In this research the Internet of Things (IoT) based smart irrigation system is developed for large scale
farming to ensure appropriate water management as well as to minimize unnecessary water utilization.
This system can control water wastage for irrigation purpose by using wireless sensor network (WSN) and
IoT. Each WSN node contains a unit of combined sensors which has been made by several external sensors
such as soil moisture, soil pH, and temperature sensor along with Node MCU for data transmission in the
cloud. Other nodes are distributed in the field to collect field data for different positions and this
information is sent to the server. Data processing and analysis are performed according to the proposed
algorithm. Obtained result as well as weather forecasting report is checked for three days from a
developed android app. The accomplished result is sent to the farmers through SMS; depending upon the
SMS, farmers take necessary steps for watering or not in the crops field through IoT. Using the particular
sensors in this system along with microcontroller board plays an important aspect for bringing automation
for a particular model. In this work wireless sensor technology in irrigation purposes can show the
direction to the rural farming community to replace some of the traditional techniques.
Wireless sensor network for monitoring irrigation using XBee Pro S2CjournalBEEI
Monitoring irrigation is still the problem of agriculture in Indonesia. During the dry season, the farming fields drought while in the rainy season, floods happened. Since the farm-fields located far from the urban area, it requires an automatic tool for monitoring the availability of water that can help the farmer to monitor the farm-field. Wireless sensor network is an appropriate technology used to overcome problems related to the monitoring system. This research is using a water level sensor, pump, Arduino Nano, and XBee Pro S2C in each monitoring node. The system designed within two modules, an automation irrigation module and a monitoring module, which is connected with the communication configuration of master-slaves between Xbee Pro S2C at each node. The system examined several scenarios in order to test the performance. Based on the testing result, all the performance parameters can be adequately delivered to the user and appropriated with the real condition in the farm field. The delay between nodes only takes 5-10 seconds.
Integrated application for automatic schedule-based distribution and monitori...journalBEEI
40% of areas in Indonesia are still using rainwater as a source for irrigation. Type of wetland rainwater always depends on weather that is currently difficult to predict. In addition, the frequency of field cultivation became limited. Irrigation water can come from a dam or a spring in the mountains. Limited water source generates the need to manage water distribution in all areas of rice fields. For every 1 hectare fields, at least 0.5 litres of water per second is needed. The imbalance between the field and the available water discharge can cause conflicts in the Community farmers manage field. The purpose of this research is to assist in the Assembly Of Farmer Water users ("Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air" or "P3A") manage the scheduling and controlling irrigation sluice based IoT using mobile applications. The waterfall process model applied in developing mobile applications. Every feature that is created has been tested directly using Unit tests based on the application of the system used. The test is done by observing the system inputs and outputs of the system usability scale (SUS). Tests are also carried out using Post-Study with method of the SUS.
development of smart automated irrigation systemIJEAB
This study is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches (ON/OFF) a pump motor by sensing the moisture content of the soil using wireless technology. Through GSM Modem, the sensed moisture content data will be sent as an SMS to the user. The project uses 8051 series microcontroller, which is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moistures of the soil through sensors. This is achieved by using an op-amp as comparator which acts as interface between the sensing device and the microcontroller. Once the controller receives the signal, it generates an output that drives a relay for operating the water pump. It also sends an SMS to the concerned number using GSM modem. An LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display the status of the soil and water pump ON/Off condition. The sensing arrangement is made using two stiff metallic rods inserted to the agricultural field required to be in control. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control unit. This concept can also be enhanced by integrating XBEE/Bluetooth technology, such that whenever the water pump switches ON/OFF, the information is sent to a smart mobile phone or XBEE transceiver module regarding the status of the pump.
Internet of things implementation and analysis of fuzzy Tsukamoto in prototy...IJECEIAES
This research raises the topic of modern technology in the field of rice fields. The problem in this research is determining the fuzzy inference system algorithm for electronic engineering. The prototype was built by Raspberry Pi and python-based to the internet of things. The objective of this research is to design a new model for the rice field monitoring/control system and display every condition based on the internet of things. So that the hypothesis of this research can answer the phenomena that occur in rice fields, including drought problems, maintained plant conditions. The test results showed that irrigation control automatically runs optimally by scheduling, automatic irrigation control of water pH degree value detection analyzed by fuzzy Tsukamoto method at Z=3.5 defuzzification value for low and high irrigation control, and Z value=1.83 for normal irrigation control. Furthermore, the scheduling of spraying liquid fertilizer obtained the results of duration for 60 min in accordance with the needs of fertilizer dose. Lastly, for monitoring data on the website successfully accessed anywhere from the use of hosting servers and domains. Finally, it can be concluded that fuzzy Tsukamoto's algorithm is appropriate to be applied to the modern rice field system.
A sensing approach for automated and real-time crop prediction in the scope o...bijejournal
Internet of things (IoT) sensors have the ability to provide information about agricultural fields and subsequently
take action based on user input, making smart agriculture an emerging concept. The development of a smart
farm system using the advantages of cutting-edge technologies like Arduino, IoT, and wireless sensor networks
is proposed in this paper. The goal of the study is to use rapidly developing technology, i.e., IoT and automated
smart agriculture, to its advantage. The key to increasing the production of productive crops is to keep an eye on
the environment. The main feature of this paper is the creation of a system that can use ESP8266 sensors to track
temperature, humidity, moisture, and even the movement of animals that could damage crops in an agricultural
field. If any discrepancy is detected, the system can send an short messaging service notification to the farmer’s
smartphone as well as a notification on the application that was created for the purpose. Through an android
application, the system’s duplex communication link, which is based on a cellular Internet interface, enables data
examination and irrigation scheduling programming. The device has the potential to be helpful in water-scarce,
remote places due to its low cost and energy independence.
