This document provides an introduction to database concepts, including data models, database management systems (DBMS), and the database development life cycle. It covers the evolution of database systems, the advantages of a database approach over traditional file processing systems, and the roles of various stakeholders in database development. Key topics include relational databases, metadata, and the importance of structured data for effective information retrieval.

1. 1
01 Introduction to
Database
CII1J3 Database Modelling

2. 2
Learning Outcomes
Students can explain the concepts of data, data model,
advantages of database approach, the process of database
development life cycle, people involved in the development
process, and the evolution of database system

3. 3
Topics
Basic
Concepts and
Definitions
Traditional
Database
Processing
Database
Approach
Database
Lifecycle
People
Involved in
Database
Development
Evolution of
Database
System

4. 4
1. Basic Concepts and
Definitions

5. 5
Basis Data (Database)

6. 6
Basis Data (Database)
• Data
• Data  bahan mentah
• Fakta mengenai objek atau informasi dasar (angka, huruf, gambar) yang dapat direkam
dan disimpan pada media komputer
• Representasi tersimpan dari objek dan peristiwa yang mempunyai arti dan kepentingan
dalam lingkungan pengguna.
• Basis
• Markas/ Gudang, tempat berkumpul.
• Analogi : sebuah lemari arsip
• Map Kumpulan arsip dengan penomoran/ pola unik tertentu  DATA
• Menentukan kelompok arsip.  INFORMATION
• Menempatkan arsip dengan kelompok tertentu  KNOWLEDGE

7. 7
DEFINITION
• Beberapa definisi Database
• Himpunan kelompok data (arsip) yang saling berhubungan yang saling
diorganisasi sedemikian rupa agar kelak dapat dimanfaatkan kembali
dengan cepat dan mudah.
• Kumpulan data yang saling berhubungan yang disimpan secara bersama
sedemikian rupa dan tanpa pengulangan (redudansi) yang tidak perlu,
untuk memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan.
• Kumpulan data/ file/ table/ arsip yang saling berhubungan yang
disimpan dalam media penyimpanan elektronis. Tabel merupakan
komponen utama Pembangunan database.
• Kumpulan data yang terorganisis dari data yang terkait secara logis

8. 8
Examples
• List of facts
• Data in context
Useful information to
some users, such as the
course instructor and the
registrar’s office.
Figure 1. Data in context
Data

9. 9
Examples (2)
• Summarized Data
Data presented as graphical
information.
This information could be used
as a basis for deciding whether
to add new courses or to hire
new faculty members.
Figure 2. Summarized Data

10. 10
Real
World
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
more
facts
more
facts
more
facts
more
facts
more
facts
more
facts
more
facts
more
facts
more
facts
more
facts
some more rather long facts about the world in the databse
some more rather long facts about the world in the databse
some more rather long facts about the world in the databse
some more rather long facts about the world in the databse
some more rather long facts about the world in the databse
some more rather long facts about the world in the databse
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
facts about the world in a
database
Database
Facts about world and behaviour of
world
represented in
contents and operations of a database
Users

11. 11
Metadata
• Metadata
• Metadata adalah data tentang data. Metadata membantu untuk
mengetahui lebih banyak tentang data itu sendiri tanpa perlu melihat
atau memahami konten asli.
• Data yang mendeskripsikan karakteristik data dan konteks data
tersebut.

12. 12
2. Traditional File
Processing Systems

13. 13
Traditional File Processing Systems
“Metode pengelolaan data yang mengandalkan penyimpanan dan
pengolahan data dalam file-file terpisah di media penyimpanan seperti
disk”
 When computer-based data processing was first available, there were
no databases, to be useful for business applications, computers had
to store, manipulate, and retrieve large files of data.
 Computer file processing systems were developed for this purpose.

14. 14
Disadvantages of File Processing Systems
1. Program-data dependence
2. Duplication of data
3. Limited Data Sharing
4. Lengthy development times
5. Excessive program maintenance
Figure 3. Example of File Processing Systems

15. 15
3. The Database
Approach

16. 16
Data Models
• Data models is graphical systems used to capture the nature and
relationships among data.
• Entity is a person, a place, an object, an event, or a concept in the user
environment about which the organization wishes to maintain data.
• The data you are interested in capturing about the entity (e.g.,
Customer Name) is called an attribute.
• Data are recorded for many customers. Each customer’s information is
referred to as an instance of CUSTOMER.
• A well-structured database establishes the relationships between
entities that exist in organizational data so that desired information can
be retrieved.

