The document discusses electronic bills of lading (e-bills of lading) in international trade law. It notes that e-bills of lading provide benefits like reduced costs, increased efficiency, and security compared to traditional paper bills. However, e-bills of lading also face limitations like lack of negotiability and challenges matching the legal standing of paper bills. The document also examines case law on contracts, delivery obligations, and what constitutes effective delivery for e-bills of lading.
LLM020L001A International Commercial Law In Practice.docxstirlingvwriters
The document discusses the usefulness and benefits of electronic bills of lading (e-Bills of Lading) in international trade law. It notes that e-Bills of Lading can reduce costs by eliminating paper documentation and transport fees, and increase efficiency by speeding up document transfers between parties. However, e-Bills of Lading currently lack the full negotiability of traditional paper bills of lading and challenges remain in replicating paper bill of lading laws and functions digitally. The document also reviews several court cases related to international carriage contracts and bills of lading.
Blockchain for Trade Finance: Trade Asset Tokenization (Part 3)Cognizant
By tokenizing the trade asset on blockchain and digitally managing trade documents, organizations can obtain delivery assurance, improve risk management for buyers and sellers, and prevent losses.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON FASTER AND MORE SECURE DOCUMENT TRAFFIC FOR INTERNATIO...Hüseyin Tekler
Blockchain technology has the necessary capability to facilitate the workflow of cross-border trade transactions, especially in the document approval processes. Blockchain technology is the basic technology behind crypto currencies like Bitcoin. The traditional method used to physically move large amounts of paper documents for transport operations by supply chains is very vulnerable to fraud, human error and accidental delays.
However, the administrative costs of processing, transporting, verifying and securing the documentation are also very high.
Traditionally, supply chains were based on the physical movement of large amounts of paper documents open to fraud, human error and involuntary delays. Blockchain can help to expand various international trade opportunities, often avoiding unnecessary processes, while successfully minimizing the high costs associated with international trade and operations.
International trade requires faster, safer and more efficient management of document approval workflows, which are needed to transport goods across international borders.
This study will cover how to make document traffic in international trade faster and more secure with blockchain technology.
This document discusses the prospects and challenges of using an electronic bill of lading as a document of title. It provides background on the traditional paper-based bill of lading and its key functions as a receipt, evidence of a contract of carriage, and a document of title that can be transferred. The need for an electronic bill is described, including reducing costs associated with paper documentation and addressing delays when cargo arrives before paper bills. However, an electronic bill must functionally replicate the key aspects of a paper bill, particularly its ability to transfer title without physically moving goods. Overall challenges in fully replacing paper bills with electronic ones are explored.
IBM-Maersk Blockchain Platform: Breakthrough for Supply Chain Present challen...Akhilesh Krishnan
IBM and Maersk are forming a joint venture to develop a blockchain platform to digitize supply chain processes in the shipping industry. Currently, supply chains are inefficient with outdated paper-based record keeping. The new platform will provide real-time visibility of shipments and a single shared record of transactions that cannot be altered without consensus. This could increase efficiency, reduce costs, and improve transparency compared to the current manual and error-prone processes. The goal is to make global trade faster, less costly, and more secure through this new blockchain-based digital platform.
FAQs COVID-19: A practical guide to frequently asked offshore law questions /...Loeb Smith Attorneys
COVID-19: A practical guide to frequently asked offshore law questions
Having considered the impact of Covid-19 on meetings and economic substance in parts I and II of this guide, we now examine the execution of documents and practical workarounds to some of the challenges that our clients have encountered.
Agents Methodologies For E-Chartering Market DesignMartha Brown
This document proposes a multi-agent system called MAVCM for electronic chartering in maritime markets. It analyzes the traditional chartering process involving a charterer, shipowner, and shipbroker. The MAVCM system would automate this process using software agents to investigate vessel and cargo options, negotiate freight rates, and facilitate cargo transportation over the internet. The document outlines the key players in chartering markets, requirements for an electronic system, and proposes designing MAVCM using agent-based technologies and methodologies to improve on traditional chartering limitations.
LLM020L001A International Commercial Law In Practice.docxstirlingvwriters
The document discusses the usefulness and benefits of electronic bills of lading (e-Bills of Lading) in international trade law. It notes that e-Bills of Lading can reduce costs by eliminating paper documentation and transport fees, and increase efficiency by speeding up document transfers between parties. However, e-Bills of Lading currently lack the full negotiability of traditional paper bills of lading and challenges remain in replicating paper bill of lading laws and functions digitally. The document also reviews several court cases related to international carriage contracts and bills of lading.
