JavaScript is a scripting language used to make web pages interactive. It runs on the user's browser and allows webpages to be dynamic and interactive by accessing and modifying page elements. JavaScript is commonly used to create effects like polls and quizzes and handle events like clicking buttons. Functions allow code to be reused and modularized for easier maintenance. The example JavaScript program defines a function to validate a login form by checking that required fields are entered and meet certain criteria before submitting.