17. 17
Example of Data Model
Figure 4. Segment of
an enterprise data model
Figure 5. Segment of a project data model

18. 18
Relational Database
• Relational database is a
database that represents data
as a collection of tables in
which all data relationships are
represented by common
values in related tables.
• Relational databases
establish the relationships
between entities by means of
common fields included in a
file, called a relation

19. 19
Database Management System (DBMS)
• A database management system (DBMS) is a software system that
enables the use of a database approach.
• The primary purpose of a DBMS is to provide a systematic method of
creating, updating, storing, and retrieving the data stored in a
database.
• It enables end users and application programmers to share data, and it
enables data to be shared among multiple applications rather than
propagated and stored in new files for every new application (Mullins,
2002).
• A DBMS also provides facilities for controlling data access, enforcing
data integrity, managing concurrency control, and restoring a
database.

20. 20
Advantages of DBMS
1. Program-data independence
2. Planned Data Redundancy
3. Improved Data Consistency
4. Improved Data Sharing
5. Enforcement of Standards
6. Improved Data Quality
7. Increased productivity of application development
8. Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
9. Reduced program maintenance
10. Improved decision support
Figure 3. Example of File Processing Systems

21. 21
Costs and Risks of the Database Approach
(1)
• New, specialized personnel
• Installation and management cost and complexity
• Conversion costs
• Need for explicit backup and recovery
• Organizational conflict

22. 22
Database Life Cycle

23. 23
Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementati
on
Maintenance
Database
Life Cycle

24. 24
Planning
Purpose
To develop a preliminary understanding
of a business situation and how
information systems might help solve a
problem or make an opportunity
possible
Consist of two steps:
• Enterprise modelling
• Conceptual modelling
Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementati
on
Maintenance

25. 25
Enterprise Modelling
• Analyse current data
processing
• Analyse the general business
functions and their database
needs
• Justify need for new data and
databases in support of
business
• Identify scope of database
requirements for proposed
information system
• Analyse overall data
requirements for business
function(s) supported by
database
Conceptual Data Modelling
Planning

26. 26
Analysis
Purpose
To analyse the business situation
thoroughly to determine requirements,
to structure those requirements, and to
select among competing system
features
Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementati
on
Maintenance

27. 27
Conceptual Data Modelling (part 2)
• Develop preliminary conceptual data model, including entities and
relationships
• Compare preliminary conceptual data model with enterprise data
model
• Develop detailed conceptual data model, including all entities,
relationships, attributes, and business rules
• Make conceptual data model consistent with other models of
information system
• Populate repository with all conceptual database specifications

28. 28
Design
Purpose
To elicit and structure all information
requirements; to develop all technology
and organizational specifications
Consist of two step:
• Logical database design
• Physical database design and
definition
Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementati
on
Maintenance

29. 29
Logical Database Design
• Analyse in detail the
transactions, forms, displays,
and inquiries (database
views) required by the
business functions
supported by the database
• Integrate database views
into conceptual data model
• Identify data integrity and
security requirements, and
populate repository
• Define database to DBMS
(often generated from
repository)
• Decide on physical
organization of data
• Design database processing
programs
Physical Database Design and
Definition
Design

30. 30
Implementation
Purpose
To write programs, build databases, test
and install the new system, train users,
and finalize documentation
The Steps:
• Code and test database processing
programs
• Complete database documentation
and training materials
• Install database and convert data from
prior systems
Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementati
on
Maintenance

31. 31
Maintenance
Purpose
To monitor the operation and usefulness
of the system, and to repair and enhance
the system
The Steps:
• Analyse database and database
applications to ensure that evolving
information requirements are met
• Tune database for improved
performance
• Fix errors in database and database
applications and recover database
when it is contaminated
Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementati
on
Maintenance

32. 32
People Involved in
Database Development

33. 33
Managing People Involved in Database
Development
• Business analysts
• Systems analysts
• Database analysts and data modelers
• Users
• Programmers
• Database architects
• Data administrators
• Project managers
• Other technical experts

34. 34
Evolution of Database
System

35. 35
Evolution of Database System

36. 36
Hierarchical Database Model
In the hierarchical model, files
are organized in a top-down
structure that resembles a tree
or genealogy chart.

37. 37
Network Database Model
In the network model, each file can
be associated with an arbitrary
number of other files.

38. 38
Relational Database Model
The relational model (the primary
focus of this course) organizes data
in the form of tables and
relationships among them.

39. 39
Object-oriented Database Model
The object-oriented model is based
on object classes and relationships
among them. As shown in the figure,
an object class encapsulates
attributes and methods

40. 40
Multidimensional Database Model
Multidimensional databases, which form the basis for data warehouses,
allow us to view data in the form of cubes or a star schema

41. 41
Evolution of Database System - Resume
The development and evolution of database technology generally drove
by:
1. The need to provide greater independence between programs and data,
thereby reducing maintenance costs
2. The desire to manage increasingly complex data types and structures
3. The desire to provide easier and faster access to data for users who
have neither a background in programming languages nor a detailed
understanding of how data are stored in databases
4. The need to provide ever more powerful platforms for decision support
applications

42. 42
Reference
Hoffer, Jeffrey A., et.al., "Modern Database Management", Twelfth Edition,
Pearson, 2016. Chapter 1

43. 43
Questions