for
you to take the right decision.
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2. Better Tracking and
Management
• Whatever the industry is, IoT makes tracking and
management a breeze for organizations.
• From keeping track of inventory item by item to
monitoring road traffic and weather
conditions to notifying the concerned
authorities about any suspicious
behavior, IoT revolutionizes the way how we
currently track and manage our business assets.
• In fact, IoT is not just about the smart homes anymore,
but it is now also about smart offices, smart
warehouse, and smart anything else.
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3. Efficient Resource Utilization
Be it home, office, hotel or car, IoT facilitates an
efficient utilization of assets for improved productivity.
Leveraging the power of machine-to-machine
interaction, an IoT system collects real-time data with
the help of sensors and actuators so you can further
use it to improve process efficiency and minimize
human intervention.
As a basic example, if any of your Home Appliances
notifies you about the task completion, you need not
worrying about the inefficient consumption of the
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4. Automation and
Control
Automation is the need of the hour and IoT is
renowned for the same. Since most of the IoT
devices are connected with each other through
a wireless infrastructure, they are able to
operate on their own with little or no manual
intervention.
For instance, home appliances such as air
conditioner, washing machines, ovens, and
refrigerators can be automatically get operated
and you can even monitor and control them
remotely. 13 August 2022
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• 5. Comfort and Convenience
• We live in a fast-paced world where busy
people don’t even care about small things like
switching on/off lights and reading energy
meters, and this is where the Internet of Things
comes in.
• The interconnectivity of devices and
aggregation of data provides you full control
over your all devices that are connected with
each other through the IoT system.
• Since you’re able to control all your devices just
through one centralized device like your phone,
this leads to greater convenience and comfort.
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6. Saves Time and
Money
• The concept of IoT revolves around getting more
done in less time by automating tasks and
requiring little to no human intervention
• For example, if your kitchen electronic appliance
has the ability to turn off itself after the task is
done, this saves your time and efforts required to
manually switch off the appliance as well as extra
expenditure caused by the unnecessary use of
electricity.
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Characteristics of IoT
• Dynamic & Self-Adapting
– IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically
adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on
their operating conditions, user’s context, or sensed
environment
• Self-Configuring
– IoT devices may have self-configuring capability, allowing a large
number of devices to work together to provide certain
functionality like setup networking, fetch latest software
upgrades
• Interoperable Communication Protocols
– IoT devices may support a number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with other
devices and also with the infrastructure
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Characteristics of IoT
• Unique Identity
– Each IoT device has a unique identity and a unique
identifier (such as an IP address or a URI)
• Integrated into Information Network
– IoT devices are usually integrated into the
information network that allows them to
communicate and exchange data with other
devices and systems
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Applications of IoT
• Smart Home
• Smart Home, which is also the most searched IoT
associated feature on Google, is definitely the best
example of IoT use case.
• With a focus on providing you optimum security and
convenience, smart home systems and devices are
designed to save your precious time and energy.
• You can control everything from lighting to
temperature of your house with just a few taps on your
smartphone. Isn’t this really a cool thing?
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2. Wearables
While wearables like Smart Watches and Fitness Tracking
Bands have already flooded the market, many giant
companies like Samsung and Intel are now investing heavily
in building IoT-powered wearable devices.
With the help of sensors and software installed, such devices
can track and monitor crucial metrics like heart rate, blood
pressure, sleeping and eating habits, caloric intake, etc, and
share them with a third-party app or a healthcare service
provider.
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3. Smart Cities
• Many countries like South Korea, Japan, Spain,
and the UK are trying to colonize smart cities in
order to provide their citizens with a better, safer
and healthier living environment.
• Collecting the data from citizens, devices, and
assets, a smart city promises to solve major
problems of people living in a usual city, like
water distribution, pollution, crime, traffic
congestion, waste management, etc
• . To better understand how Smart Cities actually
work, check out this amazing video.
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4. Automotive and
Transportation
With the Internet of Things, automotive companies like
BMW, Ford, Tesla, and Volvo are looking forward to
enhancing the in-car experience.
Being equipped with technologies like sensors, maps,
computer vision, sonar, and the Internet, these cars are
driverless and can run with little or no human assistance.
And, if combined with Machine Learning, the IoT also
assists in various aspects of transportation systems like
logistics and fleet management, smart traffic control and
smart parking.
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5. Medical and
Healthcare
• The Medical industry is also taking advantage of IoT-
powered devices for remote health monitoring and
emergency alerts.
• With the help of smart healthcare devices, the doctors
can remotely monitor the health of patients outside of
conventional clinical environments and give medicines
on the basis of collected data.
• Likewise, in an emergency, doctors can keep
themselves ready for the operation as they are already
aware of the medical condition of the patient
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6. Industrial IoT
• The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is the
industrial subset of the IoT which leverages
this innovative technology to solve industrial
concerns, automate processes and eliminate
inefficiencies. While the term IIoT
often denotes the use of IoT in manufacturing
industries, other common applications of IIoT
include futuristic farming, aerospace and
defense, and energy management.
