This document describes research into creating a pH-sensitive poly(acrylamide-co-itaconic acid)/graphite composite hydrogel with conductive properties. The composite is prepared via free radical polymerization of acrylamide and itaconic acid monomers in the presence of settled graphite particles. SEM analysis shows uniform distribution of graphite in the polymer matrix. Conductivity increases then decreases with the amount of crosslinker and monomers used. Conductivity is also affected by the concentrations of itaconic acid and acrylamide in the reaction mixture. The composite shows promise for applications requiring electrically conductive materials.
Polyaniline (PANI) Metal Oxide Nano Composites as a Conducting MaterialRSIS International
The combination of conducting nanoparticles and conducting polymers is a new area of research. The conducting polymer nanocomposites have both advantages of low dimensional systems and organic conductors. With this nanofibre morphology, the dispersibility and processibility of polyanilines can be improved.
The aim of this literature is to provide a survey of previous findings of researchers related to metal oxide nanocomposite polyaniline. In this paper we reviewed the properties, methods of synthesis, and various applications.
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
Polyaniline which is regarding kind of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs), was prepared by
either chemical and electricchemical polymerization in acidic medium. Such solvents were used
and compared the affecting on the conductivity between EB solution in DMF and mcresol solvents by using UVvis spectrum. UVvis
spectra and cyclic voltametry were used to generate
and analyze the spectrum for the polymer films
Since the Nobel prize for Physics was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”, the eyes of the scientific world have been focused on this so-called miracle material.
Polyaniline (PANI) Metal Oxide Nano Composites as a Conducting MaterialRSIS International
The combination of conducting nanoparticles and conducting polymers is a new area of research. The conducting polymer nanocomposites have both advantages of low dimensional systems and organic conductors. With this nanofibre morphology, the dispersibility and processibility of polyanilines can be improved.
The aim of this literature is to provide a survey of previous findings of researchers related to metal oxide nanocomposite polyaniline. In this paper we reviewed the properties, methods of synthesis, and various applications.
Synthesis and properties of PolyanilineAwad Albalwi
Polyaniline which is regarding kind of Inherently Conducting Polymers (ICPs), was prepared by
either chemical and electricchemical polymerization in acidic medium. Such solvents were used
and compared the affecting on the conductivity between EB solution in DMF and mcresol solvents by using UVvis spectrum. UVvis
spectra and cyclic voltametry were used to generate
and analyze the spectrum for the polymer films
Since the Nobel prize for Physics was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”, the eyes of the scientific world have been focused on this so-called miracle material.
A graphene/hemin hybrid material as an efficient green catalyst for stereosel...Pawan Kumar
A hemin/graphene composite, prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of graphene oxide (GO) with hemin
and sonicating the suspension for 5 h at room temperature, was investigated for olefination of aldehydes
using ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of triphenylphosphine. Efficient olefination of aromatic
aldehydes with high (E)-selectivity was obtained, revealing that rGO/hemin is a promising heterogeneous
catalyst for the olefination reaction. The as-synthesized catalyst could easily be recovered from the
reaction mixture and was subsequently used for several runs without any significantly loss in activity and
selectivity.
Visible light driven photocatalytic oxidation of thiols to disulfides using i...Pawan Kumar
The present paper describes the synthesis of graphene oxide immobilized iron phthalocyanine (FePc) for
the photocatalytic oxidation of thiols to disulfides under alkaline free conditions. Iron phthalocyanine
tetrasulfonamide was immobilized on carboxylated graphene oxide supports via covalent attachment.
The loading of FePc on GO nanosheets was confirmed by FTIR, Raman, ICP-AES, UV-Vis and elemental
analyses. The synthesized catalyst was found to be highly efficient for the photo-oxidation of thiols to
disulfides in aqueous medium using molecular oxygen as oxidant under visible light irradiation. The
identification of photo-oxidation products and their quantitative determination was done using GC-MS.
After completion of the reaction, the catalyst was easily recovered by filtration and reused for several
runs without loss in activity and no leaching was observed during the reaction
Study of Polyaniline – Polymethylmethacraylate Blend Films for Amine SensorEditor IJMTER
Electrically conducting films are useful in many applications in the fields of sensors, and
nanoelectronics. However, it is very difficult to obtain fibers of conducting polymers like polyaniline
(PANI) and polypyrrole.Hence they are invariably mixed with other insulating polymers such as
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to obtain a conducting composite depending on the percolation of the
conducting polymer. Here, we report the preparation of PANI-PMMA composite films by chemical
deposition method polymer fibers are investigated atroom temperature with different concentrations of
PANI (0.05M,0.1M,0.2M,0.5M,). It is observed that there is a significant enhancement in the
conductivity of these fibers with the increase in the concentration of PANI. Here to study the D.C.
conductivity, SEM, FTIR and Gas detecting properties of films.