Wireless sensor network for monitoring irrigation using XBee Pro S2CjournalBEEI
Monitoring irrigation is still the problem of agriculture in Indonesia. During the dry season, the farming fields drought while in the rainy season, floods happened. Since the farm-fields located far from the urban area, it requires an automatic tool for monitoring the availability of water that can help the farmer to monitor the farm-field. Wireless sensor network is an appropriate technology used to overcome problems related to the monitoring system. This research is using a water level sensor, pump, Arduino Nano, and XBee Pro S2C in each monitoring node. The system designed within two modules, an automation irrigation module and a monitoring module, which is connected with the communication configuration of master-slaves between Xbee Pro S2C at each node. The system examined several scenarios in order to test the performance. Based on the testing result, all the performance parameters can be adequately delivered to the user and appropriated with the real condition in the farm field. The delay between nodes only takes 5-10 seconds.
Integrated application for automatic schedule-based distribution and monitori...journalBEEI
40% of areas in Indonesia are still using rainwater as a source for irrigation. Type of wetland rainwater always depends on weather that is currently difficult to predict. In addition, the frequency of field cultivation became limited. Irrigation water can come from a dam or a spring in the mountains. Limited water source generates the need to manage water distribution in all areas of rice fields. For every 1 hectare fields, at least 0.5 litres of water per second is needed. The imbalance between the field and the available water discharge can cause conflicts in the Community farmers manage field. The purpose of this research is to assist in the Assembly Of Farmer Water users ("Perkumpulan Petani Pemakai Air" or "P3A") manage the scheduling and controlling irrigation sluice based IoT using mobile applications. The waterfall process model applied in developing mobile applications. Every feature that is created has been tested directly using Unit tests based on the application of the system used. The test is done by observing the system inputs and outputs of the system usability scale (SUS). Tests are also carried out using Post-Study with method of the SUS.
development of smart automated irrigation systemIJEAB
This study is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system that switches (ON/OFF) a pump motor by sensing the moisture content of the soil using wireless technology. Through GSM Modem, the sensed moisture content data will be sent as an SMS to the user. The project uses 8051 series microcontroller, which is programmed to receive the input signal of varying moistures of the soil through sensors. This is achieved by using an op-amp as comparator which acts as interface between the sensing device and the microcontroller. Once the controller receives the signal, it generates an output that drives a relay for operating the water pump. It also sends an SMS to the concerned number using GSM modem. An LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display the status of the soil and water pump ON/Off condition. The sensing arrangement is made using two stiff metallic rods inserted to the agricultural field required to be in control. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control unit. This concept can also be enhanced by integrating XBEE/Bluetooth technology, such that whenever the water pump switches ON/OFF, the information is sent to a smart mobile phone or XBEE transceiver module regarding the status of the pump.
Internet of things implementation and analysis of fuzzy Tsukamoto in prototy...IJECEIAES
This research raises the topic of modern technology in the field of rice fields. The problem in this research is determining the fuzzy inference system algorithm for electronic engineering. The prototype was built by Raspberry Pi and python-based to the internet of things. The objective of this research is to design a new model for the rice field monitoring/control system and display every condition based on the internet of things. So that the hypothesis of this research can answer the phenomena that occur in rice fields, including drought problems, maintained plant conditions. The test results showed that irrigation control automatically runs optimally by scheduling, automatic irrigation control of water pH degree value detection analyzed by fuzzy Tsukamoto method at Z=3.5 defuzzification value for low and high irrigation control, and Z value=1.83 for normal irrigation control. Furthermore, the scheduling of spraying liquid fertilizer obtained the results of duration for 60 min in accordance with the needs of fertilizer dose. Lastly, for monitoring data on the website successfully accessed anywhere from the use of hosting servers and domains. Finally, it can be concluded that fuzzy Tsukamoto's algorithm is appropriate to be applied to the modern rice field system.
A sensing approach for automated and real-time crop prediction in the scope o...bijejournal
Internet of things (IoT) sensors have the ability to provide information about agricultural fields and subsequently
take action based on user input, making smart agriculture an emerging concept. The development of a smart
farm system using the advantages of cutting-edge technologies like Arduino, IoT, and wireless sensor networks
is proposed in this paper. The goal of the study is to use rapidly developing technology, i.e., IoT and automated
smart agriculture, to its advantage. The key to increasing the production of productive crops is to keep an eye on
the environment. The main feature of this paper is the creation of a system that can use ESP8266 sensors to track
temperature, humidity, moisture, and even the movement of animals that could damage crops in an agricultural
field. If any discrepancy is detected, the system can send an short messaging service notification to the farmer’s
smartphone as well as a notification on the application that was created for the purpose. Through an android
application, the system’s duplex communication link, which is based on a cellular Internet interface, enables data
examination and irrigation scheduling programming. The device has the potential to be helpful in water-scarce,
remote places due to its low cost and energy independence.