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IOT DESIGN
involves 2 aspects
Physical design of iot(hardware aspects)
Logical design of iot(software aspects)
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Physical Design of IoT
Physical Design of IoT refers to
IoT Devices(things)
IoT Protocols.
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1.Things in IoT
• The “Things” in IoT usually refers to IoT devices
• IoT devices have unique identities and can perform
remote sensing, actuating and monitoring capabilities
• IoT devices can exchange data with other connected
devices and applications (directly or indirectly) or
collect data from other devices
• It process the data either locally or send the data to
centralized server
• IoT devices varied in types
– Wearable Sensors, Smart watches, LED lights, automobiles,
and industrial machines
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Universal asynchro
receiver and transm
Serial periphera
Inter intregrated
Controller are
High definition multimedia
interface
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2.IoT Protocols
IoT protcols help to establish Communication between IoT
Device (Node Device) and Cloud based Server over the
Internet.
It helps to send commands to IoT Device and received data
from an IoT device over the Internet.
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2.1 .Link layer protocols determine how data is physically sent
over the network’s physical layer or medium (Coxial cable or
other or radio wave).
This Layer determines how the packets are coded and signaled by
the hardware device over the medium to which the host is
attached (eg. coxial cable).
– Ethernet : Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are
used primarily in LANs.
It was first standardized in 1980s by IEEE 802.3 standard. IEEE
802.3 defines the physical layer and the medium access control
(MAC) sub-layer of the data link layer for wired Ethernet networks.
Ethernet is classified into two categories: classic Ethernet and
switched Ethernet.
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– WiFi : IEEE 802.11 is part of the IEEE 802 set of LAN
protocols, and specifies the set of media access
control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) protocols for
implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) Wi-
Fi computer communication in various frequencies,
including but not limited to 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and
60 GHz frequency bands
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LR-WPAN : A collection of standards for Low-rate wireless personal area network.
The IEEE’s 802.15.4 standard defines the MAC and PHY layer used by, but not
limited to, networking specifications such as Zigbee®, 6LoWPAN, Thread, WiSUN
and MiWi™ protocols.
The standards provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power
constrained devices.
2G/3G/4G- Mobile Communication : These are different types of
telecommunication generations. IoT devices are based on these standards can
communicate over the cellular networks.
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2.2 Network Layer
Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source network to the
destination network.
Network layer performs the host addressing and packet routing.
We used IPv4 and IPv6 for Host identification.
IPv4 and IPv6 are hierarchical IP addrssing schemes.
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IPv4 :
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device
connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.
An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and
location addressing. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit
number.
However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4
addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized
in 1998. IPv6 deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.
IPv6 : Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is successor of IPv4. IPv6 uses a 128-bit
address, theoretically allowing 2128, or approximately 3.4×1038 addresses.
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2.3 Transport Layer
provides end to end message transfer capability
This layer provides functions such as error control,
segmentation, flow control and congestion control.
TCP : (Transmission Control Protocol) works with the Internet
Protocol (IP), which defines how computers
send packets of data to each other. Together, TCP and IP are the
basic rules defining the Internet
UDP : User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a part of Internet
Protocol suite, referred as UDP/IP suite. Unlike TCP, it is
unreliable and connectionless protocol. So, there is no need to
establish connection prior to data transfer.
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2.4 Application Layer
Determines how a particular layer interfaces with the layers
below it to send data over network
HTTP : Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an
application-layer protocol for transmitting hypermedia
documents, such as HTML.
It was designed for communication between web browsers and
web servers, but it can also be used for other purposes.
CoAP : CoAP-Constrained Application Protocol is a
specialized Internet Application Protocol for constrained
devices, as defined in RFC 7252. It enables devices to
communicate over the Internet.
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WebSocket : The WebSocket Protocol enables two-way communication between
a client running untrusted code in a controlled environment to a remote host that
has opted-in to communications from that code.
MQTT : MQTT is a machine-to-machine (M2M)/”Internet of Things” connectivity
protocol. It was designed as an extremely lightweight publish/subscribe messaging
transport and useful for connections with remote.
XMPP : Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a
communication protocol for message-oriented middleware based on XML
(Extensible Markup Language).
DDS : The Data Distribution Service (DDS™) is a middleware protocol and API
standard for data-centric connectivity from the Object Management Group®
(OMG®).
AMQP : The AMQP – IoT protocols consist of a hard and fast of components that
route and save messages within a broker carrier, with a set of policies for wiring the
components together.
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Logical Design of IoT
• Logical design of IoT system refers to an
abstract representation of the entities &
processes without going into the low-level
specifies of the implementation.
• For better understanding of logical design,we
must go through
a) IoT Functional Blocks
b) IoT Communication Models
c) IoT communication APIs
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a)IoT Functional Block
• An IoT system comprises of a number of
functional blocks that provide the system the
capabilities for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication, and management
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Functional blocks are:
Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide
sensing, actuation, monitoring and control functions.
Communication: Handles the communication for the
IoT system.
Services: services for device monitoring, device control
service, data publishing services and services for device
discovery.
Management: this blocks provides various functions to
govern the IoT system.
Security: this block secures the IoT system and by
providing functions such as authentication , authorization,
message and content integrity, and data security.