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-Linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum resulting in bandgap reduction
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-Linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric
2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and
chemical properties for various applications has gained
significant interest. The present report demonstrates the
synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a
remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic
bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem
hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the
C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with
azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different
bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are
linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation
due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density
on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum
resulting in bandgap reduction down to 1.76 eV. XRD, He-ion imaging, HR-TEM, EELS, PL, fluorescence lifetime imaging,
Raman, FTIR, TGA, KPFM, XPS, NMR and EPR clearly show that the properties of C3N5 are distinct from pristine carbon
nitride (g-C3N4). When used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in MAPbBr3 based halide perovskite solar cells, C3N5
outperformed g-C3N4, in particular generating an open circuit photovoltage as high as 1.3 V, while C3N5 blended with
MAxFA1−xPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite active layer achieved a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.7%. C3N5 was also
shown to be an effective visible light sensitizer for TiO2 photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Because of its
electron-rich character, the C3N5 material displayed instantaneous adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution reaching
complete equilibrium within 10 min, which is significantly faster than pristine g-C3N4 and other carbon based materials. C3N5
coupled with plasmonic silver nanocubes promotes plasmon-exciton coinduced surface catalytic reactions reaching completion
at much low laser intensity (1.0 mW) than g-C3N4, which showed sluggish performance even at high laser power (10.0 mW).
The relatively narrow bandgap and 2D structure of C3N5 make it an interesting air-stable and temperature-resistant
semiconductor for optoelectronic applications while its electron-rich character and intrasheet cavity make it an attractive
supramolecular adsorbent for environmental applications.
Visible light assisted reduction of nitrobenzenes using Fe(bpy)3+2/rGOnanocom...Pawan Kumar
Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitrobenzenes to the corresponding anilinesat room temperature using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) immobilized iron(II) bipyridine complex asphotocatalyst is described. The rGO-immobilized iron catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity thanhomogeneous iron(II) bipyridine complex and much higher than metal free rGO photocatalysts. Theheterogeneous photocatalyst was found to be robust and could easily be recovered and reused for severalruns without any significant loss in photocatalytic activity.
Photogeneration of Gelatinous Networks from Pre-existing PolymersGregory Carroll
In this manuscript we report the crosslinking
of pre-existing macromolecules in solution through the use
of photoactive benzophenone chromophores. We show that
a bifunctional crosslinker composed of two benzophenone
chromophores as well as a single benzophenone chromophore
crosslink poly (butadiene) and poly (ethylene oxide)
in solution to form insoluble gels when irradiated with UV
light. The molecular weight between crosslinks of the photogenerated
gels was compared for the two crosslinkers, for an
equivalent amount of benzophenone chromophores in each
solution, by measuring the swelling ratio of the gels formed.
Gels formed from the bifunctional benzophenone crosslinker
were shown to contain more than twice as many
crosslinks compared to gels formed from the crosslinker
composed of a single benzophenone chromophore. EPR
measurements of a nitroxide derivative absorbed into the
gels further supported a higher crosslink density for the
gels formed from the bifunctional benzophenone crosslinker.
Electrochemical Behavior of L-Tyrosine at Poly (Dicyclomine Hydrochloride) Fi...paperpublications3
Abstract: An electrochemical method for the determination of L-Tyrosine (LTY) using a dicyclomine hydrochloride (DICY) polymer film modified carbon paste electrode. The surface morphology of poly (DICY) modified carbon paste electrode was characterized by SEM. The modified electrode showed excellent electro catalytic activity towards the oxidation of LTY in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution of pH 6.5. The effect of pH, concentration and scan rate were studied at the bare carbon paste electrode and poly (DICY) modified carbon paste electrode were investigated. Increase of LTY concentration shows linear increase in oxidation peak current. The linear relationship was obtained between the anodic peak current (Ipa) and concentration LTY in range 2×10-5 M to 1×10-3 M with correlation coefficient of 0.9984. The low detection limit (LOD) and low quantification limit (LOQ) of LTY were detected. The cyclic voltammetric studies indicated that the oxidation of LTY at the modified electrode surface was irreversible; adsorption controlled and undergoes a one electron transfer process at the poly (DICY) film modified carbon paste electrode. The modified electrode showed high sensitivity, detection limit, high reproducibility, easy preparation and regeneration of the electrode surface.