SENSOR BASED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH MONITORING AND CONTROLLING USING IN...ijasa
This paper presents the development of a sensor based smart irrigation system with the capabilities of remote monitoring and controlling of water usage in the agriculture field using Internet of Things (IoT). With the employment of IoT in irrigation system, all agricultural information can be viewed and controlled at the user's fingertips. The system consists of a microcontroller (Node MCU), sensors (soil moisture, DHT11), and irrigation of a water pump with a decision-making system. Sensors are linked to a Wi-Fi module (Node MCU) and are interdependent to provide increased sensitivity to the irrigation system. The data obtained will be uploaded to the cloud (ThingSpeak) and presented in the form of graphs accessible via the website. A web page is used to control the water pump for irrigation purposes. This paper is managed to meet all of its aims to help farmers in terms of time, project cost, labor, water consumption, power consumption, and reliability by implementing the IoT-based smart irrigation system.
Design and Layout of Automatic Soil Moisture, Temperature and Humidity Regula...ijtsrd
This paper proposes an automated irrigation and temperature cum humidity regulation system which monitors and maintains the desire Soil Moisture, Temperature and Humidity content accordingly within a polyhouse. Microcontroller ATMEGA328P on Arduino UNO platform is used to implement the control unit. The setup uses soil moisture sensor and DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor to measure the exact value of moisture, temperature and humidity levels. An LCD display is used to monitor the required levels. Deepika S | Anushya. J | Raaghul. B | Vinopalan. P | Nithya U "Design and Layout of Automatic Soil Moisture, Temperature and Humidity Regulation in Polyhouse" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49590.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/49590/design-and-layout-of-automatic-soil-moisture-temperature-and-humidity-regulation-in-polyhouse/deepika-s
Technique smart control soil moisture system to watering plant based on IoT w...journalBEEI
Water scarcity has become the most important challenge facing the world and a source of fear to the global community from the spread of famines due to the lack of agricultural production. For this reason, researchers seek to optimize the use of food resources, including water wealth. This project contributes to the legalization of the use of water resources. One of these methods is to solve the problem of a decrease in water resources, is drip irrigation systems. An affordable system was developed using soil moisture FC-28 hygrometer sensor compatible with arduino uno R3 and sending electrical signals based on voltage difference due to increased or decreased water in the soil to the monitor through the arduino for decision to operate irrigation pumps. The system is controlled by a software that allows the user to know the current state of the soil to choose the type of plant to determine the amount of water and the possibility of adding new types of plants to the program library and other features.
Precision Agriculture for Water Management Using IOTrahulmonikasharma
In the territory of agriculture, proper use of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip approach is very cost effective and efficient.Role of agriculture in the development of agricultural country is very important. The freshly come up wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has growing rapidly into distinct multi-disciplinary fields. Agriculture and farming is one of the management which have freshly switch their consideration to WSN, curious this cost adequate technology to improve its production and boost agriculture yield definitive. The outlook of this paper is to design and develop an agricultural monitoring system using wireless sensor network and IOT to enlarge the productivity and quality of farming without penetrating it for all the time manually. Temperature, humidity and water levels are the most important circumstances for the productivity, growth, and quality of plants in agriculture. The temperature, humidity and water level sensors are set up to cluster the temperature and humidity values. One of the most stimulating fields having an exotic need of decision support systems is Precision Agriculture (PA). Through sensor networks, agriculture can be associated to the IoT, with the help of this approach which provides real-time information about the lands and crops that will help farmers make right decisions. The primary influence is implementation of WSN in Precision Agriculture (PA) with the help of IoT which will enhance the usage of water, fertilizers while expand the yield of the crops and also notifications are sent to farmers mobile periodically. The farmers can able to monitor the field conditions from anywhere.
Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using M...ijtsrd
Agriculture is very important in everyday day life. Without agriculture we cannot satisfy our daily needs such as food. The process of developing the agriculture is very difficult as it depends on season, rainfall, water, soil, humidity etc. Rainfall is the important factor among this. Due to the changes of the season the rainfall is not constant, due to the lack of rainfall the farming land becomes dry and the irrigation of crops is very difficult for the farmers. This is the major problem in the agriculture. To overcome this in olden days the farmers used variety of irrigation systems for better crop production. Irrigation is nothing but watering the crops in cultivating land. The irrigations such as drip irrigation, springler irrigation, surface, subsurface irrigation are commonly used in many countries. These irrigation can perform a different characteristics and functions for a better crop production. Drip irrigation method was used in Israel by using the tubes and pipes. The springler irrigation method was used in Australia. These two irrigation system are now commonly used in India. In this irrigation the drop of water is send to crops but the water is insufficient and crops does not grow faster. Here we propose a new method of irrigation called center pivot irrigation system. The system is constructed in the center of farmland. It consists of sprinkler at the top and it sprinkles the water uniformly to all the crops. The crops get enough water and yield in a good manner. By using this method there is no water loss. M. Anusudha | B. Banupriya | A. Godhawari | Mr. J. Asokan ""Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using Microcontroller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30191.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30191/real-time-monitoring-of-self-propelled-center-pivot-irrigation-system-using-microcontroller/m-anusudha
SENSOR BASED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH MONITORING AND CONTROLLING USING IN...ijasa
This paper presents the development of a sensor based smart irrigation system with the capabilities of remote monitoring and controlling of water usage in the agriculture field using Internet of Things (IoT). With the employment of IoT in irrigation system, all agricultural information can be viewed and controlled at the user's fingertips. The system consists of a microcontroller (Node MCU), sensors (soil moisture, DHT11), and irrigation of a water pump with a decision-making system. Sensors are linked to a Wi-Fi module (Node MCU) and are interdependent to provide increased sensitivity to the irrigation system. The data obtained will be uploaded to the cloud (ThingSpeak) and presented in the form of graphs accessible via the website. A web page is used to control the water pump for irrigation purposes. This paper is managed to meet all of its aims to help farmers in terms of time, project cost, labor, water consumption, power consumption, and reliability by implementing the IoT-based smart irrigation system.