Application: This is an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
Application also allow users to view the system status and
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b).IoT Communication Models
• Request – Response
• Publish – Subscribe
• Push-Pull
• Exclusive Pair
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Request-Response Model
Request-response model is communication model in which the client sends
requests to the server and the server responds to the requests.
When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource representation, prepares the response, and then sends the
response to the client.
Request-response is a stateless communication model and each request-
response pair is independent of others.
HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and server. A web
browser may be the client, and an application on a computer that hosts a web
site may be the server.
Example: A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server; then the
server returns a response to the client. The response contains status information
about the request and may also contain the requested content.
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Publish-Subscribe Model
Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves
publishers, brokers and consumers.
Publishers are the source of data.
Publishers send the data to the topics which are managed
by the broker.
Publishers are not aware of the consumers. Consumers
subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
When the broker receive data for a topic from the
publisher, it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers.
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Publish-Subscribe Model
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Push-Pull Model
Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data
producers push the data to queues and the consumers Pull the
data from the Queues.
Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers.
Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the
Producers and Consumers.
Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there
is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push data
and the rate rate at which the consumer pull data.
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Exclusive Pair Model
Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication
model that uses a persistent connection between the client and
server.
Connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a
request to close the connection.
Client and server can send messages to each other after
connection setup.
Exclusive pair is stateful communication model and the server is
aware of all the open connections.
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c)IoT Communication APIs
• Generally we used Two APIs For IoT
Communication.
These IoT Communication APIs are:
• REST – based Communication APIs
• WebSocket – based Communication APIs
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REST-based Communication APIs
• Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of
architectural principles by which you can design web
services and web APIs that focus on a system’s
resources and how system resource states are
addressed and transferred
• REST APIs follow the request-response
communication model
• The REST architectural constraints apply to the
components, connectors, and data elements within a
distributed hypermedia system
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REST Architectural Constraints
• Client –Server
– The principle behind the client-server constraints is
the separation of concerns
• Stateless
– Each request from client to server must contains all
the information necessary to understand the request
– The session state is kept entirely on the client
• Cache-able
– Cache constraints requires that the data within a
response to a request be implicitly or explicitly labeled
as cache-able or non-cache-able
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REST Architectural Constraints
• Layered System
– Layered system constraints, constraints the behavior
of components such that each component cannot see
beyond the immediate layer with which they are
interacting
• Uniform Interface
– Interface constraints requires that the method of
communication between a client and a server must be
uniform
• Code on demand
– Servers can provide executable code or scripts for
clients to execute in their context
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WebSocket-based Communication
APIs
• WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full
duplex communication between clients and
servers
• It follows the exclusive pair communication
model
• WebSocket APIs reduce the network traffic
and latency as there is no overhead for
connection setup and termination requests for
each message
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IoT Enabling Technologies
• Embedded Systems
• Wireless Sensor Networks
• Communication Protocols
• Cloud Computing
• Big Data Analytics
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Wireless Sensor Networks
• A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) comprises of
distributed devices with sensors which are used to
monitor the environmental and physical conditions
• A WSN consist of a number of end-nodes and routers
and a coordinator (collects the data from all the
nodes)
• Eg : Weather monitoring system, Soil moisture
monitoring system (at various location), Surveillance
system etc..
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Embedded System
• An Embedded system is a system that has
computer hardware and software embedded to
perform specific tasks
• Embedded system range from low-cost
miniaturized devices such as
– Digital watch
– Digital cameras
– Vending machines
– Appliances ( washing machine) etc…
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Communication Protocols
• Communication protocols form the backbone
of IoT systems and enable network
connectivity and coupling to applications
• Communication protocols allow devices to
exchange data over the network
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Cloud Computing
• Cloud computing is a delivery of different services through
internet. These services include tools and applications like data
storage,servers,databases,networking and software.
• Cloud computing involves provisioning of computing,
networking and storage resources on demand and providing
these resources as metered services to the users, in a “pay as
you go model”
• Cloud computing services are offered to users in different
forms
– Infrastructure- as- a- Service (IaaS)
– Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
– Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
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Big Data Analytics
• Big data is a collections of data sets whose
volume, velocity or variety is so large that it is
difficult to store, manage, process and analyze
the data using traditional databases and data
processing tools
• Examples of big data generated by IoT systems
– Weather Monitoring Stations
– Machine sensor data from industrial systems
– Health and fitness data
– Location and tracking systems
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IoT Levels & Deployment Templates
• Device – An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing,
actuating and remote monitoring capabilities
• Resource – Resources are software components on the IoT
device for accessing, processing, and storing sensor
information, or controlling actuators connected to the device
• Controller Service – It sends data from the device to the web
service and receives commands from the application for
controlling the device
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Database – Database can be either local or in the cloud and
stores the data generated by the IoT
Web Service – Web services serve as a link between the IoT
device, application, database and analysis components
Analysis Component – It is responsible for analyzing the IoT
data and generate results
Application – It is an interface that the users can use to
control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system

13 August 2022 B.V.V.L.KALA BHARATHI INTERNET OF THINGS

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