The project will focus on synthesis of hexagonal structured pure phases of compositions: BaM1/3Ti2/3O3-δ and BaM1/6Ti5/6O3-δ, where M= Sc, In and Fe via different methods such as Solid state sintering and wet chemical route. The ultimate goal is to finding structure – functionality relationships within these proton and mixed conducting systems. A substantial effort will focus on search for and fabrication of new materials although the main part of the work will concentrate on detailed structural characterisation (rietveld refinement), impedance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.
Structural, Electrical and Magnetotransport properties of La0.7Ca0.2Sr0.1MnO3...IOSR Journals
The sample of manganite perovskite oxide La0.7Ca0.2Sr0.1MnO3 has been prepared by solution combustion synthesis. The synthesized sample has been pelletized and further sintered at 8000C for 8 hours. The XRD pattern reveals that the samples are of single phase nature with orthorhombic structure and the diffraction patterns can be indexed with the pbnm space groups. The crystallite sizes calculated from broadening of XRD peaks using Scherrer’s formula were about 18 nm. Resistivity measurements were performed in the temperature range 2K under 3, 5, 10 and 14 T field using PPMS. Magnetoresistance shows a shift in metal-insulator transition temperature from ~213 K at zero field to ~250 K at 14T. MR value decreases as the temperature increases and at 300 K maximum value of MR is found to be ~ 22% for an applied field of 14 T. MR of ~ 28% is observed at 230 K. MR of ~ 35% is observed at 150 K in an applied field of 14 T and MR has negative sign
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A graphene/hemin hybrid material as an efficient green catalyst for stereosel...Pawan Kumar
A hemin/graphene composite, prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of graphene oxide (GO) with hemin
and sonicating the suspension for 5 h at room temperature, was investigated for olefination of aldehydes
using ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of triphenylphosphine. Efficient olefination of aromatic
aldehydes with high (E)-selectivity was obtained, revealing that rGO/hemin is a promising heterogeneous
catalyst for the olefination reaction. The as-synthesized catalyst could easily be recovered from the
reaction mixture and was subsequently used for several runs without any significantly loss in activity and
selectivity.
Visible light driven photocatalytic oxidation of thiols to disulfides using i...Pawan Kumar
The present paper describes the synthesis of graphene oxide immobilized iron phthalocyanine (FePc) for
the photocatalytic oxidation of thiols to disulfides under alkaline free conditions. Iron phthalocyanine
tetrasulfonamide was immobilized on carboxylated graphene oxide supports via covalent attachment.
The loading of FePc on GO nanosheets was confirmed by FTIR, Raman, ICP-AES, UV-Vis and elemental
analyses. The synthesized catalyst was found to be highly efficient for the photo-oxidation of thiols to
disulfides in aqueous medium using molecular oxygen as oxidant under visible light irradiation. The
identification of photo-oxidation products and their quantitative determination was done using GC-MS.
After completion of the reaction, the catalyst was easily recovered by filtration and reused for several
runs without loss in activity and no leaching was observed during the reaction
Study of Polyaniline – Polymethylmethacraylate Blend Films for Amine SensorEditor IJMTER
Electrically conducting films are useful in many applications in the fields of sensors, and
nanoelectronics. However, it is very difficult to obtain fibers of conducting polymers like polyaniline
(PANI) and polypyrrole.Hence they are invariably mixed with other insulating polymers such as
polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to obtain a conducting composite depending on the percolation of the
conducting polymer. Here, we report the preparation of PANI-PMMA composite films by chemical
deposition method polymer fibers are investigated atroom temperature with different concentrations of
PANI (0.05M,0.1M,0.2M,0.5M,). It is observed that there is a significant enhancement in the
conductivity of these fibers with the increase in the concentration of PANI. Here to study the D.C.
conductivity, SEM, FTIR and Gas detecting properties of films.
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-Linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum resulting in bandgap reduction
C3N5: A Low Bandgap Semiconductor Containing an Azo-Linked Carbon Nitride Fra...Pawan Kumar
Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric
2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and
chemical properties for various applications has gained
significant interest. The present report demonstrates the
synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a
remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic
bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem
hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the
C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with
azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different
bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are
linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation
due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density
on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum
resulting in bandgap reduction down to 1.76 eV. XRD, He-ion imaging, HR-TEM, EELS, PL, fluorescence lifetime imaging,
Raman, FTIR, TGA, KPFM, XPS, NMR and EPR clearly show that the properties of C3N5 are distinct from pristine carbon
nitride (g-C3N4). When used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in MAPbBr3 based halide perovskite solar cells, C3N5
outperformed g-C3N4, in particular generating an open circuit photovoltage as high as 1.3 V, while C3N5 blended with
MAxFA1−xPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite active layer achieved a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.7%. C3N5 was also
shown to be an effective visible light sensitizer for TiO2 photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Because of its
electron-rich character, the C3N5 material displayed instantaneous adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution reaching
complete equilibrium within 10 min, which is significantly faster than pristine g-C3N4 and other carbon based materials. C3N5
coupled with plasmonic silver nanocubes promotes plasmon-exciton coinduced surface catalytic reactions reaching completion
at much low laser intensity (1.0 mW) than g-C3N4, which showed sluggish performance even at high laser power (10.0 mW).
