Introduction to economics
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This document provides an introduction to economics, covering what economics is, the relevance of economics, demand and supply, and case studies. It defines economics as the study of how economies operate and the decisions made by governments, businesses, and individuals. Microeconomics looks at supply and demand and their impact on consumer behavior and business decisions, while macroeconomics examines entire countries and factors like economic growth. Economics is relevant to areas like central bank policy, business management practices, and pricing and competition strategies. Demand and supply are fundamental economic principles that drive business decisions. The case studies section discusses applications to Africa related to policy, development, and trade, as well as business focuses on demand/supply and pricing models.
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Economics is the study of how individuals and societies make decisions about using scarce resources to fulfill unlimited wants and needs. It addresses the basic economic problem of matching limited resources with unlimited wants. Resources like land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship are scarce and insufficient to satisfy everyone's needs and wants, creating scarcity. Economics studies how individuals and societies make choices about what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets it when demands exceed supply.
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Economics is the study of how people make decisions to satisfy unlimited wants and needs given scarce resources. It arises from the conflict between unlimited human wants and the limited resources available. This conflict generates scarcity, which implies choice and opportunity cost. How a country answers the questions of what, how, and for whom to produce depends on whether it has a market, command, or mixed economic system. Key economic agents - households, firms, government - are interrelated in a circular flow of income and payments for productive factors like labor, capital, land.
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The document discusses key concepts in supply and demand including:
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3. Demand and supply curves can shift due to various factors, impacting equilibrium price and quantity.
4. Price controls like price floors and ceilings can cause surpluses or shortages and unintended consequences.
5. Elasticity measures responsiveness of quantity to price changes and depends on availability of substitutes, budget share spent, and other factors.
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3. It states that the world's dominant economic system is capitalism, which is based on private ownership and market competition.
4. Key economic agents in a capitalist system are private individuals/families, private companies, and the public sector/state. Factors of production include land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship.
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The activity of seeking wealth is as old as Human
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or as large kingdoms and empires have always been engaged
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Smith, the father of Economics, published “The Nature and
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2) A change in a non-price factor like income causes a shift of the demand or supply curve, while a price change results in movement along the curve.
3) Equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. Price controls can result in surpluses or shortages from the equilibrium.
4) Elasticity measures the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another. It is used to analyze how changes in price or other factors affect revenue and consumer behavior.
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Firms produce goods and services, which are sold in output markets to households. Households supply resources like labor in input markets to firms. Market equilibrium exists where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, resulting in no incentive for prices to change. A change in demand or supply can shift the curves, impacting equilibrium price and quantity. Higher demand increases price and quantity while higher supply decreases price but increases quantity at the new equilibrium.
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- The law of demand states that as price increases, quantity demanded decreases, assuming other factors remain constant.
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The document introduces some key concepts in economics:
1) There is unlimited human want but scarce resources, so societies must make choices about what goods and services to produce.
2) Opportunity cost refers to the next best alternative forgone in a decision and helps view the true cost of choices.
3) Production possibility frontiers illustrate the different combinations of goods an economy can produce with limited resources, and demonstrate concepts like economic growth and opportunity cost.
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Economics is the study of how individuals and societies make decisions about using scarce resources to fulfill unlimited wants and needs. It addresses the basic economic problem of matching limited resources with unlimited wants. Resources like land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship are scarce and insufficient to satisfy everyone's needs and wants, creating scarcity. Economics studies how individuals and societies make choices about what to produce, how to produce it, and who gets it when demands exceed supply.
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Economics is the study of how people make decisions to satisfy unlimited wants and needs given scarce resources. It arises from the conflict between unlimited human wants and the limited resources available. This conflict generates scarcity, which implies choice and opportunity cost. How a country answers the questions of what, how, and for whom to produce depends on whether it has a market, command, or mixed economic system. Key economic agents - households, firms, government - are interrelated in a circular flow of income and payments for productive factors like labor, capital, land.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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This document outlines 10 principles of economics:
1. People face tradeoffs and make rational decisions based on costs and benefits.
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The document discusses key concepts in supply and demand including:
1. Market equilibrium is reached at the price where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
2. Surpluses and shortages occur when quantities demanded and supplied are not equal.
3. Demand and supply curves can shift due to various factors, impacting equilibrium price and quantity.
4. Price controls like price floors and ceilings can cause surpluses or shortages and unintended consequences.
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The document provides an overview of key economic concepts including:
1. It defines the economy as how people use their environment to meet material needs through production, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods and services.
