INTRODUCTION: A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. EXAMPLES: 1) HIV/AIDS is an example of one of the most destructive global pandemics in history. 2) Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918. 3) In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800 people worldwide. OBJECTIVES OF LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: ROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: The federal government has the central role in shaping all aspects of the health care sector. Strong federal leadership, a clear direction in pursuit of common aims, and consistent policies and practices across all government health care functions and programs are needed to raise the level of quality for the programs’ beneficiaries and to drive improvement in the health care sector overall. The federal government plays a number of different roles in the health care arena, including regulator; purchaser of care; provider of health care services; and sponsor of applied research, demonstrations, and education and training programs for health care professionals. Each of these roles can support the accomplishment of somewhat different objectives along the spectrum from quality assurance to quality improvement to quality innovation. PROVISION OF NECESSITIES: If people are instructed to avoid public places, such as markets, stores, and pharmacies, or if those places are required to close, there will be a need for people to procure food, medicine, and other necessities in some other way. Similarly, shutting down mass transit may prevent people from being able to get to those facilities that do remain open, and it could prevent some people from being able to seek medical care. Such a situation also raises distributive-justice concerns since those people with the least resources will be least likely to be able to procure additional resources before closings occur. Ideally governments would set up networks for the distribution of necessary provisions to citizens’ homes, with a particular focus on those most in need. Such distribution should be consistent and reliable, and it should provide necessities such as food and medicine for the duration of social-distancing measures. It should also be conducted in such a manner as to minimize interaction with potentially infectious people, and those people responsible for distributing provisions should use infection-control precautions to decrease the likelihood that they will spread disease. Transportation for medical care should be provided as needed by personnel who are apprised of the risks involved in transporting potentially infectious people; these personnel should be provided with protective equipment that will allow them to guard themselves from the disease and to avoid spreading it to others. Similarly, a program should be put in place for the removal of bodies from homes in a safe and efficient manner. Resource constraints and logistical difficulties are likely to impede such a program in many areas. Many gov.

1. INTRODUCTION:
A pandemic is a global disease outbreak.
EXAMPLES: 1) HIV/AIDS is an example of one of the most destructive global pandemics in
history.
2) Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918.
3) In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800
people worldwide.
OBJECTIVES OF LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
ROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
The federal government has the central role in shaping all aspects of the health care sector.
Strong federal leadership, a clear direction in pursuit of common aims, and consistent policies
and practices across all government health care functions and programs are needed to raise the
level of quality for the programs’ beneficiaries and to drive improvement in the health care
sector overall.
The federal government plays a number of different roles in the health care arena, including
regulator; purchaser of care; provider of health care services; and sponsor of applied research,
demonstrations, and education and training programs for health care professionals. Each of these
roles can support the accomplishment of somewhat different objectives along the spectrum from
quality assurance to quality improvement to quality innovation.
PROVISION OF NECESSITIES:
If people are instructed to avoid public places, such as markets, stores, and pharmacies, or if
those places are required to close, there will be a need for people to procure food, medicine, and
other necessities in some other way. Similarly, shutting down mass transit may prevent people
from being able to get to those facilities that do remain open, and it could prevent some people
from being able to seek medical care. Such a situation also raises distributive-justice concerns
since those people with the least resources will be least likely to be able to procure additional
resources before closings occur.
Ideally governments would set up networks for the distribution of necessary provisions to
citizens’ homes, with a particular focus on those most in need. Such distribution should be
consistent and reliable, and it should provide necessities such as food and medicine for the
duration of social-distancing measures. It should also be conducted in such a manner as to
minimize interaction with potentially infectious people, and those people responsible for
distributing provisions should use infection-control precautions to decrease the likelihood that
they will spread disease. Transportation for medical care should be provided as needed by
personnel who are apprised of the risks involved in transporting potentially infectious people;

