PHP Introduction Guide - Learn PHP Basics

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C-DAC,Bytes
NewDelhi
Introduction to PHPIntroduction to PHP
Prabhat Jonathan

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What is PHP?
 PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
 PHP is a server-side scripting language, like
ASP
 PHP scripts are executed on the server
 PHP supports many databases (MySQL,
Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL,
Generic ODBC, etc.)
 PHP is an open source software
 PHP is free to download and use
 PHP is an interpreted language.

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What is a PHP File?
PHP files can contain text, HTML
tags and scripts
PHP files are returned to the
browser as plain HTML
PHP files have a file extension of
".php", ".php3", or ".phtml"

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Why PHP?
 PHP runs on different platforms
(Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.)
 PHP is compatible with almost all
servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
 PHP is FREE to download from the
official PHP resource: www.php.net
 PHP is easy to learn and runs
efficiently on the server side
 PHP is an open-source projec

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PHP: Development environment
must contain at least three
components:
 A base operating system (OS) and server
environment (usually Linux)
 A Web server (usually Apache on Linux or IIS on
Windows) to intercept HTTP requests and either
serve them directly or pass them on to the PHP
interpreter for execution
 A PHP interpreter to parse and execute PHP code,
and return the results to the Web server
There’s also often a fourth optional but very
useful component:
 A database engine (such as MySQL) that holds
application data, accepts connections from the PHP
layer, and modifies or retrieves data from the
database

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PHP Syntax
A PHP scripting block always
starts with <?php and ends with ?
>. A PHP scripting block can be
placed anywhere in the
document.
<?php
// this line of code displays a famous quotation
echo ‘Love Can Make Any One Poet!';
?>

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Comments in PHP
Single-line comments must be
preceded by the // characters
multiline comments must be enclosed
within a /* ... */ comment block

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Mixing PHP with HTML
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "Hello World";
?>
</body>
</html>

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PHP Variables
A variable is simply a container that’s
used to store both numeric and non-
numeric information
Every variable name must be preceded
with a dollar ($) symbol and must begin
with a letter or underscore character
So, for example, $root, $_num, and
$query2

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Assigning Values to Variables
Assigning a value to a variable in PHP
is quite easy: use the equality (=)
symbol, which also happens to be
PHP’s assignment operator.
<?php
// assign value to variable
$name = ‘Prabhat’;
?>
<h2>
Welcome to <?php echo $name; ?>'s Blog!
</h2>

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Destroying Variables
<?php
// assign value to variable
$car = 'Porsche';
// print variable value
// output: 'Before unset(), my car is a Porsche'
echo "Before unset(), my car is a $car";
// destroy variable
unset($car);
// print variable value
// this will generate an 'undefined variable' error
// output: 'After unset(), my car is a '
echo "After unset(), my car is a $car";
?>

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Assignment Operators
= operator is Assignment
Operator

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The if Statement
if (condition) code to be executed if
condition is true;
<?php
// if number is less than zero
// print message
$number = -88;
if ($number < 0) {
echo 'That number is negative';
}
?>

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The If...Else Statement
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is
true;
else
code to be executed if condition is
false;

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<?php
// change message depending on whether
// number is less than zero or not
$number = -88;
if ($number < 0) {
echo 'That number is negative';
} else {
echo 'That number is either positive or zero';
}
?>

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The if-elseif-else Statement<?php
// handle multiple possibilities
// define a different message for each day
$today = 'Tuesday';
if ($today == 'Monday') {
echo 'Monday's child is fair of face.';
} elseif ($today == 'Tuesday') {
echo 'Tuesday's child is full of grace.';
} elseif ($today == 'Wednesday') {
echo 'Wednesday's child is full of woe.';
} elseif ($today == 'Thursday') {
echo 'Thursday's child has far to go.';
} elseif ($today == 'Friday') {
echo 'Friday's child is loving and giving.';
} elseif ($today == 'Saturday') {
echo 'Saturday's child works hard for a living.';
} else {
echo 'No information available for that day';
}
?>

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The switch-case Statement<?php
// handle multiple possibilities
// define a different message for each day
$today = 'Tuesday';
switch ($today) {
case 'Monday':
echo 'Monday's child is fair of face.';
break;
case 'Tuesday':
echo 'Tuesday's child is full of grace.';
break;
case 'Wednesday':
echo 'Wednesday's child is full of woe.';
break;
case 'Thursday':
echo 'Thursday's child has far to go.';
break;
case 'Friday':
echo 'Friday's child is loving and giving.';
break;
case 'Saturday':
echo 'Saturday's child works hard for a living.';
break;
default:
echo 'No information available for that day';
break;
}
?>