2. It notes the tension between unlimited human needs and limited resources.
3. It states that the world's dominant economic system is capitalism, which is based on private ownership and market competition.
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Introduction to Economics
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Civilization. Human beings either as individuals or as groups
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activities was commenced about 230 years back when Adam
Smith, the father of Economics, published “The Nature and
Causes of Wealth of Nations”. Economics, as a discipline,
constitute the most important subject to analyze activities
related to wealth creation and distribution. The dimensions of
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2) A change in a non-price factor like income causes a shift of the demand or supply curve, while a price change results in movement along the curve.
3) Equilibrium occurs where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. Price controls can result in surpluses or shortages from the equilibrium.
4) Elasticity measures the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another. It is used to analyze how changes in price or other factors affect revenue and consumer behavior.
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The document outlines 10 principles of economics: 1) People face tradeoffs when making decisions; 2) The cost of something is what you give up to get it; 3) Rational people think at the margin by comparing marginal costs and benefits; 4) People respond to incentives. Trade can make everyone better off and markets are generally a good way to organize economic activity, though governments can improve outcomes during market failures. A country's productivity determines its standard of living. Inflation results from too much money printing by the government, and there is a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
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Firms produce goods and services, which are sold in output markets to households. Households supply resources like labor in input markets to firms. Market equilibrium exists where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, resulting in no incentive for prices to change. A change in demand or supply can shift the curves, impacting equilibrium price and quantity. Higher demand increases price and quantity while higher supply decreases price but increases quantity at the new equilibrium.
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The document is an invitation to an event hosted by Absa discussing how Africa can prepare for the fourth industrial revolution. It provides information on speakers for the event and details on location, date, and time. The disclaimer notes that by accepting the invitation, attendees consent to having their image taken and used for marketing purposes by Absa unless they inform organizers otherwise.
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DaySeven Consulting is looking for 2 individuals (preferably female candidates) for a 4 Weeks to conduct a mid-term project evaluation. The specification is as per attached
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This job posting is for an Account Manager position that is commission-based at 10% with a cellphone and transport allowance provided. The role requires matric qualification, 3-5 years of sales experience with a proven track record of selling learnerships and training courses. Key responsibilities include generating new business, identifying and signing on new clients, conducting sales calls and presentations to secure deals, and ensuring monthly targets are achieved. Strong communication, organizational, and multi-tasking skills are essential along with the ability to work independently and meet deadlines.
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The paper is guided by a wider Pan-African movement around empowering Women and Youth as future African leaders and the ideologies put forward in AU Agenda 2063 for the Africa We Want.
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In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.The Impact of GST Payments on Loan Approvals
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
一比一原版(UoB毕业证)伯明翰大学毕业证如何办理
UoB本科学位证成绩单【微信95270640】伯明翰大学没毕业>办理伯明翰大学毕业证成绩单【微信UoB】UoB毕业证成绩单UoB学历证书UoB文凭《UoB毕业套号文凭网认证伯明翰大学毕业证成绩单》《哪里买伯明翰大学毕业证文凭UoB成绩学校快递邮寄信封》《开版伯明翰大学文凭》UoB留信认证本科硕士学历认证