Design and Layout of Automatic Soil Moisture, Temperature and Humidity Regula...ijtsrd
This paper proposes an automated irrigation and temperature cum humidity regulation system which monitors and maintains the desire Soil Moisture, Temperature and Humidity content accordingly within a polyhouse. Microcontroller ATMEGA328P on Arduino UNO platform is used to implement the control unit. The setup uses soil moisture sensor and DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor to measure the exact value of moisture, temperature and humidity levels. An LCD display is used to monitor the required levels. Deepika S | Anushya. J | Raaghul. B | Vinopalan. P | Nithya U "Design and Layout of Automatic Soil Moisture, Temperature and Humidity Regulation in Polyhouse" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49590.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/49590/design-and-layout-of-automatic-soil-moisture-temperature-and-humidity-regulation-in-polyhouse/deepika-s
Technique smart control soil moisture system to watering plant based on IoT w...journalBEEI
Water scarcity has become the most important challenge facing the world and a source of fear to the global community from the spread of famines due to the lack of agricultural production. For this reason, researchers seek to optimize the use of food resources, including water wealth. This project contributes to the legalization of the use of water resources. One of these methods is to solve the problem of a decrease in water resources, is drip irrigation systems. An affordable system was developed using soil moisture FC-28 hygrometer sensor compatible with arduino uno R3 and sending electrical signals based on voltage difference due to increased or decreased water in the soil to the monitor through the arduino for decision to operate irrigation pumps. The system is controlled by a software that allows the user to know the current state of the soil to choose the type of plant to determine the amount of water and the possibility of adding new types of plants to the program library and other features.
Precision Agriculture for Water Management Using IOTrahulmonikasharma
In the territory of agriculture, proper use of irrigation is important and it is well known that irrigation by drip approach is very cost effective and efficient.Role of agriculture in the development of agricultural country is very important. The freshly come up wireless sensor network (WSN) technology has growing rapidly into distinct multi-disciplinary fields. Agriculture and farming is one of the management which have freshly switch their consideration to WSN, curious this cost adequate technology to improve its production and boost agriculture yield definitive. The outlook of this paper is to design and develop an agricultural monitoring system using wireless sensor network and IOT to enlarge the productivity and quality of farming without penetrating it for all the time manually. Temperature, humidity and water levels are the most important circumstances for the productivity, growth, and quality of plants in agriculture. The temperature, humidity and water level sensors are set up to cluster the temperature and humidity values. One of the most stimulating fields having an exotic need of decision support systems is Precision Agriculture (PA). Through sensor networks, agriculture can be associated to the IoT, with the help of this approach which provides real-time information about the lands and crops that will help farmers make right decisions. The primary influence is implementation of WSN in Precision Agriculture (PA) with the help of IoT which will enhance the usage of water, fertilizers while expand the yield of the crops and also notifications are sent to farmers mobile periodically. The farmers can able to monitor the field conditions from anywhere.
Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using M...ijtsrd
Agriculture is very important in everyday day life. Without agriculture we cannot satisfy our daily needs such as food. The process of developing the agriculture is very difficult as it depends on season, rainfall, water, soil, humidity etc. Rainfall is the important factor among this. Due to the changes of the season the rainfall is not constant, due to the lack of rainfall the farming land becomes dry and the irrigation of crops is very difficult for the farmers. This is the major problem in the agriculture. To overcome this in olden days the farmers used variety of irrigation systems for better crop production. Irrigation is nothing but watering the crops in cultivating land. The irrigations such as drip irrigation, springler irrigation, surface, subsurface irrigation are commonly used in many countries. These irrigation can perform a different characteristics and functions for a better crop production. Drip irrigation method was used in Israel by using the tubes and pipes. The springler irrigation method was used in Australia. These two irrigation system are now commonly used in India. In this irrigation the drop of water is send to crops but the water is insufficient and crops does not grow faster. Here we propose a new method of irrigation called center pivot irrigation system. The system is constructed in the center of farmland. It consists of sprinkler at the top and it sprinkles the water uniformly to all the crops. The crops get enough water and yield in a good manner. By using this method there is no water loss. M. Anusudha | B. Banupriya | A. Godhawari | Mr. J. Asokan ""Real Time Monitoring of Self Propelled Center Pivot Irrigation System using Microcontroller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30191.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30191/real-time-monitoring-of-self-propelled-center-pivot-irrigation-system-using-microcontroller/m-anusudha
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
IOT BASED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM BY EXPLOITING DISTRIBUTED SENSORIAL NETWORK
1. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA)
Vol.11, No.5, October 2021
DOI: 10.5121/ijcsea.2021.11501 1
IOT BASED SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM BY
EXPLOITING DISTRIBUTED SENSORIAL NETWORK
Md. Omar Faruk and Tarun Debnath
Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Pabna University of
Science and Technology, Pabna Sadar-6600, Pabna Bangladesh
ABSTRACT
In this research the Internet of Things (IoT) based smart irrigation system is developed for large scale
farming to ensure appropriate water management as well as to minimize unnecessary water utilization.