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Repeating Actions with Loops

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The while Statement
Syntax
while (condition)
code to be executed;
<?php
// repeat continuously until counter becomes 10
// output: 'xxxxxxxxx'
$counter = 1;
while ($counter < 10) {
echo 'x';
$counter++;
}
?>

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The do-while Loop
Syntax
do
{
} while (condition);

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<?php
// output: 'xxxxxxxxx'
$counter = 1;
do {
echo 'x';
$counter++;
} while ($counter < 10);
?>

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The for Loop
 Syntax
for (init; cond; incr)
{
}
 init: Is mostly used to set a counter, but can be any code to be
executed once at the beginning of the loop statement.
 cond: Is evaluated at beginning of each loop iteration. If the
condition evaluates to TRUE, the loop continues and the code
executes. If it evaluates to FALSE, the execution of the loop
ends.
 incr: Is mostly used to increment a counter, but can be any
code to be executed at the end of each loop.

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<?php
// output:
for ($x=1; $x<10; $x++) {
echo "$x ";
}
?>

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Create a PHP Function
 All functions start with the word "function()"
 Name the function - It should be possible to
understand what the function does by its
name. The name can start with a letter or
underscore (not a number)
 Add a "{" - The function code starts after the
opening curly brace
 Insert the function code
 Add a "}" - The function is finished by a
closing curly brace

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<?php
function nme()
{
echo "Kya hal hae DAC !";
}
nme();
?>

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PHP Arrays
 An array can store one or more values
in a single variable name.
 There are three different kind of
arrays:
Numeric array - An array with a numeric
ID key
Associative array - An array where each
ID key is associated with a value
Multidimensional array - An array
containing one or more arrays

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Numeric Arrays
A numeric array stores each
element with a numeric ID key.
$names = array("Prabhat",“Nitesh",“shudhanshu");

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<? Php
$names[0] = “Arvind";
$names[1] = “Nitesh";
$names[2] = “shudhanshu";
echo $names[1] . " and " . $names[2] . " are ". $names[0] .
C-DAC Students ";
?>

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Associative Arrays
<?php
// define array
$fruits = array('apple', 'banana', 'pineapple', 'grape');
?>

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The keys of the array must be unique<?php
// define array
$fruits = array(
'a' => 'apple',
'b' => 'banana',
'p' => 'pineapple',
'g' => 'grape‘
Echo “$fruit[“a”] is gud friut”
);
?>

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Multidimensional Arrays
 onion, 0.50
 apple, 2.50
 orange, 2.00
 chicken, 3.50
 potato, 1.00
 Fish,5.00

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$foodPrices[‘onion’] = 0.50;
$foodPrices[‘apple’] = 2.50;
$foodPrices[‘orange’] = 2.00;
$foodPrices[‘chicken’] = 3.50;
$foodPrices[‘potato’] = 1.00;
$foodPrices[‘fish’] = 5.00;

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 $foodPrices [‘vegetable’] [‘onion’] = 0.50;
 $foodPrices [‘vegetable’] [‘potato’] = 1.00;
 $foodPrices [‘fruit’] [‘apple’] = 2.50;
 $foodPrices [‘fruit’] [‘orange’] = 2.00;
 $foodPrices [‘meat’] [‘chicken’] = 3.50;
 $foodPrices [‘meat’] [‘fish’] = 5.00;

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$foodPrices key value
vegetable onion
Potato
0.50
1.00
fruit orange
apple
2.00
2.50
meat chicken
Fish
3.50
5.00

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$foodPrices = array(
“vegetable”=>
array(“potato”=>1.00,
”onion”=>.50),
“fruit”=>
array(“apple”=>2.50,
”orange”=>2.00)
);

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Using multidimensional
arrays in statements
 $fishPrice = $foodPrices[‘meat’][‘fish’];
 echo “The price of fish is Rs .” $fishprice ;

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Sorting an Array in PHP
sort(), to sort an array in
ascending order

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<?php
$narray[0]="Alfred";
$narray[1]="Robert";
$narray[2]="Deepak";
$narray[3]="Teresa";
$narray[4]="Joshua";
$narray[5]="Chandni";
$narray[6]="Sadiq";
$narray[7]="Vladimir";
for($i=0; $i<8; $i++)
{
print $narray[$i] . "<br />";
}
?>

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 The output of this PHP code is:
Alfred
Robert
Deepak
Teresa
Joshua
Chandni
Sadiq
Vladimir