2. these personnel should be provided with protective equipment that will allow them to guard
themselves from the disease and to avoid spreading it to others. Similarly, a program should be
put in place for the removal of bodies from homes in a safe and efficient manner.
Resource constraints and logistical difficulties are likely to impede such a program in many
areas. Many governments may lack the resources to provide food, medicine, and other
necessities to its citizens during a pandemic. Even if the resources are available, the workforce
needed to conduct distribution may be absent, especially at the height of a pandemic when a
substantial number of people would be ill. Furthermore, there may not be enough people willing
to interact closely with potentially infectious people to allow such a system to function.
Shortages of personnel may be especially likely for medical transport and mortuary services.
At the very least, governments should do what they can to facilitate the provision of resources
before an area is hit by disease. To the extent possible governments should give advance warning
of disease and make recommendations about what food, medicine, and other supplies should be
stockpiled and in what quantities. If they are able, governments should provide such necessities
for people unable to afford them on their own. Governments should provide access to medical
care to the greatest extent possible, perhaps by reassigning public safety officers to this purpose.
Governments should also provide a means by which people who have recovered from
influenza—and who thus presumably would be immune—could volunteer to assist others in the
provision of necessities.
INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL and BORDER CONTROLS:
Controls placed on international travel can also infringe upon civil liberties. The freedom of
movement is a basic right protected by national laws and international treaties, but it is subject to
limits when necessary for the public’s health. In particular, some of these limits can present
serious risks to privacy. For example, containment measures may require the travel industry to
collect and disclose passenger data. Such infringements on privacy rights can be justified only if
there is a genuine need to obtain high-quality surveillance data and if the infringements are
carried out in accordance with the fair information practices described in the surveillance section
above. To avoid discrimination and to ensure proportionality, public health officials should
inform the affected individuals about the reasons for the infringement, the intended use of the
information, and the extent to which third parties can have access to the data.
Given the transboundary nature of travel advisories as well as the economic impact they can
have on affected countries, it should be left to the WHO to issue transparent and clearly justified
travel recommendations in accordance with the revised IHR. It is the responsibility of individual
countries to communicate all relevant information on the emergence of a public health threat to
the international community. This responsibility is related to the surveillance duties and to the
issues that accompany them. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the national government to use

3. whatever policy instruments it has available to ensure that it can comply with the requirements of
the new IHR.
ISOLATION and QUARANTINE:
Isolation and quarantine are two of the oldest disease-control methods in existence and would
likely be used in at least some instances during an influenza pandemic. While the terms
“quarantine,” “isolation,” and “compulsory hospitalization” are often used interchangeably, they
are, in fact, distinct. The modern definition of quarantine is the restriction of the activities of
asymptomatic persons who have been exposed to a communicable disease, during or
immediately prior to the period of communicability, to prevent disease transmission. In contrast,
isolation is the separation, for the period of communicability, of known infected persons in such
places and under such conditions as to prevent or limit the transmission of the infectious agent
Quarantine and isolation can be accomplished by various means, including confining people to
their own homes, restricting travel out of an affected area, and keeping people at a designated
facility Whatever techniques are used, it is important to treat symptomatic, potentially infected,
and non-exposed populations differently. For example, it would be inappropriate to place
infected individuals in the same room as those who are only possibly exposed.
Quarantine and isolation are the most complex and controversial public health powers. Given
that they involve a significant deprivation of an individual’s liberty in the name of public health,
quarantine and isolation expose the tension between the interests of society in protecting the
health of its citizens and the civil liberties of individuals, such as privacy, non-discrimination,
freedom of movement, and freedom from arbitrary detention.
CONCLUSION:
Preparing for an pandemic diseses forces society to face a number of difficult challenges, many
of which transcend the issue of mere scientific effectiveness. Public health emergencies raise
serious ethical issues which are central to society’s commitment to freedom and social justice.
Even when effective, public health interventions can have serious adverse consequences on
economic and civil liberties. It is vital that individual rights are only sacrificed when absolutely
necessary to protect the public’s health. As such, laws must clearly establish the criteria under
which governments can exercise emergency powers. These laws must also provide adequate due
process and ensure that any infringements on individual rights are minimized.
Solution
INTRODUCTION:
A pandemic is a global disease outbreak.

4. EXAMPLES: 1) HIV/AIDS is an example of one of the most destructive global pandemics in
history.
2) Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918.
3) In 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800
people worldwide.
OBJECTIVES OF LOCAL, STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
ROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT:
The federal government has the central role in shaping all aspects of the health care sector.
Strong federal leadership, a clear direction in pursuit of common aims, and consistent policies
and practices across all government health care functions and programs are needed to raise the
level of quality for the programs’ beneficiaries and to drive improvement in the health care
sector overall.
The federal government plays a number of different roles in the health care arena, including
regulator; purchaser of care; provider of health care services; and sponsor of applied research,
demonstrations, and education and training programs for health care professionals. Each of these
roles can support the accomplishment of somewhat different objectives along the spectrum from
quality assurance to quality improvement to quality innovation.
PROVISION OF NECESSITIES:
If people are instructed to avoid public places, such as markets, stores, and pharmacies, or if
those places are required to close, there will be a need for people to procure food, medicine, and
other necessities in some other way. Similarly, shutting down mass transit may prevent people
from being able to get to those facilities that do remain open, and it could prevent some people
from being able to seek medical care. Such a situation also raises distributive-justice concerns
since those people with the least resources will be least likely to be able to procure additional
resources before closings occur.
Ideally governments would set up networks for the distribution of necessary provisions to
citizens’ homes, with a particular focus on those most in need. Such distribution should be
consistent and reliable, and it should provide necessities such as food and medicine for the
duration of social-distancing measures. It should also be conducted in such a manner as to
minimize interaction with potentially infectious people, and those people responsible for
distributing provisions should use infection-control precautions to decrease the likelihood that
they will spread disease. Transportation for medical care should be provided as needed by
personnel who are apprised of the risks involved in transporting potentially infectious people;
these personnel should be provided with protective equipment that will allow them to guard
themselves from the disease and to avoid spreading it to others. Similarly, a program should be
put in place for the removal of bodies from homes in a safe and efficient manner.