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我们从事工作十余年的有着丰富经验的业务顾问，熟悉海外各国大学的学制及教育体系，并且以挂科生解决毕业材料不全问题为基础，为客户量身定制1对1方案，未能毕业的回国留学生成功搭建回国顺利发展所需的桥梁。我们一直努力以高品质的教育为起点，以诚信、专业、高效、创新作为一切的行动宗旨，始终把“诚信为主、质量为本、客户第一”作为我们全部工作的出发点和归宿点。同时为海内外留学生提供大学毕业证购买、补办成绩单及各类分数修改等服务；归国认证方面，提供《留信网入库》申请、《国外学历学位认证》申请以及真实学籍办理等服务，帮助众多莘莘学子实现了一个又一个梦想。
专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
如果您真实毕业回国，对于学历认证无从下手，请联系我，我们免费帮您递交
诚招代理：本公司诚聘当地代理人员，如果你有业余时间，或者你有同学朋友需要，有兴趣就请联系我
你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助伯明翰大学同学朋友
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一比一原版(IC毕业证)帝国理工大学毕业证如何办理
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1、在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业，拿不到官方毕业证+微信95270640
2、面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书；
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4、回国时间很长，忘记办理；
5、回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
6、企事业单位必须要求办理的；
面向美国乔治城大学毕业留学生提供以下服务:
【★帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书毕业证、成绩单等全套材料，从防伪到印刷，从水印到钢印烫金，与学校100%相同】
【★真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明），使馆存档可通过大使馆查询确认】
【★真实教育部认证，教育部存档，教育部留服网站可查】
【★真实留信认证，留信网入库存档，可查帝国理工大学帝国理工大学毕业证学历书】
我们从事工作十余年的有着丰富经验的业务顾问，熟悉海外各国大学的学制及教育体系，并且以挂科生解决毕业材料不全问题为基础，为客户量身定制1对1方案，未能毕业的回国留学生成功搭建回国顺利发展所需的桥梁。我们一直努力以高品质的教育为起点，以诚信、专业、高效、创新作为一切的行动宗旨，始终把“诚信为主、质量为本、客户第一”作为我们全部工作的出发点和归宿点。同时为海内外留学生提供大学毕业证购买、补办成绩单及各类分数修改等服务；归国认证方面，提供《留信网入库》申请、《国外学历学位认证》申请以及真实学籍办理等服务，帮助众多莘莘学子实现了一个又一个梦想。
专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
如果您真实毕业回国，对于学历认证无从下手，请联系我，我们免费帮您递交
诚招代理：本公司诚聘当地代理人员，如果你有业余时间，或者你有同学朋友需要，有兴趣就请联系我
你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助帝国理工大学同学朋友
你做代理，可以拯救帝国理工大学失足青年
你做代理，可以挽救帝国理工大学一个个人才
你做代理，你将是别人人生帝国理工大学的转折点
你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会美景更增添一份性感夹杂着一份纯洁的妖娆毫无违和感实在给人带来一份悠然幸福的心情如果说现在的审美已经断然拒绝了无声的话那么在树林间飞掠而过的小鸟叽叽咋咋的叫声是否就是这最后的点睛之笔悠然走在林间的小路上宁静与清香一丝丝的盛夏气息吸入身体昔日生活里的繁忙与焦躁早已淡然无存心中满是悠然清淡的芳菲身体不由的轻松脚步也感到无比的轻快走出这盘栾交错的小道眼前是连绵不绝的山峦浩荡天地间大自然毫无吝啬的展现它的达
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Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...
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"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.Governor Olli Rehn: Inflation down and recovery supported by interest rate cu...
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Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
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Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
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[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
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Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.在线办理(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdf
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
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Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.Recently uploaded (20)
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1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdf
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Does teamwork really matter? Looking beyond the job posting to understand lab...
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Introduction to economics
- 1. Introduction to Economics Patrick Ooro September 2013 DAYSEVEN CONSULTING 2008-2013
- 2. Overview • Introduction: – What is Economics? – Relevance of Economics • Demand & Supply: – Basics of Demand & Supply – Examples (Graphs and Calculations) • Case Studies DAYSEVEN CONSULTING 2008-2013
- 3. What is Economics? • The study of how economies operate and the decisions that governments, businesses and people make in different conditions • Micro vs. Macro Economics: – Micro Economics – Looks at the effects of supply and demand and how this impacts consumer behaviour and the way in which businesses respond. – Macro Economics – Looks at countries, incorporating areas such as Economic Growth & Development, Unemployment and Policy. DAYSEVEN CONSULTING 2008-2013
- 4. Relevance of Economics • Countries: – Central Banks - Policy – Foreign Exchange • Business Management: – Cost vs. Benefit Analysis – Budgeting • Economics is relevant to key areas of business: – Pricing – Competition DAYSEVEN CONSULTING 2008-2013
- 5. Demand & Supply • Fundamental to economic principles • Drivers of business decisions DAYSEVEN CONSULTING 2008-2013
- 6. Case Studies • Relevance to the African context: – Policy – Economic Development – Trade • Business focus: – Fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: • Demand & Supply • Product Pricing • Volumes vs. Profit Margins DAYSEVEN CONSULTING 2008-2013
- 7. Discussion Questions DAYSEVEN CONSULTING 2008-2013