The document provides an extensive overview of pharmacology, detailing the definition of drugs, their classification, and their mechanisms of action. It covers various branches of pharmacology, including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and clinical pharmacology, as well as drug interactions and safety considerations. Additionally, it discusses topics such as drug nomenclature, pharmacognosy, toxicology, and the significance of pharmacopoeias.

1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
TO
TO
PHARMACOLOGY
PHARMACOLOGY
DR.SUDHAKAR LAKAVATH

2. Pharmacology
Pharmacology
embraces the knowledge of:
embraces the knowledge of:
History, Source, Physical
History, Source, Physical and
and chemical properties,
chemical properties,
Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation and
Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation and
Excretion of drugs,
Excretion of drugs,
Biochemical and physiological effects,
Biochemical and physiological effects,
Mechanism of Action,
Mechanism of Action,
Therapeutic and Other uses of drugs
Therapeutic and Other uses of drugs.
.

3. HISTORY
HISTORY

4. Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Therapeutics
Therapeutics
Commerce
Commerce
Chemistry
Chemistry
Biomedical
Biomedical
Sciences
Sciences
Pathology
Pathology
Physiology
Physiology
Biochemistry
Biochemistry
Pharmacology
Pharmacology

5. DRUG
DRUG
A drug may be broadly defined as
A drug may be broadly defined as
any chemical agent which affects living
any chemical agent which affects living
protoplasm.
protoplasm.
According to definition of WHO,
According to definition of WHO,
a drug is any substance or product that is used
a drug is any substance or product that is used
or
or
intended to be used to modify or explore
intended to be used to modify or explore
physiological systems or pathological states
physiological systems or pathological states
for the benefit of recipient.
for the benefit of recipient.
It means a chemical used in prevention,
It means a chemical used in prevention,
diagnosis or
diagnosis or
treatment of disease
treatment of disease.
.

6. Components of a Drug Profile
Components of a Drug Profile
• Source
• Names
• Classification
(with prototype)
• Routes of
Administration
• Pharmacokinetics
• Mechanism of
Action
• Indications / Uses
• With doses
• Contraindications
• Side Effects
• Drug Interactions
• How Supplied

7. SOURCE

8. Example
Example
Papaver Somniferum
Papaver Somniferum
Composition
Composition of
of
Opium Alkaloids:
Opium Alkaloids:
Phenanthrenes:
Phenanthrenes:
Morphine (10%),
Morphine (10%),
Codeine (0.5%),
Codeine (0.5%),
Thebaine (0.2%).
Thebaine (0.2%).
Benzylisoquinolines:
Benzylisoquinolines:
Papaverine (1%),
Papaverine (1%),
Noscapine (6%).
Noscapine (6%).
Opium Tincture
Tincture

9. Routes
of
Administration

10. Example of Morphine:
Example of Morphine:
Routes of Administration:
Routes of Administration:

11. Passive Transport Active Transport

12. Where it acts ?
Where it acts ?
( Site of action )
( Site of action )
How it acts ?
How it acts ?
( Mechanism of action )
( Mechanism of action )
What are the Effects ?
What are the Effects ?
( Pharmacological Effects )
( Pharmacological Effects )

13. Pharmacological Effects
Pharmacological Effects
Desirable & Un-Desirable
& / or
Useable & Non-useable
Uses & Toxic/
Side effects

14. Morphine-6-
Morphine-6-
glucuronide
glucuronide
Morphine
Morphine
Elimination by Metabolism & Excretion
Two Metabolites
Two Metabolites

16. Un-desirable Effects
Un-desirable Effects
 Side Effects
 Adverse Effects
 Toxic Effects:
Pharmacological
Pathological
Genotoxic
 Intolerance /
Tolerance
 Tachyphylaxis
 Idiosyncrasy
 Hypersensitivity
Reactions

17. Drug Interaction
Drug Interaction
• Additive:
• Synergistic:
• Potentiation:
• Antagonistic:
• Chemical: at molecular level
• Physiological: at functional level
• Pharmacological: at receptors, etc.
• Dispositional: at PPB

19. If the drug is given orally:
If the drug is given orally:
Drug
Drug
Levels
Levels

20. Drug
Drug
Dose
Dose
TISSUE RESERVOIRS
TISSUE RESERVOIRS
Bound Free
Bound Free
Biotransformation
Biotransformation
Excretion
Excretion
Free Drug
Free Drug
Therapeutic
Therapeutic
Site of Action
Site of Action
“
“ Receptors
Receptors”
”
Bound Free
Bound Free
Unwanted site
Unwanted site
of Action
of Action
Bound Free
Bound Free
Liberation
Liberation
Absorption
Absorption
Protein
Protein
bound
bound
Drug
Drug
Metabolites
Metabolites
Central
Central
Compartment
Compartment

21. Branches of Pharmacology
Branches of Pharmacology

22. Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics
The word
The word ‘
‘dynamis
dynamis’
’ means
means power / activity.
power / activity.
Thus this branch deals with the study of
Thus this branch deals with the study of
“
“ What the drug does to the body
What the drug does to the body”
”.
.
It is concerned with the response of living
It is concerned with the response of living
organism to the chemical substances or drugs.
organism to the chemical substances or drugs.