This system can control water wastage for irrigation purpose by using wireless sensor network (WSN) and
IoT. Each WSN node contains a unit of combined sensors which has been made by several external sensors
such as soil moisture, soil pH, and temperature sensor along with Node MCU for data transmission in the
cloud. Other nodes are distributed in the field to collect field data for different positions and this
information is sent to the server. Data processing and analysis are performed according to the proposed
algorithm. Obtained result as well as weather forecasting report is checked for three days from a
developed android app. The accomplished result is sent to the farmers through SMS; depending upon the
SMS, farmers take necessary steps for watering or not in the crops field through IoT. Using the particular
sensors in this system along with microcontroller board plays an important aspect for bringing automation
for a particular model. In this work wireless sensor technology in irrigation purposes can show the
direction to the rural farming community to replace some of the traditional techniques.
KEYWORDS
Internet of Things (IoT), Weather Forecasting, Android App, WSN and Smart Farming, Threshold value.
1. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is one of the important sectors in Bangladesh. This sector contributes about 14.23
percent to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs around 40.60% of total
labour force [1]. Water is one of the most important factors for better production of crops. But
still now traditional irrigation methods have been used in our country that methods are not much
more efficient. According to the information of Bangladesh Agricultural Development
Corporation (BADC) about 50 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) is lifted from underground and 20
BCM from surface whereas 32.50% water is misused from underground water and 13% from
surface which means billion of litres of water is wasted every year. If farmer’s misuse of water
keeps rising, the layer of underground water will go down day by day [2]. On the other hand,
water usage is increasing day by day along with the population increasing in this country. As a
result, this rapid demand of natural groundwater has become our main concern at this moment.
Now a days sinkhole is being observed across worldwide. Sinkholes are giant holes in ground,
created naturally. Sinkholes are being found in North America, Venezuela, China, Papua New
Guinea and India. It could also be a threat to the crop production of Bangladesh. The main reason
behind these largest holes is heavy suction of ground water [3]. Cultivation or farming sector has
been using major water rather than daily household use [4]. Although, water usage in cultivation
cannot be eradicated, it can be minimized. Already researchers have proposed a lot of mechanism
to reduce water usage. Authors in [5] have introduced a mechanism to improve crop water
2. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA)
Vol.11, No.5, October 2021
2
efficiency and regional water productivity by a novel irrigation method. Authors presented an
IOT based irrigation system that monitors soil moisture and temperature and performs data
analysis. Based on the deviation from sensor data user is informed via text messages. This study
found that, in a moderate temperature plants can sustain at low moisture level [6]. A sustainable
agriculture monitoring system and automatic irrigation system using raspberry pi camera, soil
temperature humidity and moisture sensor is proposed by another researcher who uses real time
data transmission from sensors to the server and farmers can turn on motor by logging into the
server [7]. Authors in [8] have developed a field monitoring mobile application based on GPS,
motion sensor, temperature and humidity sensors. However the only limitation of this paper is
that, the implementation of this work is not feasible for large areas of land. Authors in [9] have
offered a smart crop-field monitoring and automation irrigation system using two sensors for
collection of data and the day time calculation. This method calculates the need of water.
However, the paper introduces a wired hardware kit, which is difficult to integrate in Wireless
Sensor Network (WSN). It can only detect field data for a particular position. Authors in [10]
have developed an IoT based field data monitoring system using MicaZ nodes and WSN. Using
the developed system user can both access and observe light intensity, temperature, and humidity
and battery voltage information over internet but this technique does not control any actuator
function like irrigation motor on-off activities. In another paper, authors have represented a
survey on current state of irrigation system by explaining water quality, soil characteristics and
weather conditions and authors have also discussed the challenges such as water quality
reduction, water shortage, increase of soil salinity and biodiversity loss for sensor based irrigation
model [11]. All the paper introduces recent trends and technologies used in precision agriculture
to save water usage in agriculture. The limitations from the study can be found as most of the
proposed techniques do not concentrate on weather forecasting result. It should be added that the
farmers in developing and under developed countries lives below poverty line they may not be
interested to implement the system. No research was found to implement IoT based irrigation
model in large scale. By addressing these limitations this paper introduces an IoT based novel
technique for automatic large scale farming by implementing soil sensors and weather forecasting
report for upcoming days. In this paper, a number of data collection modules are distributed
across the field. These data collection modules can collect soil pH, temperature and moisture
information, which is achieved through soil pH sensor, DS18B20 temperature sensor, and low
cost soil moisture sensor. Each module consists of a rechargeable power unit which will be
recharged through solar panel. The data processing unit of this module is Arduino and after
processing data the Node MCU transmits data over Wi-Fi network. The data collection is done
after every 3 hours. Later data analysis is done using threshold value and a decision message is
developed for a dedicated person, who may be an agriculture officer for monitoring data. If
irrigation is required at this stage, a customized android application will be used to observe
whether forecasting report for the next 2 days using location of the user. The mobile app will
automatically generate suggestion and forecasting report for the agriculture officer. Later he can
select specific farmer from the mobile application for sending decision support message about
irrigation. Through this way, a large area of agricultural land which is owned by a number of
farmers can be served with minimal groundwater consumption based on IoT and weather
forecasting report.
2. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The system is made by mainly two parts - one part is hardware and another is software. The
hardware part consists of various sensors, microcontroller, memory etc. While the software part
consists of applications which are made android based. All components are connected to the
Arduino board and other hardware components using internet of Things (IoT). The field data are
collected form installed sensors and are stored using hardware via the android based application.
This research tries to build an automatic irrigation process that will be enabled for data collection,
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data processing, and monitoring and finally taking decision for right time irrigation using
required quantity of surface or groundwater. The block diagram of proposed irrigation system is
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Block diagram of the system.
2.1. Hardware Unit
2.1.1. Field data
The data that measure soil pertinence for cultivation is termed as field data. These data plays the
most important role for better food production as well as their imbalance in soil is responsible
lower food production. Researchers have already studied the factors, and have fixed a range for
each factor. After studying the factors, soil temperature, moisture and pH level of the soil are
taken into account. These factors can be measured by temperature sensor, moisture sensor and pH
sensor sequentially. There are some other factors such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium,
which are more important for the plants and can be measured by NPK sensor, but our intention is
to develop an automated irrigation system that will reduce the unnecessary water usage. So, field
data will be considered as soil moisture, temperature and pH level of the soil in a combination.
2.1.2. Data Collection Module
As the factors measuring sensors are available in the market, and the costs of these devices are
not too much, we can develop a data collection module to collect field data. The data collection
module consists of three sensors - temperature sensor, moisture sensor, and pH sensor. As there
is only one analog input in the Node MCU, an Arduino processes these data in the appropriate
format and Node MCU is used to send data to server using Wi-Fi network. To power up all the
devices a battery or power supply is required. In addition the large distributed network requires a
large amount of power. To reduce the power each module contains a 5 volt DC power supply. In
spite of doing so, the module battery requires a recharge system, otherwise it will lose its power
after certain time. In order to take care of it, we have added an additional 5 volt solar panel with
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor. This will provide the data collection module more
sustainability. The brief summary of the sensors and components is provided below:
2.1.2.1. Temperature sensor
Temperature sensor is one that senses the environmental temperature from its surrounding
environments and provides a corresponding reference voltage supplied to the sensor. Soil
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temperature is the factor that varies from day to day. The heat energy is stored by soil in day time
and acts as heat source at night [12]. Soil temperature influences plant growth and chemical and
biological ingredients of soil. So, soil temperature should be considered to maintain at a uniform
rate and this can be solved if it is possible to measure the soil temperature accurately and the
sensor precision can be maintained for long time. By considering these issues we have chosen the
DS18B20 temperature sensor probe that is shown in the Figure 2. This sensor is capable of
covering to with an accuracy of . Moreover these sensors are water proof
and are developed specially for wet environment which is suitable enough for our system
development.
Figure 2. DS18B20 Temperature sensor.
2.1.2.2. Moisture Sensor
The soil moisture sensor detects the amount of moisture in the soil. This sensor contains two
probes which are aligned in parallel. The detection mechanism of this sensor is passing current
through this probes and measuring resistance between them. In case of dry soil there is less
amount of water. Probes pass less current through this water and shows higher resistance.
Similarly, soil containing more water, passes current through these sensors, as a result less
resistance will be detected. The controlling module of the sensor calculates moisture level by this
resistance. These sensors are cost effective with wide operating voltage such as 3.3V-5v, dual
output mode including digital and analog output interface and are highly stable.
Figure 3. Soil Moisture sensor module.
2.1.2.3. Sensor
Soil is another important factor for plant growth. Soil can be both acidic and alkaline type. An
acidic or alkaline soil can damage trees growth. So, perfection is a crucial element for healthy
plants. value is measured based on Hydrogen ion concentration. This is measured in the scale
of 0 to 14. While 7 is considered neutrality, less than 7 indicates acidity and more than 7 indicates
that the concentration is of alkaline type. It is observed that different types of soil have different
values in the range of 3.5 to 10 and the standard is considered as 6.5 to 7.5 [13]- [14].
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Figure 4. Soil sensor.
To measure the value we have used soil sensor rather than traditional sensor and the
sensor output is mapped into 0 to 14 through data processing unit.
2.1.3. Data Processing Unit
For processing data from sensors and transmitting them to server via Node MCU an Arduino
board is used. Arduino is an open source hardware and software platform. Arduino boards are
being used as the brain of a huge number of projects. For having inexpensive device, cross-
platform, simple, clear programming features, Arduino boards are used in many system
development purpose. There are several versions or boards those can be used to develop any
system as per requirements. These are Arduino UNO, Mega, Nano, Pro-mini, Fio, Lilypad and
many more. Here, an Arduino UNO is used. The reasons behind choosing this device are that
they have 6 analog input pins, 14 digital I/O pins, 5v dc operating voltage, with 7-12volt varying
input voltage. It could be replaced by the Arduino pro-mini which will transform the system into
a miniaturization version.
Figure 5(a). Arduino UNO Figure 5(b). Arduino Pro Mini
Figure 5. Arduino Board
2.1.4. Data Transmission and Scheduling Unit
The requirement of data scheduling unit arises from two issues. First issue is that the above
mentioned module processes data for transmission to server but we do not require transmitting
the data for all time. Arbitrarily it’s quite enough if we send data after a few hours. The second
issue is that we need to save power as much as possible for each module, so that it can cover
minimum 1 or 2 days. So, two issues can be solved by introducing a scheduling approach, which
can be achieved by Node MCU.