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sort($narray);
for($i=0; $i<8; $i++)
{
}

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Alfred
Chandni
Deepak
Joshua
Robert
Sadiq
Teresa
Vladimir

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rsort($narray);
for($i=0; $i<8; $i++)
{
}

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 Now the output is:
Vladimir
Teresa
Sadiq
Robert
Joshua
Deepak
Chandni
Alfred

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PHP Cookies
 Users may set their browsers to refuse
cookies
 If your application depends on cookies, it won’t run if
cookies are turned off.
 PHP has features that work better than
cookies.
 PHP 5, PHP sessions can store information that is
available for the entire session
 You can store data in a database.
 Users can’t delete the data in your database
unexpectedly.

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Setting Cookies with PHP:
 PHP provided setcookie() function to set a cookie.
 Name - This sets the variable name of the cookie and is
stored in an environment variable called $_COOKIE or
$HTTP_COOKIE_VARS variables. This variable is used
while accessing cookies.
 Value -This sets the value of the named variable and is the
content that you actually want to store.
 Expiry - This specify a future time in seconds since
00:00:00 GMT on 1st Jan 1970. After this time cookie will
become inaccessible. If this parameter is not set then
cookie will automatically expire when the Web Browser is
closed.
Setcookie (variable_name, value, expire);

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setcookie(“state”,”UP”);
echo “Your home state is “.
$_COOKIE[“state”];
or
echo “Your home state is “. .
$HTTP_COOKIE_VARS [“state”];
Your home state is UP

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Setting expiration dates
 The expiretime value sets the time when the
cookie expires.
 time: This function returns the current time in a
format the computer can understand.
 You use the time function plus a number of seconds to set the
expiration time of the cookie
 setcookie(“state”,”UP”,time()+3600);
//expires in one hour
 setcookie(“Name”,$Name,time()
+(3*86400))//expires 3 days

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mktime: This function returns a date and time in a
format that the computer can understand. You must
provide the desired date and time in the following
order: hour, minute, second, month, day, and year
 setcookie(“state”,”CA”,mktime(3,0,0,4,1,2009));
//Expires at 3:00 AM on April 1, 2009
 setcookie(“state”,”CA”,mktime(13,0,0,,,));
//expires at 1:00 PM today

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isset()
isset() function to check if a
cookie is set or not.

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<html>
<head>
<title>Accessing Cookies with PHP</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php if( isset($_COOKIE["name"]))
echo "Welcome " . $_COOKIE["name"] . "<br
/>";
else echo "Sorry... Not recognized" . "<br />";
?>
</body>
</html>

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PHP Sessions
A session is the time that a user spends
at your Web site
A session creates a file in a temporary
directory on the server where registered
session variables and their values are
stored. This data will be available to all
pages on the site during that visit.

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 To make session information available, PHP does the
following:
1. PHP assigns a session ID number.
2. PHP stores the variables that you want saved for the session in a file
on the server
3. PHP passes the session ID number to every page.
4. PHP gets the variables from the session file for each new session
page
 The variables are available in the $_SESSION array.
5. A session ends when the user loses the browser or after
leaving the site, the server will terminate the session after a
predetermined period of time, commonly 30 minutes duration

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Opening and closing sessions
Open the session with the session_start
function, as follows:
session_start();
The function first checks for an existing
session ID number. If it finds one, it sets
up the session variables. If it doesn’t
find one, it starts a new session by
creating a new session ID number.

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Storing a Session
Variable
To save a variable in a session so that
it’s available on later Web pages, store
the value in the $_SESSION array, as
follows:
$_SESSION[‘varname’] = “Prabhat”;

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Destroying a Session
 If you wish to delete some session
data, you can use the unset() or the
session_destroy() function
 session_destroy() will reset your
session and you will lose all your
stored session data. This function
does not need any argument
 unset() function to unset a session
variable. its need argument

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session_destroy()
<?php
session_destroy();
?>

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unset()
<?php
unset($_SESSION['counter']);
?>

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Using a form to upload a file
You can display a form that allows a
user to upload a file by using an HTML
form designed for that purpose. The
general format of the form is as follows:

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 The enctype attribute is used in the form tag.
You must set this attribute to multipart/form-data
when uploading a file to ensure the file arrives
correctly.
 A hidden field is included that sends a value
(in bytes) for MAX_FILE_SIZE. If the user tries
to upload a file that is larger than this value, it won’t
upload. When sending the value for MAX_FILE_SIZE
in your form, you need to consider two size settings
in php.ini
 The input field that uploads the file is of type
file.