The relatively narrow bandgap and 2D structure of C3N5 make it an interesting air-stable and temperature-resistant
semiconductor for optoelectronic applications while its electron-rich character and intrasheet cavity make it an attractive
supramolecular adsorbent for environmental applications.
Visible light assisted reduction of nitrobenzenes using Fe(bpy)3+2/rGOnanocom...Pawan Kumar
Visible-light-induced photocatalytic reduction of aromatic nitrobenzenes to the corresponding anilinesat room temperature using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) immobilized iron(II) bipyridine complex asphotocatalyst is described. The rGO-immobilized iron catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity thanhomogeneous iron(II) bipyridine complex and much higher than metal free rGO photocatalysts. Theheterogeneous photocatalyst was found to be robust and could easily be recovered and reused for severalruns without any significant loss in photocatalytic activity.
Photogeneration of Gelatinous Networks from Pre-existing PolymersGregory Carroll
In this manuscript we report the crosslinking
of pre-existing macromolecules in solution through the use
of photoactive benzophenone chromophores. We show that
a bifunctional crosslinker composed of two benzophenone
chromophores as well as a single benzophenone chromophore
crosslink poly (butadiene) and poly (ethylene oxide)
in solution to form insoluble gels when irradiated with UV
light. The molecular weight between crosslinks of the photogenerated
gels was compared for the two crosslinkers, for an
equivalent amount of benzophenone chromophores in each
solution, by measuring the swelling ratio of the gels formed.
Gels formed from the bifunctional benzophenone crosslinker
were shown to contain more than twice as many
crosslinks compared to gels formed from the crosslinker
composed of a single benzophenone chromophore. EPR
measurements of a nitroxide derivative absorbed into the
gels further supported a higher crosslink density for the
gels formed from the bifunctional benzophenone crosslinker.
Electrochemical Behavior of L-Tyrosine at Poly (Dicyclomine Hydrochloride) Fi...paperpublications3
Abstract: An electrochemical method for the determination of L-Tyrosine (LTY) using a dicyclomine hydrochloride (DICY) polymer film modified carbon paste electrode. The surface morphology of poly (DICY) modified carbon paste electrode was characterized by SEM. The modified electrode showed excellent electro catalytic activity towards the oxidation of LTY in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution of pH 6.5. The effect of pH, concentration and scan rate were studied at the bare carbon paste electrode and poly (DICY) modified carbon paste electrode were investigated. Increase of LTY concentration shows linear increase in oxidation peak current. The linear relationship was obtained between the anodic peak current (Ipa) and concentration LTY in range 2×10-5 M to 1×10-3 M with correlation coefficient of 0.9984. The low detection limit (LOD) and low quantification limit (LOQ) of LTY were detected. The cyclic voltammetric studies indicated that the oxidation of LTY at the modified electrode surface was irreversible; adsorption controlled and undergoes a one electron transfer process at the poly (DICY) film modified carbon paste electrode. The modified electrode showed high sensitivity, detection limit, high reproducibility, easy preparation and regeneration of the electrode surface.
The project will focus on synthesis of hexagonal structured pure phases of compositions: BaM1/3Ti2/3O3-δ and BaM1/6Ti5/6O3-δ, where M= Sc, In and Fe via different methods such as Solid state sintering and wet chemical route. The ultimate goal is to finding structure – functionality relationships within these proton and mixed conducting systems. A substantial effort will focus on search for and fabrication of new materials although the main part of the work will concentrate on detailed structural characterisation (rietveld refinement), impedance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis.
