Introduction to computer maitenance(1).pptx

Basic Computer skill training for Mattu University
Graduate Class of 2023 Students
Introduction to Computer System
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2/25/2024

Contents
 What is Computer
 Computer Components
 Computer Units
 Starting and closing computer
 Basics of Pc and windows
 Using mouse and key board
 Desktop Environment
 Working with files and folders
 Parts of window
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Computer
 A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions
stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according
to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for
future use
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Functionalities of a computer
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 Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
 Takes data as input.
 Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required.
 Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
 Generates the output
 Controls all the above four steps
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Computer Components
1. Hardware
 Computer hardware is the collection of physical elements ”Tangible objects” that constitutes a
computer system.
 The actual machinery, wires, transistors, and circuits … etc.
2. Software
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Software
 Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer about the tasks to be
performed and how these tasks are to be performed.
• Program is a set of instructions, written in a language understood by the
computer, to perform a specific task.
• A set of programs and documents are collectively called software.
• Different software can be loaded on the same hardware to perform different
kinds of tasks.
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Computer Units
1. Input Unit
2. Central processing Unit
3. Primary Memory Unit
4. Secondary storage Unit
5. Output Unit
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Input Devices
 Input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment to provide
data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer
or other information appliance.
 Input device Translate data from form that humans understand to one that the
computer can work with.
 Most common are keyboard and mouse
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Input Devices …
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Central Processing Unit
 CPU
 known as microprocessor or processor
 It is responsible for all functions and processes
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CPU Components
 The CPU is comprised of three main parts
1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
2. Control Unit (CU)
3. Registers: Stores the data that is to be executed next.
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ALU
 Executes all arithmetic and logical operations.
 Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
 Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special characters
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Control Unit (CU)
Control Unit (CU): controls and co-ordinates computer components.
 Read the code for the next instruction to be executed.
 Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.
 Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory.
 Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.
 If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct
the hardware to perform the requested operation.
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Registers
Registers :Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage
area".
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Primary Memory
1. RAM
2. ROM
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Primary Memory
1. RAM: Random Access Memory: is a memory scheme within the computer
system responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be
promptly accessed by the processor as and when needed.
• It is volatile in nature, which means that data will be erased once supply to the
storage device is turned off.
• RAM stores data randomly and the processor accesses these data randomly from
the RAM storage.
• RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell
directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.
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Primary Memory
2. ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM is a permanent form of storage.
ROM stays active regardless of whether power supply to it is turned
on or off. ROM devices do not allow data stored on them to be
modified
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Secondary Memory
 Stores data and programs permanently
 its retained after the power is turned off
 Main Examples
 Hard Disk
 Optical Disk
 Flash memory
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Hard Disk
 Called Disk drive or HDD
 stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data.
 Stores data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.
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Optical Disk & Flash
 An optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light to store data.
 There are three main types of optical media: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc
• CD “Compact Disk” can store up to 700MB
• DVD “ Digital Video Disk “ can store up to 8.4 GB
• Blu-ray disc. can store up to 50 GB
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Flash Disk
 A storage module made of flash memory chips. A Flash disks have no mechanical
platters or access arms, but the term "disk" is used because the data are accessed
as if they were on a hard drive. The disk storage structure is emulated.
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Output Unit
 An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to
communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information
processing system (such as a computer)
 converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.
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Output devices Examples
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1. A monitor
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CRT: Cathode Ray Tube
LCD: Liquid crystal display most familiar
these days
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2. Printer:
• transfers data from a computer onto paper
Printer types:
1. Laser Printer.
2. Ink Jet Printer.
3. Dot Matrix Printer
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Software
 Software is a generic term for organized collections of computer data and
instructions, often broken into two major categories two major categories:
1. System software
2. Application software
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System software
 Known as Operating System
 is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware
components of a computer system
 Windows is an example of OS.
• Example of System Software:
1. Microsoft Windows
2. Linux
3. Unix
4. Mac OSX
5. DOS
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Application software
 is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the computer system.
 It may consist of:
 a single program, such as an image viewer;
 a small collection of programs (often called a software package) that work closely
together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet or text processing system;
 a larger collection (often called a software suite) of related but independent programs
and packages that have a common user interface or shared data format, such as
Microsoft Office,
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Starting and closing computer
 On a desktop computer, there is a button to turn on the computer. Similarly, there will usually be a button on
the monitor to turn off the monitor.