5. Resource constraints and logistical difficulties are likely to impede such a program in many
areas. Many governments may lack the resources to provide food, medicine, and other
necessities to its citizens during a pandemic. Even if the resources are available, the workforce
needed to conduct distribution may be absent, especially at the height of a pandemic when a
substantial number of people would be ill. Furthermore, there may not be enough people willing
to interact closely with potentially infectious people to allow such a system to function.
Shortages of personnel may be especially likely for medical transport and mortuary services.
At the very least, governments should do what they can to facilitate the provision of resources
before an area is hit by disease. To the extent possible governments should give advance warning
of disease and make recommendations about what food, medicine, and other supplies should be
stockpiled and in what quantities. If they are able, governments should provide such necessities
for people unable to afford them on their own. Governments should provide access to medical
care to the greatest extent possible, perhaps by reassigning public safety officers to this purpose.
Governments should also provide a means by which people who have recovered from
influenza—and who thus presumably would be immune—could volunteer to assist others in the
provision of necessities.
INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL and BORDER CONTROLS:
Controls placed on international travel can also infringe upon civil liberties. The freedom of
movement is a basic right protected by national laws and international treaties, but it is subject to
limits when necessary for the public’s health. In particular, some of these limits can present
serious risks to privacy. For example, containment measures may require the travel industry to
collect and disclose passenger data. Such infringements on privacy rights can be justified only if
there is a genuine need to obtain high-quality surveillance data and if the infringements are
carried out in accordance with the fair information practices described in the surveillance section
above. To avoid discrimination and to ensure proportionality, public health officials should
inform the affected individuals about the reasons for the infringement, the intended use of the
information, and the extent to which third parties can have access to the data.
Given the transboundary nature of travel advisories as well as the economic impact they can
have on affected countries, it should be left to the WHO to issue transparent and clearly justified
travel recommendations in accordance with the revised IHR. It is the responsibility of individual
countries to communicate all relevant information on the emergence of a public health threat to
the international community. This responsibility is related to the surveillance duties and to the
issues that accompany them. Ultimately, it is the responsibility of the national government to use
whatever policy instruments it has available to ensure that it can comply with the requirements of
the new IHR.
ISOLATION and QUARANTINE:

6. Isolation and quarantine are two of the oldest disease-control methods in existence and would
likely be used in at least some instances during an influenza pandemic. While the terms
“quarantine,” “isolation,” and “compulsory hospitalization” are often used interchangeably, they
are, in fact, distinct. The modern definition of quarantine is the restriction of the activities of
asymptomatic persons who have been exposed to a communicable disease, during or
immediately prior to the period of communicability, to prevent disease transmission. In contrast,
isolation is the separation, for the period of communicability, of known infected persons in such
places and under such conditions as to prevent or limit the transmission of the infectious agent
Quarantine and isolation can be accomplished by various means, including confining people to
their own homes, restricting travel out of an affected area, and keeping people at a designated
facility Whatever techniques are used, it is important to treat symptomatic, potentially infected,
and non-exposed populations differently. For example, it would be inappropriate to place
infected individuals in the same room as those who are only possibly exposed.
Quarantine and isolation are the most complex and controversial public health powers. Given
that they involve a significant deprivation of an individual’s liberty in the name of public health,
quarantine and isolation expose the tension between the interests of society in protecting the
health of its citizens and the civil liberties of individuals, such as privacy, non-discrimination,
freedom of movement, and freedom from arbitrary detention.
CONCLUSION:
Preparing for an pandemic diseses forces society to face a number of difficult challenges, many
of which transcend the issue of mere scientific effectiveness. Public health emergencies raise
serious ethical issues which are central to society’s commitment to freedom and social justice.
Even when effective, public health interventions can have serious adverse consequences on
economic and civil liberties. It is vital that individual rights are only sacrificed when absolutely
necessary to protect the public’s health. As such, laws must clearly establish the criteria under
which governments can exercise emergency powers. These laws must also provide adequate due
process and ensure that any infringements on individual rights are minimized.