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Note: The value for MAX_FILE_SIZE
must be sent before the file is uploaded
if you want the file size limit to apply to
the uploading file.
If you don’t like the location of the
temporary directory, you can change it
by changing upload_tmp_dir in the
php.ini file.

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Accessing information about
an uploaded file
 Along with the file, information about the file is sent
with the form. This information is stored in the PHP
built-in array called $_FILES.
 $_FILES["fieldname"]["name"] - the name of the uploaded
file
 $_FILES["fieldname"]["type"] - the type of the uploaded file
 $_FILES["fieldname"]["size"] - the size in bytes of the
uploaded file
 $_FILES["fieldname"]["tmp_name"] - the name of the
temporary copy of the file stored on the server
 $_FILES["fieldname"]["error"] - the error code resulting from
the file upload

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For Example
 suppose you use the following field to upload
a file:
<input type=”file” name=”user_file”>
 If the user uploads a file named test.txt by
using the form
$_FILES[user_file][name] = test.txt
$_FILES[user_file][type] = text/plain
$_FILES[user_file][tmp_name] =
D:WINNTphp92C.tmp
$_FILES[user_file][size] = 435

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Moving uploaded files to their
destination
The general format of the statement
that moves the file is as follows:
move_uploaded_file(path/tempfilename,pat
h/permfilename);
tempfilename:
element in $_FILES stores the temporary filename
and location
move_uploaded_file($_FILES[‘user_file’
][‘tmp_name’],‘c:datanew_file.txt’);

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Storing Data with PHP
 Many applications require the long-term
storage of information.
 The information needs to be stored on the
server
 Information can be stored on the server in flat
files or in databases.
 Flat files
are text files stored in the computer file system.
 Database
for data storage requires you to install and learn to use
database software, such as MySQL or Oracle.

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Using Flat Files
Using a flat file requires three steps:
1. Open the file.
2. Write data into the file or retrieve data from the file.
3. Close the file.

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Accessing files
$fh = fopen(“filename”,”mode”)
The variable, $fh, referred to as a file
handle

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The filename can be a simple filename
(filename.txt), a path to the file
(c:/data/filename.txt), or a URL
(http://yoursite.com/filename.txt)

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Opening files in read mode
$fh = fopen(“file1.txt”,”r”);
If the file can’t be found, a warning
message
Warning: fopen(file1.txt): failed to open
stream: No such file or directory in
d:test2.php on line 12
Remember, a warning condition does not stop the
script. The script continues to run, but the file doesn’t
open, so any later statements that read orwrite to the
file aren’t executed.

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a die statement
$fh = fopen(“file1.txt”,”r”)
or die(“Can’t open file”);

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Opening files in write mode
$fh = fopen(“c:/testdir/file1.txt”,”w”);
You can check whether a directory
exists before you try to write a file into it
by using the following statements:
If(is_dir(“c:/tester”))
{
$fh = fopen(“c:/testdir/file1.txt”,”w”);
}

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Closing a file
To close a file after you have finished
reading or writing it, use the following
statement:
fclose($fh);

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Writing to a file
 After you open the file, you can write into it by using
the fwrite statement, which has the following general
format:
fwrite($fh,datatosave);

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For example,
$today = date(“Y-m-d”);
$fh = fopen(“file2.txt”,”a”);
fwrite($fh,$today);
fclose($fh);
Note:-for data in separate line use
fwrite($fh,$today”n”);

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Reading from a file
You can read from a file by using the
fgets statement, which has the following
general format:
$line = fgets($fh)
$fh holds the pointer to the open file
PHP recognizes the end of the file, and
provides a function feof to tell you when
you reach the end of the file.

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while(!feof($fh))
{
$line = fgets($fh);
echo “$line;
}

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Working with Databases
 There are a large number of database
management systems currently available,
some commercial and some free
 IBM DB2
 Informix
 Ingres
 Microsoft SQL Server (MS SQL)
 mSQL
 MySQL
 Oracle
 PostgreSQL
 Sybase

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Choosing a RDBMS
Choosing a RDBMS depends on your
needs.
Cost
Features
Resources
Some RDBMSs require more resources, such as
disk space and memory, than others. Like oracle

84
Understanding Databases,
Records, and Primary Keys

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Understanding SQL Statements
Data Definition Language (DDL)
DDL consists of statements that define
the structure and relationships of a
database and its tables. Typically, these
statements are used to create, delete,
and modify databases and tables;
specify field names and types; and set
indexes.