 These buttons are usually on the front of the computer and the monitor.
 Turning a computer off - should follow the procedure below that allows the computer to properly store files.
 Avoid unplugging the computer or holding down the power button.
steps
1. Click on the start button at the bottom left of the screen.
2. From the start menu choose Shut down.
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Using mouse and key board
 Keyboard is an important tool that allows a user to communicate with the
computer. It is composed of “keys” that send a signal to the computer.
 Mouse: Similar to the keyboard, the mouse is used to communicate with the
computer. The mouse is like a remote control to a TV—It is a tool that drives the
computer.
Basic parts of mouse
 A mouse typically has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and
a secondary button (usually the right button) and include a scroll wheel between
the buttons to help you scroll through documents and web pages more easily.
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Cont’d
 Place your mouse beside your keyboard on a clean, smooth surface, such as a mouse pad. Hold the
mouse gently with your index finger resting on the primary button and your thumb resting on the
side. To move the mouse, slide it slowly in any direction.
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Cont’d
 Mouse Cursors - The arrow/cursor/pointer is the visual cue that points, moves, and
selects things on monitor. You can remember this as your “electronic finger” that
points to things on your computer screen (monitor).
 Mouse Techniques- includes Pointing, clicking, and dragging.
 Pointing - moving your mouse so the pointer appears to be touching the item.
 When you point to something, a small box often appears that describes the item.
 The pointer can change depending on what you're pointing to. For example, when
you point to a link in your web browser, the pointer changes from an arrow to a
hand with a pointing finger .
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Cont’d
 Clicking (single-clicking) - is most often used to select (mark) an item or open a menu. This is
sometimes called single-clicking or left-clicking. To click an item, point to the item on the screen,
and then press and release the primary button .
 Right-clicking - usually displays a list of things you can do with the item.
 point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the secondary button.
 Double-clicking - is most often used to open items on your desktop. For example, you can start a
program or open a folder by double-clicking its icon on the desktop.
 point to the item on the screen, and then click twice quickly. If the two clicks are spaced too far
apart, they might be interpreted as two individual clicks rather than as one double-click.
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Cont’d
 Caps Lock Key
 Pressing on the caps lock button causes all letter keys to type in uppercase.
 To deactivate caps lock, press the caps lock key again.
 Shift Key
 is used primarily to capitalize letters and used in combination with a second
key. Shift differs from caps lock because you have to hold the shift key down
while simultaneously pressing another key to capitalize a letter, where you
only press the caps lock key once.
 Holding down the shift key also is used to type the characters and symbols
above the numbers on the number keys.
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Cont’d
 Enter Key
 When working with text (words), pressing on the enter key moves the cursor down to the next
line. Otherwise, pressing the enter key will activate anything that you have selected.
 Tab Key
 is used to move from one position on the screen to another. It also creates a “tab stop” (right
1/2 inch) indentation for your paragraphs.
 Escape Key
 is used to cancel the current operation or can be
 used to exit a program.
 Space Bar
 Pressing the space bar while the cursor is positioned within text will cause a space.
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Cont’d
 Control Key and Alt Key
 are usually used with combination of another key.
 Arrow Keys
 Pressing one of these keys will cause some type of screen movement in the
direction of the arrow on the key.
 These keys are frequently used when correcting mistakes in documents and
allow users to “go back” and fix mistakes
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Cont’d
 Backspace Key
 Pressing the backspace key while the cursor is positioned within text will
delete the character (or space) immediately to the left of the cursor.
 Delete Key
 Pressing the delete key while the cursor is positioned within text will delete the
character (or space) immediately to the right of the cursor.
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Desktop Environment
 The desktop environment is made up of several parts including:
 Desktop Icons
 The Task Bar
 The Start Button
 Desktop icons - sometimes called shortcuts, are quick ways to access different
programs.
 The task bar is the area at the very bottom of the computer screen to help you
keep things organized and become even more efficient.
 sits at the bottom of your screen.
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Cont’d
 It shows you which programs are running and allows you to switch between them.
It also contains the Start button , which you can use to access programs, folders,
and computer settings .
 The Start Button
 is located on the lower left hand corner of your screen – on the taskbar.
 It’s used to access all of the programs on the computer so you can “start” them.