23. It deals with physiological and biochemical
It deals with physiological and biochemical
changes produced by the drugs and their
changes produced by the drugs and their
mechanism of action at macromolecular
mechanism of action at macromolecular
level.
level.
It is concerned with the relationships
It is concerned with the relationships
between
between
the concentration of drugs at its site of
the concentration of drugs at its site of
action
action
and the magnitude of effect that is
and the magnitude of effect that is
achieved.
achieved.

24. Example:
Example:
Adrenaline
Adrenaline 

interacts with adrenoceptors
interacts with adrenoceptors 

G-protein is activated
G-protein is activated 

Adenyl cyclase (effector) stimulated
Adenyl cyclase (effector) stimulated 

intracellular cyclic AMP (second messenger)
intracellular cyclic AMP (second messenger)
increased
increased 

cardiac stimulation.
cardiac stimulation.

25. Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
(
( kinesis
kinesis 
 movement )
movement )
This branch deals with the study of
This branch deals with the study of
“
“What the body does to the drug
What the body does to the drug”
”.
.
This refers to the movement of drug in the body and
This refers to the movement of drug in the body and
alteration of drug by the body.
alteration of drug by the body.

26. Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
It is the study of time-course of absorption,
It is the study of time-course of absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion of
distribution, metabolism and excretion of
drugs.
drugs.
Pharmacokinetics explores the factors that
Pharmacokinetics explores the factors that
determine
determine
The relationship between
The relationship between
drug dosage and
drug dosage and
the time-varying concentration of
the time-varying concentration of
drug at its
drug at its site of action.
site of action.

27. Pharmacotherapeutics
Pharmacotherapeutics
It deals with the use of drugs in the
It deals with the use of drugs in the
prevention and treatment of disease and
prevention and treatment of disease and
the amelioration of symptoms
the amelioration of symptoms

28. Clinical Pharmacology
Clinical Pharmacology
It is the scientific study of drugs in
It is the scientific study of drugs in
healthy volunteers and in patients.
healthy volunteers and in patients.
It includes :
It includes :
pharmacodynamic and
pharmacodynamic and
pharmacokinetic investigations and it
pharmacokinetic investigations and it
evaluates the efficacy and safety of
evaluates the efficacy and safety of
drugs
drugs

29. CHEMOTHERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY
It is the treatment of systemic
It is the treatment of systemic
infections/malignancy with drugs
infections/malignancy with drugs
which have selective toxicity for
which have selective toxicity for
the infecting organism/malignant
the infecting organism/malignant
cell with no/minimal effects on the
cell with no/minimal effects on the
host cells
host cells

30. PHARMACY
PHARMACY
It is the art and science of
It is the art and science of
compounding and dispensing
compounding and dispensing
drugs and
drugs and preparing
preparing suitable
suitable
dosage forms
dosage forms

31. PHARMACOGNOSY
PHARMACOGNOSY
It deals with :
It deals with :
source, identification and physical
source, identification and physical
and chemical properties
and chemical properties
characteristics of drugs obtained
characteristics of drugs obtained
from plants
from plants

32. TOXICOLOGY
TOXICOLOGY
It deals with the :
It deals with the :
adverse effects of drugs and the
adverse effects of drugs and the
toxic effects
toxic effects due to poisoning by
due to poisoning by
drugs
drugs

33. PHARMACOGENETICS
PHARMACOGENETICS
It deals with :
It deals with :
variations
variations in drug response due
in drug response due
to genetic factors
to genetic factors

34. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
It deals with :
It deals with :
the study of
the study of immunological aspects
immunological aspects
of drug action including effects of
of drug action including effects of
drugs on immune response and
drugs on immune response and
production of antibodies in
production of antibodies in
response to drugs
response to drugs

35. POSOLOGY
POSOLOGY
This branch of Pharmacology deals
This branch of Pharmacology deals
with
with doses
doses of drugs
of drugs

36. PLACEBO
PLACEBO
It is defined as :
It is defined as :
an inactive dummy preparation
an inactive dummy preparation
which is deliberately used for its
which is deliberately used for its
nonspecific, psychological effect
nonspecific, psychological effect
on a patient, on symptoms or on
on a patient, on symptoms or on
an illness
an illness