86
 ● Data Manipulation Language (DML)
DML statements are related to altering and
extracting data from a database. These
statements are used to add records to, and
delete records from, a database; perform
queries; retrieve table records matching one
or more user-specified criteria; and join tables
together using their common fields.

87
● Data Control Language (DCL)
DCL statements are used to define
access levels and security privileges for
a database. You would use these
statements to grant or deny user
privileges; assign roles; change
passwords; view permissions; and
create rule sets to protect access to
data.

89
Creating and Populating a
Database
Creating the Database
mysql> CREATE DATABASE music;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
Next, select this newly database as the
default for all future commands with the
USE statement:
mysql> USE music;
Database changed

90
Adding Tables
mysql> CREATE TABLE artists (
-> artist_id INT(4) NOT NULL PRIMARY
KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> artist_name VARCHAR (50) NOT
NULL,
-> artist_country CHAR (2) NOT NULL
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)

91
 The NOT NULL modifier ensures that the field cannot
accept a NULL value after each field definition
 The PRIMARY KEY modifier marks the
corresponding field as the table’s primary key.
 The AUTO_INCREMENT modifier, which is only
available for numeric fields, tells MySQL to
automatically generate a value for this field every
time a new record is inserted into the table, by
incrementing the previous value by 1.

93
Adding Records
mysql> INSERT INTO artists (artist_id,
artist_name, artist_country)
-> VALUES ('1', 'Aerosmith', 'US');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

94
Executing Queries
 SQL allows you to
search for records
matching specific
criteria using the
SELECT statement
mysql> SELECT
artist_id,
artist_name
FROM artists;
artist_id artist_name
1 Kishore
2 Rafi
3 Lata
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

95
Using PHP with a database
Whichever database you’re using, the
steps to interact with a database are
similar:
1. Connect to the database.
2. Send an SQL query that contains
instructions for the database software.
3. If you retrieved data from the database,
process the data.
4. Close the connection to the database.

96
Connecting to the database
 Location:
 The database does not need to be on the same computer
where PHP is installed. Therefore, you need to tell the PHP
connect function the name of the computer where the
database is located (the hostname). You can supply either
a domain name (such as mycompany.com) or an IP
address (such as 172.17.204.2). If the database is on the
same computer as PHP, you can use localhost for the
hostname.
 Account name
 You must provide a valid account name that can be used
to access the database. The database administrator sets
this up. If you’re using a Web hosting company, you will be
given a valid account name.

97
Password:
You have to have a valid password to access the
database. The database administrator sets this up. If
you’re using a Web hosting company, you will be
given a valid password for your account.
Database name:
An RDBMS can create and maintain many
databases, so you need to tell it which database you
want to use.

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$host = “localhost”;
$account = “admin”;
$password = “secret”;
$dbname = “music”;

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The basic command
 mysql_connect($hos, $account, $password);
 The password is optional, depending on whether this
particular database user requires one (it’s a good
idea). If not, just leave that variable off.

100
mysqli function
mysqli_connect, which adds a fourth
parameter allowing you to select a
database in the same function you use
to connect.
 mysqli_connect($hos, $account, $password,
$dbname );

101
mysql_select_db
If you need it only if you want to use
multiple databases on the same
connection.
Next, you’ll want to choose a database
to work on:
mysql_select_db($database);
if you’re using variables; or
mysql_select_db(‘phpbook’);
if you’re using a literal string.

102
mysql_query()
A database query from PHP is basically
a MySQL command wrapped up in a
tiny PHP function called mysql_query().
This is where you use the basic SQL
workhorses of SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE, and DELETE

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mysql_query(“SELECT * FROM Product
WHERE ID<10”);
Or
$query = “SELECT * FROM Product WHERE
ID<10”;
$result = mysql_query($query);

104
Fetching Data Sets
 mysql_fetch_row:
Returns row as an enumerated array
 mysql_fetch_object:
Returns row as an object
 mysql_fetch_array:
 Returns row as an associative array
 mysql_result:
Returns one cell of data

105
mysql_fetch_row
$query = “SELECT ID, LastName, FirstName
FROM users WHERE Status = 1”;
while ($name_row = mysql_fetch_row($result)) {
print(“$name_row[0] $name_row[1]
$name_row[2]<BR>n”);
}
This code will output the specified rows from the database,
each line containing one row or
the information associated with a unique ID (if any).