Blockchain for Trade Finance: Trade Asset Tokenization (Part 3)Cognizant
By tokenizing the trade asset on blockchain and digitally managing trade documents, organizations can obtain delivery assurance, improve risk management for buyers and sellers, and prevent losses.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON FASTER AND MORE SECURE DOCUMENT TRAFFIC FOR INTERNATIO...Hüseyin Tekler
Blockchain technology has the necessary capability to facilitate the workflow of cross-border trade transactions, especially in the document approval processes. Blockchain technology is the basic technology behind crypto currencies like Bitcoin. The traditional method used to physically move large amounts of paper documents for transport operations by supply chains is very vulnerable to fraud, human error and accidental delays.
However, the administrative costs of processing, transporting, verifying and securing the documentation are also very high.
Traditionally, supply chains were based on the physical movement of large amounts of paper documents open to fraud, human error and involuntary delays. Blockchain can help to expand various international trade opportunities, often avoiding unnecessary processes, while successfully minimizing the high costs associated with international trade and operations.
International trade requires faster, safer and more efficient management of document approval workflows, which are needed to transport goods across international borders.
This study will cover how to make document traffic in international trade faster and more secure with blockchain technology.
This document discusses the prospects and challenges of using an electronic bill of lading as a document of title. It provides background on the traditional paper-based bill of lading and its key functions as a receipt, evidence of a contract of carriage, and a document of title that can be transferred. The need for an electronic bill is described, including reducing costs associated with paper documentation and addressing delays when cargo arrives before paper bills. However, an electronic bill must functionally replicate the key aspects of a paper bill, particularly its ability to transfer title without physically moving goods. Overall challenges in fully replacing paper bills with electronic ones are explored.
IBM-Maersk Blockchain Platform: Breakthrough for Supply Chain Present challen...Akhilesh Krishnan
IBM and Maersk are forming a joint venture to develop a blockchain platform to digitize supply chain processes in the shipping industry. Currently, supply chains are inefficient with outdated paper-based record keeping. The new platform will provide real-time visibility of shipments and a single shared record of transactions that cannot be altered without consensus. This could increase efficiency, reduce costs, and improve transparency compared to the current manual and error-prone processes. The goal is to make global trade faster, less costly, and more secure through this new blockchain-based digital platform.
FAQs COVID-19: A practical guide to frequently asked offshore law questions /...Loeb Smith Attorneys
COVID-19: A practical guide to frequently asked offshore law questions
Having considered the impact of Covid-19 on meetings and economic substance in parts I and II of this guide, we now examine the execution of documents and practical workarounds to some of the challenges that our clients have encountered.
Agents Methodologies For E-Chartering Market DesignMartha Brown
This document proposes a multi-agent system called MAVCM for electronic chartering in maritime markets. It analyzes the traditional chartering process involving a charterer, shipowner, and shipbroker. The MAVCM system would automate this process using software agents to investigate vessel and cargo options, negotiate freight rates, and facilitate cargo transportation over the internet. The document outlines the key players in chartering markets, requirements for an electronic system, and proposes designing MAVCM using agent-based technologies and methodologies to improve on traditional chartering limitations.
Blockchain strategy depends on a company's market position. Followers should carefully consider and implement blockchain strategies, joining consortia to avoid being locked out. Short-term investment costs in blockchain are outweighed by long-term costs of being left behind. Barriers to blockchain adoption include regulatory issues, lack of standards, and short-term costs. Live use cases show blockchain can automate commercial logistics processes through smart contracts that resolve invoice disputes and reduce overpayments based on real-time shipment data.
The document analyzes the effectiveness of electronic bills of lading for international trade law in Sri Lanka. It discusses how electronic bills of lading provide a new trend over paper bills in the 21st century by offering benefits like speed, reduced costs and paperwork. However, electronic bills of lading still face challenges in Sri Lanka like developing a proper legal framework, lack of trader trust and technical barriers. The document concludes that while electronic bills present advantages, Sri Lanka needs to overcome these challenges to fully utilize electronic bills of lading and develop its international trade law.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE DOCUMENTS used in Export and Import Procedures are Commercial Invoice, Packing List, Certificate of Origin, Irrevocable Letter of Credit, Bill of Lading and CMR Document.