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Changing desktop background
1. Right click on desktop area
2. Choose personalize
3. Click desktop background
4. Click the Picture location list to view other categories
5. Then choose one of the background image
6. Click on save changes
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Working with files and folders
 A file is an item that contains information—for example, text or image. On your
computer, files are represented with icons; this makes it easy to recognize a type
of file by looking at its icon. Here are some common file icons:
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Cont’d
 A folder is a container you can use to store files in.
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a folder containing files
Folders can also store other folders. A folder within a folder is usually
called a subfolder. You can create any number of subfolders.
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Steps for Creating a new folder
1. Right click on free desktop area
2. Choose NEW-some lists will come
3. From those lists click on Folder
4. Then the new folder is created
How to rename a folder
 Make a right click on the folder you want to rename
 Click on Rename
 Then type a new name of the folder
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Copying and moving files and folders
 Occasionally, you might want to change where files are stored on your computer. You might want
to move files to a different folder, for example, or copy them to removable media (such as CDs or
memory cards) to share with another person.
 Most people copy and move files using a method called drag and drop.
 Start by opening the folder that contains the file or folder you want to move. Then, open the folder
where you want to move it to in a different window. Position the windows side by side on the
desktop so that you can see the contents of both.
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Cont’d
 Next, drag the file or folder from the first folder to the second folder.
 OR
 Right click on the folder/file/ you want to copy
 Select copy
 Right Click on the place you want to paste
 Click paste
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Opening an existing file
 To open a file, double-click on it. The file will usually open in the program that
you used to create or change it.
 For example, a text file will open in your word-processing program.
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Parts of window
 Whenever you open a program, file, or folder, it appears on your screen in a box
or frame called a window .
 Although the contents of every window are different, all windows share some
things in common.
 For one thing, windows always appear on the desktop—the main work area of
your screen. In addition, most windows have the same basic parts.
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Cont’d
 Title bar - Displays the name of the document and program (or the folder name if you're
working in a folder).
 Minimize, Maximize, and Close buttons - These buttons hide the window, enlarge it to
fill the whole screen, and close it, respectively.
 Menu bar - Contains items that you can click to make choices in a program.
 Scroll bar - Lets you scroll the contents of the window to see information that is currently
out of view.
 Borders and corners - You can drag these with your mouse pointer to change the size of
the window.
 Other windows might have additional buttons, boxes, or bars. But they'll usually have the
basic parts, too.
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The Start menu
 is the main gateway to your computer's programs, folders and settings.
 It's called a menu because it provides a list of choices.
 We Use the Start menu to do these common activities:
 Start programs
 Open commonly used folders
 Search for files, folders, and programs
 Adjust computer settings
 Get help with the Windows operating system
 Turn off the computer
 Log off from Windows or switch to a different user account
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Cont’d
 The Start menu is divided into three basic parts:
 The large left pane shows a short list of programs on your computer.
 Clicking All Programs displays a complete list of programs.
 At the bottom of the left pane is the search box, which allows you to look for
programs and files on your computer by typing in search terms.
 The right pane provides access to commonly used folders, files, settings, and
features. It's also where you go to log off from Windows or turn off your
computer.
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Set the clock
 Your computer's clock is used to record the time whenever you create or modify
files on your computer. You can change the clock's time and time zone.
1. Click the Date and Time tab,
2. then click Change date and time Settings.
3. In the Date and Time Settings dialog box, do one or more of the following:
• To change the hour, double-click the hour, and then click the arrows to increase or
decrease the value.
• To change the minutes, double-click the minutes, and then click the
arrows to increase or decrease the value.
• To change the seconds, double-click the seconds, and then click the
arrows to increase or decrease the value.
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Cont’d
4. When you have finished changing the time settings, click OK.
• To change time zone, click Change time zone.
• In the Time Zone Settings dialog box, click your current time zone in
the drop-down list, and then click OK.
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Data, Information and Knowledge
 Data:
 Facts and figures which relay something specific
 but which are not organized in any way and which provide no further
information regarding patterns
 unstructured facts and figures
 Information:
 For data to become information, it must be contextualized, categorized,
calculated and condensed. (Processing)
 it is data with relevance and purpose.
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Data, Information and Knowledge…
 Knowledge:
 Knowledge is closely linked to doing and implies know-how and
understanding.
 Processing Information
 Data: symbols
 Information: data that are processed to be useful; provides answers to "who",
"what", "where", and "when" questions
 Knowledge: application of data and information; answers "how" questions
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Data, Information and Knowledge…
• Processing data produces information, and processing information produces
knowledge.
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