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Figure 6. Node MCU (LOLIN V3.0)
It’s an open source IoT platform having embedded hardware and firmware, which is inexpensive
and widely used for IoT based applications. As this device includes a Wi-Fi System on Chip
(SoC), data can be sent to server over internet by programming [15]. This device hears the data
from Arduino after everythree hours and sends them to a dedicated server and remains in silent
mode for rest of the time. It includes firmware embedded in ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC and ESP-32 bit
MCU unit as hardware. The motives behind choosing this device are having low operating
voltage and input voltage such as 3.3v and 4.5v-10v DC supply respectively. A 4MB of flash
memory and 64KB SRAM are included. Moreover, it can work at a wide temperature range, i.e.
[16].
2.1.5. Power unit
Driving power for the entire system is supplied by the combination of solar panel and battery. A
solar panel provides energy transformation from sunlight to electricity. This is achieved by using
the embedded photovoltaic cells in the solar panel [17]. As we are concerned about the WSN and
the application of the system in large scale, we have to provide power individually for each data
collection module. That could be done by using a battery but to make the system energy efficient
and reusable we need to recharge the battery. In fact, it is not easy but it could be feasible by
using a solar panel with LDR (Light Dependent Resistor). This will ensure proper usage of solar
power in day time for driving the sensor modules in the network and when the system is idle (not
sending data through the network), the panel could be used for recharging the battery.
Figure 7. Solar panel.
For successful data transmission at night the sensor module will use battery power at night. In
this prototype we have used 3.7volt li-ion battery. For increasing battery life or capacity more
than a single battery are used in parallel. The solar panel used here is of 5 volt that provides
maximum 5.10 volt at full sunlight.
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2.1.6. Data Analysis
The soil ingredient changes from day to day and season to season. So, the data analysis method
cannot be set properly. In that case, thresholding can be a fruitful solution. Using thresholding
technique we can easily set the edge values for the soil. As large area coverage Wi-Fi device is
used, a star topology approach is followed for collection of data from the nodes. It must be noted
that the threshold value selection should be done carefully, which can be set manually.
2.2. Software Unit
Arduino is open source hardware and software platform as mentioned before. An Arduino IDE is
cross platform application software for all operating system, which is used for firmware
development for any Arduino board. Using Arduino IDE one can develop any customized system
through logical statements. This IDE uses C++ and C language structure for coding Arduino
devices. The main benefits of the platform are that it supplies a lot of library functions, through
which one can easily program any peripherals with the dedicated hardware and expansion boards.
Moreover, it includes a lot of features, such as brace matching, syntax highlighting, error
checking etc. In this work, both NODE MCU and Arduino are programmed using this IDE. The
Arduino UNO is programmed for sensing data, while Node MCU programmed for data
scheduling and transmission [18]- [19].
3. SYSTEM FLOWCHART
In Figure 8, the first part aims to ensure water irrigation necessity based on field data analysis
along with thresholding process where pH, moisture and temperature value has been compared
with respective selected threshold value. Selection of threshold value has been discussed in later
section. At the end of this section, a decision message is developed for the agriculture officer.
Here, the decision message confirms water irrigation obligation by this developed message. The
first part of the system ends and the second part of the system is initiated. Here, a star topology is
used in which sensor nodes are placed in the field area. As sensors are deployed in the field
according to the mentioned topology and base station is stationary, it collects data from sensor
nodes for different angles and processes them. In this case, Wi-Fi device is used for large area
coverage and it must be noted that the threshold value should be done carefully, which can be set
manually from the server. The information belonging to the soil are sent to the Arduino, which is
resent to the server via Node MCU. Later, first decision message is developed based on threshold
value comparison. The second part is initiated if and only if the water is required for irrigation. If
water irrigation is required, a developed mobile application will be taken in hand to observe and
analyze the weather forecasting report for that particular area as well as it will be observed for the
next 2 days.
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Figure 8. Flow chart of the entire proposed methodology.
The developed mobile application will collect weather data and finally a message will be
generated for the farmers and will be sent to the farmers’ mobile. The flowchart of the proposed
irrigation system is shown in Figure 8. Importance, necessity and actions of different hardware
and software are already discussed in section 2.
4. ANDROID MOBILE APPLICATION
The essential mobile application is developed in Android Studio by JAVA android programming.
The main function of the android application is to generate suggestion from weather forecast of
three days. The required data is integrated through weather forecasting API. These data are
fetched from [20], which takes number of days and location as argument and provides data in
JSON format. Later these weather forecasting data are translated, retrieved and further processed
for the user. However, for simplicity the app UI (User Interface) is described here. After
installing the mobile application, the home layout will appear first. This home layout is shown in
the Figure 9(a). The home layout will take city name as input. The city name is converted into
latitude and longitude; otherwise it will be fetched from the location sensor and passed into the
API. The process requires internet connectivity for the entire operation. If an appropriate city
name is inserted, then the “view report” button will let the user to view a summary of total 3 days
weather forecasting reports as shown in the Figure 9(b).
