Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Characteristics of ALL Invertebrates:
•Invertebrate animals have no inner skeleton or backbone.
•Most invertebrates are very small, but some are enormous.
•Some invertebrate bodies are protected by shells or
exoskeletons, but others have no covering.
3. •Most invertebrates are symmetrical.
•Some invertebrates have a body that has no symmetry.
•Most invertebrates are oviparous.
•A larva hatches from an egg.
4. •Many invertebrates live in the sea, but some live in fresh water,
and others on land.
•Most invertebrates can move.
•Some invertebrates don’t move.
•They attach themselves to rocks or the sea floor.
•Parasites live inside of other animals and harm them.
6. 1. SPONGES
• Sponges have irregular bodies and no symmetry.
• They cannot move from one place to another.
• They attach themselves to rocks or the sea floor.
• They filter seawater and retain the nutritive substances for food.
7. 2. CNIDARIANS
• Cnidarians have jelly-like bodies.
• They have tentacles.
• They are marine animals.
• Some cnidarians, the coral and sea anemone, attach themselves to rocks.
• Other cnidarians, such as jellyfishes, can move about.
8. 3. ECHINODERMS
• Echinoderms have five-way shape.
• They have an exoskeleton made of hard plates, often with spikes.
• They are covered by a thin skin under the spikes or hard exoskeleton.
• All echinoderms are marine animals.
9. 4. MOLLUSKS
• Mollusks have a soft body.
• They don’t have a skeleton or exoskeleton.
• Mollusks don’t have legs, but some have flexible tentacles.
• Most mollusks grow a hard shell for protection.
• Most mollusks are aquatic, but a few live on land.
• There are three main groups of mollusks: gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods.
10. a. GASTROPODS
• Gastropods have a head with four tentacles.
• These four tentacles have the sense organs of the gastropods.
• Gastropods have one foot to move.
• Marine gastropods eat algae, but most terrestrial gastropods are herbivores.
• Most gastropods have one spiral shell which protects their internal organs.
• Some gastropods have no shell, for example, slugs.
11. b. BIVALVES
• Bivalves have a shell made up of two halves.
• The halves can open and close.
• They can close very tightly for protection.
• Bivalves have a soft body but no head.
• All bivalves are aquatic.
12. • Some bivalves, mussels, attach themselves to rocks on the ocean floor.
• Other bivalves, oysters, move from one place to another.
• To obtain food, bivalves filter saltwater and retain the nutritive substances.
• One process that is unique to bivalves is pearl formation.
13. c. CEPHALOPODS
• Cephalopods have a well –developed brain.
• They have eight or ten tentacles.
• All cephalopods are marine.
• They move their body and expel water to go from one place to another.
• Some of them have a very small internal skeleton, called a cartilage.
14. • All cephalopods are carnivores.
• They capture their prey with the tentacles.
• Some cephalopods can expel black ink from their bodies.
• These cephalopods use the ink to hide.
• Other cephalopods camouflage themselves to hide.
15. 5. WORMS
• Worms have long and soft bodies.
• They are oviparous.
• Some worms have bodies divided into segments.
• Some worms are round, but others are flat.
• Some worms are aquatic, and others are terrestrial.
• Many worms are parasites.
16. 6. ARTHROPODS
• Their bodies are totally covered by an exoskeleton.
• The exoskeleton is like a human skeleton.
• It protects the body, but it is external.
• The exoskeleton is rigid.
• Sometimes the arthropod moults and grows a new
exoskeleton.
17. • The sense organs of arthropods are well developed.
• They have antennae and eyes.
• The eyes can be simple or compound.
• Compound eyes are made up of thousands of smaller, simple
eyes.
• Insects, arachnids, crustacean and myriapods are the four kinds of
arthropods.
18. a. INSECTS
• Insects are the most numerous animal group.
• An insect body is divided into three parts: head, thorax and abdomen.
• The head has a mouth, two eyes, and two antennae.
• The thorax has six legs.
• Many insects have wings on the thorax.
19. • Insects can live everywhere except the open sea.
• They eat many different types of food.
• Some insects, like bees or silkworms, produce substances which are
useful for people.
• Others are harmful, they cause illness, destroy crops or spoil food.
20. b. ARACHNIDS
• These arthropods have eight legs.
• An arthropod body is made up of two parts: the abdomen and the
cephalothorax.
• Scorpions and spiders are arachnids.
• Most are terrestrial and some are carnivorous.
• They hunt and eat other animals.
21. c. CRUSTACEANS
• Most crustaceans are aquatic.
• Many have ten legs, two pairs of antennae and compound eyes.
• The body is made up of two parts: abdomen and the
cephalothorax.
• Crustaceans have joints and can bend their body.
• Many crustaceans are used for food.
22. d. MYRIAPODS
•Myriapods have long bodies made up of many identical
segments.
•Each segment has one or two pairs of legs.
•The head has two short antennae.
23. Answer the questions.
1. What are invertebrates?
2. What are the six groups of invertebrates?
3. What kind of body do cnidarians have?
4. Give three examples of cnidarians.
5. What kind of body do echinoderms have?
6. What kind of body do gastropods have?
7. What are the three kinds of mollusks?
8. What kind of body do arthropods have?
9. What kind of invertebrates are mostly parasites?
10. How do sponges eat?
24. 11. What kind of body do worms have?
12.What happens to arthropod skin?
13.What kind of body do arachnids and crustaceans have?
14.What is the exoskeleton?
15.What are the four kinds of arthropods?
16.Give two differences between insects and arachnids.
17.What is similar between sponges and bivalves?
18.What kind of body do myriapods have?
19.What are the three parts of the body of insects?
20.How do cephalopods move?