106
mysql_fetch_object
 Function do the same task, except the row is
returned as an object rather than an array.
while ($row = mysql_fetch_object($result)) {
echo “$row->ID, $row->LastName, $row-
>FirstName<BR>n”;
}

107
mysql_fetch_array
 This function offers the choice of results as
an associative or an enumerated array or
both
while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {
echo “$row[‘ID’], $row[‘LastName’],
$row[‘FirstName’]<BR>n”;
}

108
Remember that mysql_fetch_array can
also be used exactly the same way as
mysql_fetch_row—with numerical
identifiers rather than field names.

109
Setting up PHP to send e-mail
 E-mail is sent by an outgoing e-mail server.
To send e-mail, you need access to an
outgoing server. If you can send e-mail from
your own computer right now, you’re using an
outgoing server.
 Your outgoing mail server is typically an
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) server.
Whether you use a LAN at work, a cable
modem at home, or an ISP via a modem, you
send your mail with an SMTP server, and the
server has an address that you need to know.

110
With the name of your outgoing mail
server in front of you, open php.ini
[mail function]
; For Win32 only.
SMTP = localhost
; For Win32 only.
;sendmail_from = me@localhost.com

111
 Windows users need to change the first two
settings. The first setting is where you put the
name of your outgoing server, as follows:
SMTP = mail.ispname.com
 The second setting is the return address that
is sent with all your e-mail. Change the
setting to the e-mail address you want to use
for your return address, as follows:
sendmail_from = Janet@Valade.com

112
Sending e-mail messages
PHP provides a function called mail that
sends e-mail from your script. The
format is as follows:
mail(address,subject,message,headers)
;

113
 address: The e-mail address that receives
the message
 subject: A string that goes on the subject line
of the e-mail message
 message: The content that goes in the e-mail
message
 headers: A string that sets values for e-mail
headers

114
 $to = “janet@valade.com”;
 $subj = “Test”;
 $mess = “This is a test of the mail function”;
 $headers =
bcc:techsupport@mycompany.com
 $mailsend = mail($to,$subj,$mess,$headers);

115
$to variable
You can send the message to more
than one person by using the following
statement:
$to=“janet@valade.com,me@mycompany.
com”;

116
$headers
Headers are optional. Only the first
three parameters are required.
The $mailsend variable contains TRUE
or FALSE. However, TRUE is no
guarantee that the mail will get to where
it’s going. It just means that it started
out okay.

117
Generating Personalized
PDF
Documents
 The PDF functions in PHP can create PDF files using
the PDFlib library which was initially created by
Thomas Merz and is now maintained by
» PDFlib GmbH.
 Be easy to design
 Work on many operating systems
 Be difficult to fraudulently duplicate or modify

118
Why use PDF with PHP?
Invoices for e-commerce sites
Report generation
 Anything that requires precise control
over printable output

119
pdf_new();
 First:create a blank pdf file
<anyname>.pdf
 To do this set a object, say $pdf, to handle
pdf manipulations.
$pdf = pdf_new();
To open the file, code we use the pdf_open_file
function.
 pdf_open_file($pdf, "C:abc.pdf");

120
 This should create a blank new pdf file
size 0kb
 The new file has no properties,
 We will need to use the pdf_set_info function
for this.
pdf_set_info($pdf, "Author", “prabhat");
pdf_set_info($pdf, "Title", "Creating a pdf");
pdf_set_info($pdf, "Creator", “prabhat");

121
pdf_begin_page
 PDF_begin_page ($pdfdoc , $width ,
$height )
pdf_begin_page($pdf, 595, 842);

123
pdf_findfont and pdf_setfont
Now it is time to assign a text
font for the information to be
displayed.
Arial font type with size of 14.
 $arial = pdf_findfont($pdf, "Arial", "host", 1);
pdf_setfont($pdf, $arial, 14);

124
pdf_show_xy
The x-values start from the left
hand side of the page and move
to the right.
The y-values start from the
bottom of the page and work
towards the top.

125
So if we wish to type some text
50 units from the left of the page
and 400 units from the bottom of
the page you would type the
following.
 pdf_show_xy($pdf, "<Type your info here>",50, 400);

126
pdf_end_page
pdf_end_page($pdf);
pdf_close($pdf);

129
Working with Elements
Accessing a particular element now
becomes as simple as using parent-
>child notation to traverse the object
tree until that element is reached.

130
<?php
// load XML file
$xml = simplexml_load_file(‘books.xml') or die
("Unable to load XML!");
echo “title: " . $xml->book->title . "n";
echo "author: " . $xml->book->author. "n";
?>

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