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Figure 9. (a) Android application home layout (b) Weather forecasting result at a glance
Figure 10. (a) Present day forecasting result (b) Irrigation suggestion and message sending layout
Here, the user can show that day’s weather condition and next 2 days weather condition details in
three isolated layouts. This number of observation days can be extended up to 16 days from the
open weather map API. The forecasting result of three days weather conditions can be viewed by
text and weather icon. A user can see weather in details by pressing the “more details” button
from any of the three buttons. In Figure 10(a), the layout shows forecasting result in details,
which includes sunrise, sunset, overall temperature, humidity, sky condition, storm probability
and chance of rain. From any of the three details page the user will be redirected to the irrigation
suggestion layout. This layout will be generated and displayed an irrigation suggestion based on
the present day and next two days weather results as shown in Figure 10 (b). If the app detects
more possibility of rain it will generate a related message and let the user to send message to the
farmers. From Figure 10(b), the user or agriculture officer can select any number of farmers later
he can send the message to the farmers by tapping the send SMS button. The layout also provides
Add, Delete or Edit options for modifying farmer’s contact number.
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5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The image shown in Figure 11 was taken at the time of prototype or data collection module
testing using renewable energy i.e. solar panel. The prototype tests were done properly and
necessary precautions were followed for successful data transmission. Data are uploaded in the
server based on time span.
Figure 11. Prototype image.
As mentioned before, depending on the threshold value, if any data deviation occurs, the system
provides a message from the server to a dedicated number. Let, the threshold values
of are the threshold values for , Moisture and Temperature respectively.
Table 1. Message development from the server side
Temperature Moisture Creation of Decision Message for
Irrigation
No
Moderate Irrigation
Moderate Irrigation
High Irrigation
No
High Irrigation
High Irrigation
High Irrigation
The generated decision message at this stage confirms that the land needs water or not. In this
experiment, the values of , and is assumed after certain level of
testing. The following table will describe each possible scenario for the output of decision
message development from the server side. The table 1 explains background decision algorithm.
The highlighted lines indicate requiring irrigation condition based on the specific parameter. In
this algorithm, high priority is set for the , then second priority is set for the value
and the third priority is set for . Then, if any two of index deviation is observed
then high Irrigation is suggested. Otherwise moderate irrigation is suggested and observed for
next time span. As soon as, the suggested decision message is developed for the android user,
second stage suggestion will be required and the mobile application will generate that message.
The generation of this message, involves an assumption and this is accomplished by the
procedure shown below. In this procedure, we have considered a lot of weather conditions for our
system and assigned a probability value for the calculation of rain occurrence [21]- [22]. The
assigned value is determined from several agricultural officers and converted into probability.
They have proposed the rated value in respect of Bangladesh. As a result, we have not considered
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some situations such as tornadoes, thunder snows, hurricanes, and sandstorms in this prototype.
The scenario for rain occurring conditions are shown in table 2.
Table 2. Rain occurring condition with corresponding probability.
Sl. Weather Occurrence probability
on any day (
Assumption of Chance of
rain
1. Sunny/ Clear 0.0
Based on calculation and
threshold value of
equation (2)
2. Fog 0.0
3. Partially cloudy 0.1
4. Drizzle 0.2
5. Cloudy 0.3
6. Light rain 0.4
7. Overcast 0.7
8. Storm 0.8
9. Heavy Rain 0.9
The Occurrence of rain involves a calculation based on threshold value . The calculation
involves N days of observation on weather condition. The value of N is 2 in this case. The
determination of T is typical, i.e. if a wrong value is chosen it will not provide accurate result. So,
observations are made for a particular time. It is observed from the experiment, that if the
threshold value becomes , then a significant rain is observed. Otherwise, the rain does not
become significant. So, the occurrence of rain becomes 1 (true) if the certain condition shown at
the right hand on the equation (1) satisfy and it becomes 0 (false) otherwise. This calculation is
performed in the android background, which is the key point of decision message generation. The
chance of rain occurring is calculated using equation (2).
6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
This system is found to be cost effective to reduce water consumption and to optimize water
usage for agricultural production. Using the system, a large area for irrigation can be served
through IoT and WSN. The devices used to design the system are chosen based on scalability and
longevity. The outcomes from the server indicate an optimal monitoring through IoT from any
corner of the world. In this proposed model, irrigation suggestion is established through 2 steps.
For the first step, the selection of threshold values for server side
application and are showing better performance than others. In the
last step, occurrence probability calculation helps to take final decision. This ensures a lot of
farmers can be served together through this system. As a result, it would be possible to save a
significant groundwater. The system was developed concerning for real life application, to ensure
autonomous irrigation support for farmers. In future, this system could be more efficient which
may provide better information about user actions, nutrient level of the plants, time to harvest,
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etc. Incorporation of Machine Learning techniques could be more appropriate for enhancing the
decision message development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my profound gratitude and deep regard to the authority ofPabna
University of Science and Technology for full funding to complete this project.
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AUTHORS
Md. Omar Faruk, received the B.Sc., M.Sc. and the Ph.D. degree in Applied Physics
and Electronic Engineering from University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, in 1994, 1996
and 2012 respectively. He worked as an Assistant Instrument Engineer from 2001-
2004, Instrument Engineer from 2004-2008, Senior Instrument Engineer from 2008-
2011, and Principal Instrument Engineer from 2011-2013 at Science Workshop,
University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. In 2013 he joined the department of
Information and Communication Engineering of the Pabna University of Science and
Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh as an assistant professor. He was promoted to
Associate professor in 2019. His research interests include Seismology, Machine
Learning and Internet of Things.
Tarun Debnath, has completed his B.Sc. in Engineering from the Department of
Information and Communication Engineering of Pabna University of Science and
Technology in 2016. After completing B.Sc. degree, he joined as a lecturer in the same
department of Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, which is one of the
prominent universities in Bangladesh where he is serving with devotion. He has
published several journal articles in the field of embedded system design.