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introduction to Analysis instruments 1.en.ar.pdf

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This is the best introduction to Analysis instruments in Arabic

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‫ﻗﺪﻡ‬ :‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬.‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻔﻲ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 1 ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ - www.onlinedoctranslator.com
➢ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﺳﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ➢ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﻄﺎء‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺻﻼﺣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 2
➢ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺖ‬ :‫ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ❖ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ‬ / ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‬ ❖ ‫ﻣﻄﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺭﻱ‬ ❖ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ‬ ❖ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ❖ ‫ﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ❖ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ❖ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ❖ ‫ﺁﺣﺮﻭﻥ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 3
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻴﻘﺘﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻇﻦ‬ ❖ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻲ‬ 60 ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ❖ ‫ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ 15 ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ❖ : ‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭ‬ 5 ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ❖ :‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ 15 ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ❖ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ( : 5 ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 4
:‫ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ➢ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ :‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ✓ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ✓ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ✓ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ✓ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﻦ‬ ✓ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻦ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 5
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ( : ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍء‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺎﺭﻝ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺆﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ➢ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 6
‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ➢ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‬ ➢ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺉﺢ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 7
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‬ ➢ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺹ‬ ➢ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‬ ➢ ‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ‬ 120 ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳﻮﻣ‬ ➢ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ 4.5 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ 5.5 ‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ / ‫ﻣﻢ‬ 3 ➢ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ 4 ‫ﺫﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 8
‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻴﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ➢ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‬ ➢ ‫ﻋﺶ‬ 20 ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳﻮﻣ‬ ➢ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ 6 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ 10 ‫ﺁﻻﻑ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ / ‫ﻣﻢ‬ 3 ➢ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻔﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺒﺘﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺪﻣﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻐﺰﺍﺓ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 9
:‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺉﺢ‬ ➢ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺷﻈﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‬ ➢ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ 200 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ 800 ‫ﺃﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ / ‫ﻣﻢ‬ 3 ➢ ‫ﺗﺨﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺠﻠﻄﻪ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 10
‫ﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ➢ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ➢ ‫ﻣﻐﺬﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ - ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ➢ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 11
‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ➢ ‫ﺃﻟﺒﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺒﺮﻳﻨﻮﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺛﺮﻭﻣﺒﻴﻦ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺬﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ - ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ‬ ) ‫ﺳﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ( ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬ ( ➢ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ( 2023 / 2 / 19 12
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ :‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﻧﺎ‬ + ➢ ‫ﻙ‬ + ➢ Cl - ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ :‫ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ➢ ‫ﻳﻮﺭﻳﻚ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 13
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ‬ (‫ء‬ : ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ 1 ( ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء‬ RBC) ( 2 ( ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‬ WBC) ( 3 ( ‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺉﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ 4 ( ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ‬ Ht) ( 5 ( ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ MCV) ( 6 ( ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬ MCH) ( 7 ( ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ MCHC) ( 8 ( ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ‬ -‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬ 2020 / 2 / 19 ‫ﻥ‬ 3 ‫ﺷﻔﻮﻳﺎ‬ 7.36 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ 7.44 ( 14
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ‬ (‫ء‬ : ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ 1 ( ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ 7.36 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ 7.44 ) ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻮﻱ‬ ً ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ( . 2 ( :‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻼﻛﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻼﻛﺘﻮﺯ‬ 3 ( ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻚ‬ 4 ( :‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ‬ 5 ( :‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﺒﻮﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺒﺮﻳﻨﻮﺟﻴﻦ‬ 6 ( ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻄﺎﺕ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 15
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎ‬ (‫ء‬ : ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ 1 ( ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺹ‬ ) ‫ﻟﻘﻂ‬ ( ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪﺍﺕ‬ 2 ( ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺛﻮﻣﻲ‬ : ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ‬ .‫ﺑﺘﺮﻱ‬ 3 ( ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ : ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ .‫ﻣﺸﺮﺍﺡ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 16
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﺍﺕ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻝ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ➢ ‫ﺳﻴﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ 1 ( ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ) ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻲ‬ ( ‫ﻭ‬ 2 ( ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‬ ) ‫ﻛﻤﻲ‬ ( . 2023 / 2 / 19 17
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ :‫ﺍﻵﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﺪﻭﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺮﺃ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 18
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ :‫ﺍﻵﻟﻲ‬ ➢ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺘﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ .‫ﻓﻮﻗﻪ‬ ➢ ‫ﻛﺎﺷﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺷﻒ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ .‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ 202 ‫ﺃ‬ 3 ‫ﺟﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ 2 ‫ﺭ‬ / 1 ‫ﺡ‬ 9 / ‫ﻩ‬ 19
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺬﻛﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺉﻠﺔ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ .1 ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ؟‬ .2 ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ؟‬ .3 ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ؟‬ .4 ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ؟‬ .5 ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟‬ .6 ‫ﻛﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ؟‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 20
‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮﺍﺕ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ✓ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ✓ ‫ﺷﺆﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ✓ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 21
:‫ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ‬ ➢ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧﻈﻴﻔ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺁﻣﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺪﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬ ➢ ‫ﻳﺠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺆﻭﻥ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ➢ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻲ‬ ) ‫ﻣﺸﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ‬ ( ➢ ‫ﻣﺸﺮﻑ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 22
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ‬ ➢ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻂ‬ ➢ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﻥ‬ ✓ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬ ➢ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻬﺐ‬ ✓ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺐ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‬ ( 2023 / 2 / 19 23
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ‬ ➢ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺉﻲ‬ ✓ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺉﻠﺔ‬ .‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ✓ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ .‫ﺗﺤﺠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 24
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ‬ ➢ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ / ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬ ✓ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ Pco2 ، Po2 ، Ph ➢ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﺎﺉﻲ‬ ✓ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﻭﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ➢ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬ 2023 / 2 / 19 25
2023 / 2 / 19 26

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