37. Iatrogenic Diseases
Iatrogenic Diseases
‘
‘Iatrogenic
Iatrogenic’
’ means
means ‘
‘caused by
caused by
physician
physician’
’
When the harmful effects of a drug,
When the harmful effects of a drug,
being used for the treatment of a
being used for the treatment of a
disease, produce a pathological
disease, produce a pathological
condition, independent of the disease,
condition, independent of the disease,
it is called as iatrogenic disease.
it is called as iatrogenic disease.
For example:
For example: adrenocorticosteroids
adrenocorticosteroids
cause Cushing
cause Cushing’
’s Syndrome
s Syndrome

38. ORPHAN DRUGS
ORPHAN DRUGS
These are drugs or biological products for
These are drugs or biological products for
Diagnosis / Treatment / Prevention of
Diagnosis / Treatment / Prevention of
Rare Disease
Rare Disease or condition.
or condition.
It is expected that the cost of developing and
It is expected that the cost of developing and
marketing them will not be recovered from their
marketing them will not be recovered from their
sales.
sales.
Examples:
Examples: Sodium nitrite, Protamine sulfate,
Sodium nitrite, Protamine sulfate,
Calcitonin
Calcitonin

39. PHARMACOPOEIAS
PHARMACOPOEIAS
Pharmacopoeia is an :
Pharmacopoeia is an :
authoritative list
authoritative list of useful drugs,
of useful drugs,
published by many countries
published by many countries
every five years,
every five years,
for the guidance of physician and
for the guidance of physician and
pharmacist which gives all the details
pharmacist which gives all the details
about drugs
about drugs

40. PHARMACOPOEIAS
PHARMACOPOEIAS
molecular and structural fomulae,
molecular and structural fomulae,
method of preparation,
method of preparation,
actions,
actions,
uses
uses
adverse effects.
adverse effects.
It lays down
It lays down standards of
standards of
composition and purity
composition and purity to which
to which
all the drugs should conform
all the drugs should conform

41. British Pharmacopoeia: B.P.
British Pharmacopoeia: B.P.
United States pharmacopoeia. U.S.P.
United States pharmacopoeia. U.S.P.
British Pharmaceutical Codex.
British Pharmaceutical Codex.
B.P.C.
B.P.C.
Extra Pharmacopoeia.
Extra Pharmacopoeia.

42. Drug Nomenclature
Drug Nomenclature
A drug has three categories of names.
A drug has three categories of names.
a). Chemical:
a). Chemical:
It describes the substance chemically.
It describes the substance chemically.
For example,
For example,
alpha-aminobenzyl penicillin.
alpha-aminobenzyl penicillin.
It is long and cumbersome.
It is long and cumbersome.
code name
code name may be assigned by the
may be assigned by the
manufacturer,
manufacturer,
e.g., RO 15-1788 –
e.g., RO 15-1788 – later named
later named flumazenil
flumazenil

43. e.g.,
Chemical Name:
Chemical Name:
2-(diethylamino)- 2’,6’-acetooxylid
mono-hydrochloride mono-hydrate.
Not Useful

44. b). Generic name or non-proprietary name.
b). Generic name or non-proprietary name.
This name is used in :
This name is used in :
text-books,
text-books,
pharmacopoeias
pharmacopoeias
journals.
journals.
For example,
For example, Ampicillin.
Ampicillin.
It is also known as
It is also known as ‘
‘approved name
approved name’
’.
.
When it is included in Pharmacopoeia, it
When it is included in Pharmacopoeia, it
is called
is called
‘
‘Official Name
Official Name’
’

45. (c)
(c) Proprietary Name or
Proprietary Name or
Brand Name:
Brand Name:
This name is given by
This name is given by pharmaceutical
pharmaceutical
company
company and it is its trade mark and
and it is its trade mark and
property.
property.
One drug may have multiple proprietary
One drug may have multiple proprietary
names.
names.

46. One drug may have Multiple Proprietary
Names, e.g., Ampicillin:
Penbritin®
Omnipen®
Standacillin®
(GSK) (Wyeth)
(Novartis /
Sandoz)

47. • Generic Name:
Generic Name:
Lidocaine/Lignocaine hydrochloride
• Official Name:
Official Name:
Lidocaine/Lignocaine Hydrochloride
(USP)
• Brand (Trade) Name:
Brand (Trade) Name: Xylocaine
Xylocaine®
®
• Code Name:
Code Name:
Much More Useful

49. Some Terminologies:
Some Terminologies:
• Receptor Affinity
• Efficacy
• 1st vs. 2nd
Messengers
• Up vs. Down
Receptor Regulation
• Agonist vs.
Antagonist
• -Lytic vs. -Mimetic
• Inhibition
(antagonism)
– Competitive vs.
noncompetitive
vs. irreversible
• Allergic reaction
• Idiosyncrasy
• Tolerance

50. • Cross Tolerance
• Tachyphylaxis
• Cumulative Effect
• Dependence
• Drug Interactions
• Summation
Additive effect
(1+1=2)
• Synergism
(1+1=3)
• Potentiation
(0+1=3)
• Interference