Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions from sources like power plants and factories, transporting it, and storing it underground to prevent it from entering the atmosphere and contributing to global warming. CCS aims to address the large volumes of CO2 produced by industries that account for much of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. The CCS process typically consists of three stages - capturing CO2, transporting it via pipelines, and injecting it into geological formations like depleted oil and gas reservoirs for secure, long-term storage. While CCS faces challenges like costs and public acceptance, it offers a promising solution for reducing emissions and enabling continued fossil fuel use during the transition to renewable energy.

1. Introduction to Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
In the face of escalating concerns about climate change and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) has emerged as a critical technology to mitigate
the impact of industrial processes on the environment. CCS is a comprehensive approach that
involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from various sources, preventing their release
into the atmosphere, and securely storing them underground to prevent further contribution to
global warming.
The primary objective of Carbon Capture and Storage is to address the significant volume of CO2
emissions generated by industries such as power generation, cement production, and certain
manufacturing processes. These activities account for a substantial portion of the world's
anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. By intercepting CO2 before it reaches the atmosphere
and redirecting it to secure geological storage sites, CCS offers a promising avenue to achieve
substantial reductions in overall emissions.
The CCS process typically consists of three main stages: capture, transportation, and storage. In
the capture phase, CO2 is captured from industrial facilities, either through pre-combustion capture
(before the fuel is burned), post-combustion capture (after combustion but before the emissions
are released), or oxyfuel combustion (burning fuel with pure oxygen). Once captured, the CO2 is
transported to suitable storage sites, often through pipelines, and injected into deep geological
formations, such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or saline aquifers.
One of the key advantages of CCS is its applicability to existing infrastructure, allowing the
retrofitting of industrial facilities to reduce emissions. Additionally, CCS can play a crucial role in
enabling the continued use of fossil fuels in conjunction with renewable energy sources during the
global transition to a low-carbon economy.
Despite its potential benefits, the widespread adoption of CCS faces challenges, including high
costs, public acceptance, and the need for robust regulatory frameworks. However, ongoing
research and development efforts, coupled with policy incentives, aim to overcome these hurdles
and make CCS a viable and scalable solution for addressing climate change.
In conclusion, Carbon Capture and Storage represents a crucial component of the portfolio of
technologies and strategies required to achieve global climate goals. By intercepting and safely
storing CO2 emissions, CCS offers a tangible pathway to decarbonize industries and mitigate the
impacts of human activities on the Earth's climate.