Structural, Electrical and Magnetotransport properties of La0.7Ca0.2Sr0.1MnO3...IOSR Journals
The sample of manganite perovskite oxide La0.7Ca0.2Sr0.1MnO3 has been prepared by solution combustion synthesis. The synthesized sample has been pelletized and further sintered at 8000C for 8 hours. The XRD pattern reveals that the samples are of single phase nature with orthorhombic structure and the diffraction patterns can be indexed with the pbnm space groups. The crystallite sizes calculated from broadening of XRD peaks using Scherrer’s formula were about 18 nm. Resistivity measurements were performed in the temperature range 2K under 3, 5, 10 and 14 T field using PPMS. Magnetoresistance shows a shift in metal-insulator transition temperature from ~213 K at zero field to ~250 K at 14T. MR value decreases as the temperature increases and at 300 K maximum value of MR is found to be ~ 22% for an applied field of 14 T. MR of ~ 28% is observed at 230 K. MR of ~ 35% is observed at 150 K in an applied field of 14 T and MR has negative sign
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
An experimental and analytical study to show the effect of theOzyegin University
The main purpose of this paper is showing the enhancement of thermal conductivity
of the epoxy with many percentages of carbon fiber into it. In addition to pure epoxy and pure
carbon fiber, three percentages of carbon fiber are used in this study, which are 20, 40, and 60%,
respectively. All of these samples are tested at different values of applied powers (input power)
(10, 25, 40, 55, and 70 W). A comparison between pure epoxy, pure carbon fiber and the
composites that involve all these percentages is done. In addition, the study involves the effect of
these simples on the performances of both Aluminum and cooper heat sinks.
It is shown from the results that increasing in fiber carbon percentage leads to increase in
thermal conductivity of composite, heat sink junction temperature, overall heat sink efficiency,
and density of composite. The increasing in overall heat sink efficiency leads to decrease the
height of heat sink, and consequently decreasing its cost. For instance at 70 W power input,
increasing the fiber carbon percentage(from 0 to 100%) for each material of heat sink, leads to
decrease the average fin length by 48% ,decrease the manufacturing cost by 47%, increase in
junction temperature by 65 %, and increase fin efficiency by 2.5 %.
Regards to evolution of the desirable properties and chemical structure in high performance of gas separation by membrane, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) as one of types, need to carefully design and control to realize high efficiency. This research investigates the role of main parameters in the fabrication and performance analysis of MMMs prepared through blending of alumina nano particles (Al2O3) and poly (4-methyl-1-pentyne) known as PMP with various weight percentages of alumina nano-particles in PMP precursor. Precursor and resultant MMMs were characterized using TGA and SEM techniques. SEM images demonstrated the proper dispersion of Al2O3 particles in precursor matrix. Results indicated that the microstructure of the precursor, blend composition and the content of nano particles play an important role in gas transport properties of the resulting MMMs. The influence of the percentage of alumina nano particles used in the precursor matrix on the CO2 and N2 permeability and CO2/N2 ideal selectivity of the MMMs illustrated in a trend. Using higher alumina content resulted in membranes with higher permeability and ideal selectivity. The highest rate of CO2 and N2 permeability could be obtained from PMP-alumina with loading of 30 wt.% alumina (PMP30) at 10 bar. Furthermore, these results suggest that PMP30 MMMs (at operating pressure of 8 bar) are exceptional candidates for the CO2/N2 separation, offering enhanced gas pair selectivity in the range of 4.5-5 depending on the operating pressure. The results of this research revealed that high-performance gas separation by MMMs can be realized through adopting a judicious combination of blending and dispersing technique.
Graphene oxide immobilized copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonamide: the first...Pawan Kumar
The first successful synthesis of DMC directly from methanol and carbon dioxide using a heterogenized
homogeneous graphene oxide immobilized copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonamide catalyst in the
presence of N,N0-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a dehydrating agent is described. The presence of a
dehydrating agent was found to be vital and in its absence the yield of DMC was found to be decreased
significantly. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the maximum yield of DMC reaches up to 13.3%.
Although the homogeneous copper phthalocyanine tetrasulphonamide catalyst provided a little higher
yield of DMC (14.2%), the facile recovery and recycling ability of the heterogeneous catalyst make the
developed method more attractive from environmental and economical viewpoints.
Carbon Nanotubes Effect for Polymer Materials on Break Down Voltage IJECEIAES
Epoxy resin composites reinforced to different types of carbon nano-particles have been fabricated. Carbon black (20, 30 and 40 wt. %), graphene (0.5 to 4 wt. %) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) (0.5 to 2 wt. %) were added with different weight percentages to epoxy. The dielectric strength of composites was tested in several conditions such as (dry, wet, low salinity and high salinity). The mechanical characterization showed that the nano-composite Polymer enhanced by using these particles in the tensile strength. Thermal gravimetric analysis shows effect of these nano-particles on the thermal structure of epoxy resin. Scanning Electron Microscopic test is used to characterize the dispersion of carbon nano-particles and to analysis the fractured parts in the nano scale.
Development of Nanocomposite from Epoxy/PDMS-Cyanate/Nanoclay for Materials w...IJMER
Dicyanate monomer viz bis-4-cyanato-polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS-CY) containing
siloxane known as thermally stable structural unit was prepared. The PDMS-CY/DGEBA-stability, thermal degradation kinetics and microstructures
IRJET - A Review on Multi-Layered Armour using Sugarcane Bagasse Waste
Io2515321537
1. S .K. Bajpai, S. Awasthi, Abhishek Dubey/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1532-1537
A Unique Approach To Prepare Poly (Acrylamide –Co-Itaconic
Acid) /Graphite Composite Polymer For Electrical Conducting
Properties.
S .K. Bajpaia*, S. Awasthib* And Abhishek Dubeyb
a. Polymer Research Lab, Dept.of chemistry, Govt. Model Science College, Jabalpur (M.P)-482001, India
b. Dept.of Physics, Govt. Model Science College, Jabalpur (M.P)-482001,
India.
Abstract
In this work a pH-sensitive fiber–reinforced composites with different fiber
poly(acrylamide-co-itaconic acid)/ graphite loadings based methyl methacrylate/ poly(methyl
composite hydrogel is prepared by free radical methacrylate) (MMA/PMMA). In a work by Fan et
initiated polymerization of monomers al.[8], few-layered graphene sheets, synthesized by
acrylamide(Am) and itaconic acid(IA) in the direct current arc-discharge method using NH3 as
presence of settled graphite(Gt) particles using one of the buffer gases were dispersed in chitosan
N,N’-methylene bisacrylamide(MB) as cross /acetic acid solutions to prepare films. The films
linker in aqueous medium. The SEM analysis were tested for mechanical properties and
revealed almost uniform distribution of grafite biocompatibility. In addition to the above mentioned
particles within the polymer matrix.For the same conjoint instrumental techniques to prepare
amount of graphite, the conductivity of hydrogel conducting polymer composites, there have also
composite was observed to increase and later on been relatively simpler methods proposed to
decrease with amount of cross linker (MB) and synthesize conducting polymer composites. For
monomers IA and Am. example, Lin et al.[9] have reported synthesis of
polyacrylate/ graphite hydrogel by a simple
Keywords: Graphite, , conductivity, cross linker. approach which involves free–radical initiated
polymerization of potassium acrylate in the presence
INTRODUCTION of graphite particles pre-dispersed in the reaction
Recently, they have been considerable mixture. However, there exists some uncertainty
efforts made to prepare conducting polymers(CP) for regarding the almost homogeneous/ uniform
using in a variety of applications such as fuel cells, distribution of graphite particles within the polymer
super capacitor, dye sensitive solar cells and re- network formed because the chances of settling
chargeable lithium batteries[1-2]. There are several down of graphite particles dusting the course of
reports which describe synthesis of conducting polymer formation can not be completely
polymers using various types of chemical species of eliminated.
organic and inorganic origin such as aniline, pyrrole, In the present work, we have developed a
copper, carbon etc [3-4]. However, looking to the pH-sensitive polymer/ graphite composite hydrogel
excellent electrical conducting property of carbon using an almost diffrent approach which totally
based compounds like graphite and graphene, the eliminate the chances of agglomeration or non-
current research works have mainly focused on these uniform distribution of graphite within the polymer
material to prepare conducting polymers. In fact, a networks.
variety of strategies have been followed to prepare
conducting polymer composites. Recently, Fouad et EXPERIMENTAL
al.[5] have reported synthesis of high density Monomers acrylamide (Am) and itaconice
polyethylene/graphite nano composites using melt acid (IA), the cross linker N,N’-methylene
blending in a co-rotating intermeshing twin screw bisacrylamide (MB), the initiator potassium
extrude. One-pot synthesis of conducting graphene- persulfate(KPS) were purchased from Hi Media
polymer composite has been recently reported by Chemicals, Mumbai, India .The graphite micro
Eswaraiah et al.[6].The simultaneous reduction of powder (Gt), having a specific surface area larger
graphite oxide, melting of the polymer and than 80m2g-1 and an average particle size smaller
embedding of reduced graphite oxide nano flacks in than 1.8x10-6m was purchased form Merck
polymer offer a new way of synthesizing graphene/ Chemical, Mumbai, India and was dried at 60 °C for
polymer composite. Similarly, Segerstrom et 4h prior to use. The monomer (Am) was re-
al[7].carried out a study to determine water sorption, crystallized in methanol to remove the inhibitor .The
water solubility, dimensional change caused by de-ionized water was used throughout the
water storage, residual monomer ,and possible investigations.
cytotoxic effect of heat-polymerized carbon-graphite
1532 | P a g e
2. S .K. Bajpai, S. Awasthi, Abhishek Dubey/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1532-1537
Preparation of p(Am-co-IA)/Gt composite values, obtained, were represented graphically as
The composite was prepared by free radical shown is Fig.3. All data points joined yielded a
initiated aqueous polymerization of Am and IA in horizontal straight line thus indicating that all the
the presence of cross linker( MB)within the settled sample had almost the same density.
graphite column. For example, in a test-tube, 14.06
mili mol of Am, 384.3 micro mol of IA, 518.90 SEM analysis of composite
micro mol of crosslinker MB and lastly 295.9 micro The novelty in the proposed study is to
mol of initiator KPS was dissolved in the above ensure the uniform distribution of graphite particles
sequential manna is distilled water and the final within the polymer matrix. To confirm this SEM
volume was made up to 5.0 ml. To this ,a per- image of polymer/graphite composite was recorded
weighed quantity e.g. 1.7g of graphite powder was as shown in Fig.4. It can be seen that there is fairly
added slowly and carefully and then the above uniform distribution of particles within the polymer
mixture was shaken vigorously for 5 min and thus establishing the superiority of this method.
allowed to stand till all the graphite powder was
settled. The test-tube was now placed is an electric Effect of crosslinker on conductivity
oven (Tempstar,India) at 70°C for a period of In order to study effect of crosslinker
2h.After the polymerization was over, the test-tube concentration on conductivity of resulting
was taken out , broken and the cylindrical P(Am-co- composites , we prepared number of polymer/ Gt
IA)/Gt hydrogel composite was taken out, washed composites, containing different amount of
with distilled water and then cut into slices each one crosslinker MB, in the range of 129.72 to 648.63
almost 2mm thick. The circular discs were micro mol and measured their conductivity using
equilibrated in water for 12h to remove the un- four probe experiment. The results, as shown in
reacted salts, then finally dried till they attained Fig.5 reveal that electrical conductivity of composite
constant weight. The Fig.1 shows the optical increases with crosslinker concentration attains an
photograph of plain p(Am-co-IA) and p(Am-co- optimum value of 279.16 S/cm at the crosslinker
IA)/Gt composite discs. concentration, of 389.18 micro mol and then it
begins to decrease with further increase in MB
Measurement of electrical conductivity content. The observed findings may be explained as
The electrical conductivity of composites follows: When the amount of crosslinker MB is
discs measured using four probes method Five quite low, the loosely bonded three dimensional
measurements were made and average values are crosslinked network is formed, which is quite unable
reported. to put entrapped charcoal microparticles intact, thus
resulting in low conductivity of the polymer
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION composite. As the amount of crosslinker increased,
Preparation of p(Am-co-IA)/Gt composite : more and more tightly crosslinked network is
As mentioned in the section introduction formed within the polymer matrix , thus holding the
the preparation of polymer/ graphite composite by entrapped graphite particles more intact. This causes
free-radical induced polymerization in the presence an increase in the conductivity and finally it attains
of dispersed graphite particles is a commonly an optimum value. However, as the concentration of
adopted method. But the non-uniform distribution of crosslinkers is increased further, the number of
graphite particles, on a micro scale level, may result crosslinkes increase and this reduces the free space
in formation of gel composite having un-even available among the three-dimensional crosslinked
physico-chemical and other related properties along segments and so the space available is small enough
the polymer network. However, in the present study, as compared to the size of the micro sized particles.
the polymerization of acrylamaid and itaconic acid This is turn causes the weakening of the inter-
takes place within the aqueous phase which is connectivities among graphite particles, thus causing
present within the settled graphite column. a decrease inelectrical conductivity. Almost similar
Therefore, the chances of inhomogeneous result have also been reported elsewhere[3].
distribution of Gt particles within the polymer
network are almost nil. Fig.2 shows the overall Effect of IA content or conductivity
scheme of formation of polymer/ graphite The effect of IA content in the polymer/
composite. In order to ensure the uniformity in the graphite composite on the electrical conductivity
graphite particles distribution along the polymer was investigated by measuring conductivity of
matrix, we carried out an experiment. The volume of various samples, containing varying moles of IA in
various composite discs, obtained from same the feed mixture, in the range of 230.59 to 1383.55
sample, was determined accurately using heptane as micro mol as shown in Fig.6. The results indicated
a non-solvent Then mass of each composite disc was that with the increase of IA content in the composite,
measured accurately and finally density of all the electrical conductivity continues to increase, attains
samples was calculated using the density = an optimum value of 193.43for 1152.95micro mol of
mass/volume relationship. Finally, all the density IA, and then it begins to decrease with further
1533 | P a g e
3. S .K. Bajpai, S. Awasthi, Abhishek Dubey/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1532-1537
increase in content of monomer acid. The results 4. Lin,J.; Tang,Q.; Wu,J. Reactive and Funct.
obtained may be explained on the basis of the fact Polymer 2007,67,489.
that initially when IA content is low, the graphite 5. Tang,Q.; Wu,J.; Sun,H.; Lin,j.; Fan,s.;
particles that are present within the three Hu,D. Carbohydrate polymers 2008,
dimensional networks are not much intact or have 74,215.
insufficient inter-particles connectivity. As the IA 6. Fouad, H.; Elleithy, R. J. Mech , Behav.
content increase, the presence of carboxylic acid Biomed, Mater . 2011, 49(7),1376.
groups causes an enhancement in the inter-segmental 7. Eswarajah,V.; Balasubramaniam,K.;
hydrogen bonding interactions which produce Ramprabhu,S. Nanoscale2012,4(4),1258.
additional crosslinks within the polymer networks. 8. Segerstrom,S.; Sandbargh-Englund,G.;
As a results, the graphite particles have better Ruyter,E.L. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 2011, 11a(3),
connectivity with each other, thus resulting in 246.
enhancement in the electrical conductivity of the 9. Fan, H; Wang, L.; Zhao,K.; Shi , Z. ; Jin ,
composite. However, beyond 193.43 micro mol Z. ;and Ge, Z. Biomacromolecule ,2011,
concentration of IA, the further rise in IA content 11(9), 2345.
causes the mesh size of the polymer network
sufficiently small enough so that the micrometer Captions
sized graphite particles are not well occupied in the Figure 1. Optical photograph of (A) poly(Am-co-IA)
three dimentional crosslinked networks and hence and (B) poly(Am-co-IA)/Gt composite.
begin to lack of connecting channels. Finally, this Figure 2. Schemes showing formation of poly(Am-
result in decrease in the conductivity of the polymer co-IA)/Gt composite.
of composite. Figure 3. Test for uniform distribution of graphite
Similarly, the conductivity of powder within the polymer matrix.
polymer/graphite gel showed similar trend when Fig.4 SEM image of polymer/graphite composite
content of other monomer Am was increased (Please Figure 5. Effect concentration of MB in the feed
see Fig.7). This can also be explained as follows : mixture on electrical conductivity of the poly(Am-
when amount of Am is sufficiently low, these is not co-IA)/Gt composite.
enough network formation and this results is Figure 6. Effect of monomer IA concentration in the
incapability of crosslinked segments to hold the feed mixture on electrical conductivity of the
micro sized graphite particles almost intact, thus poly(Am-co-IA)/Gt composite.
causing low conductivity .On increasing the Figure 7. Effect of Am concentration in the feed
monomer content ,fairly high degree of mixture on electrical conductivity of the poly(Am-
polymerization occurs with fairly dense network co-IA)/Gt composite.
This keeps the graphite particles almost intact and
allows optimal conductivity. However, when
Am content is further increased , the polymer
fraction in the composite increases . Since Am is
nonionic in nature , it causes a decrease is the
conductivity of the resulting composite material.
CONCLUSION
From the above steady it may be concluded
that poly (Am-co-IA)/ Gt composite , produced by
free radical initiated polymerization of Am and IA
in the presence of pre-settled graphite powder
results in formation of composite with uniformly
distributed Gt particles throughout the polymer
matrix.. It conductivity changes with amount of
crosslinker MB ,ones monomer Am and IA present
in the feed mixture.
References
1. Lan, z.; Wu, J. H.; Wang, D. B.; Wao, s. c.;
Lin, J. M. & Huang, V. F; Solar Energy
2006, ,90,1483.
2. Kato,T; Okazaki,A; Hayase,S.
J.photobiology A:chemistry 2006, 179,42.
3. Lin,J.; Tang,Q.; Wu,J; Hao,S. Reactive
and Funct. Polymer 2007,67,275.
1534 | P a g e
4. S .K. Bajpai, S. Awasthi, Abhishek Dubey/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1532-1537
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3
1535 | P a g e
5. S .K. Bajpai, S. Awasthi, Abhishek Dubey/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1532-1537
Fig.4
Fig.5
Fig.6
1536 | P a g e
6. S .K. Bajpai, S. Awasthi, Abhishek Dubey/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.1532-1537
Fig.7
1537 | P a g e