1) David Hesketh is leading a four-year project to demonstrate that improved supply chain visibility can help British businesses save money, be more responsive to markets, and increase innovation through greater confidence.
2) Currently, international supply chains often lack accurate and timely data about goods as they move through complex global systems, resulting in uncertainties and increased costs for businesses.
3) Hesketh's project is piloting a system to capture supply chain data at key points like the Port of Felixstowe to create an integrated electronic pipeline, with the goal of increasing visibility, control, and trust within supply chains.
Presentation of liner trade multimodel tranportationAMIR KHAN
This document summarizes a presentation given by Amir Khan and Rahul Raskar on liner trade and multimodal transport operators. The key points covered include:
1. The major players in liner trade such as ship owners, charterers, ship brokers, and shipping agents. The top 6 container shipping lines by TEU capacity are also listed.
2. The roles and liabilities of a multimodal transport operator in coordinating different modes of transportation to transport goods from origin to destination.
3. The types of cargo and equipment used for handling, including gas, liquid bulk, dry bulk, refrigerated, and unitized cargo. Equipment includes empty container handlers, reach stackers, forklifts,
Information technology in international businessDanish Shoukat
The use IT in the field of international business especially in business trade of import and export. It is very valuable for commerce chamber with all the documentation and e clearance of goods
Information technology in international businessDanish Shoukat
The need for IT in international trade this will very valuable in this field because the in export and import world the toughest hurdle are documentation and clearance of goods.
This document provides a legal and practical analysis of TradeTrust-enabled electronic bills of lading (TT eBLs). It addresses the lack of interoperability between existing electronic bill of lading platforms, which has hindered wider adoption. TradeTrust provides a solution by enabling any party to issue TT eBLs using blockchain technology, allowing them to function similarly to paper bills of lading. This achieves both technical and potential legal interoperability without requiring all parties to use the same platform. The document analyzes how TT eBLs comply with the Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records and the laws of Singapore, England, and several US states. It provides guidance to industry on using TT eBLs and addresses considerations
This document discusses the definition, essential elements, and validity of e-contracts under Indian law. It defines an e-contract as any contract formed through electronic means like email. The key points are:
1. The Indian Contract Act and Information Technology Act recognize the validity of e-contracts and electronic communications/records as legally binding.
2. Essential elements of a valid contract like offer, acceptance, consideration must be present in e-contracts for them to be enforceable.
3. E-contracts can be formed via websites through clickwrap/browsewrap/shrinkwrap agreements or via email exchange. The postal rule of acceptance applies to email.
4. Electronic records and digital signatures have evidentiary
20130911 oid dumortier_draft regulationJos Dumortier
The document discusses a draft EU regulation related to e-identification and trust services. It questions whether signatures will still be needed given digital processes produce evidence by registering what happens rather than exchanging signed documents. Specifically:
1. The draft regulation proposes mutual recognition of e-IDs across EU member states for online government services.
2. It also aims to define trust services like electronic signatures, seals, time stamps, and delivery services and grant them legal presumptions of integrity, accuracy, and authenticity.
3. However, the document argues that in a digital context, evidence is produced through digital records of processes rather than exchanging signed documents. Manual signatures and their digital equivalents could now be removed from some
This document discusses the legal validity of electronic contracts (e-contracts) in India. It begins by stating that the general principles of contract formation and the Indian Contract Act of 1872 govern e-contracts in the same way they govern traditional paper contracts. The Information Technology Act of 2000 provides statutory recognition of electronic records and digital/electronic signatures, allowing the authentication of electronic records. E-commerce and e-contracts have expanded significantly in India over the last decade due to the increased use of information technology. The document goes on to classify contracts into traditional paper contracts and electronic contracts, which include those executed through electronic data interchange and cyber contracts online.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A NEW FAIR EXCHANGE PROTOCOL BASED ON AN ONLINE TTP IJNSA Journal
Security protocols in e-commerce are required to manage the transactions between buyers and sellers. In order to engage customers in e-commerce, these protocols should be well formulated and secured; they should protect both parties from fraudulent users and subsequently promote the growth of e-commerce. There are some protocols, known as fair exchange protocols, in e-commerce that are designed to guarantee fairness between the customer and the merchant so that neither party gains any advantage over the other. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a new fair exchange protocol for trading products online between a buyer and a seller. The items to be exchanged in this protocol are a digital product and a payment. The following are the characteristics of this new protocol: (1) Dependency on a trusted third party is greatly reduced; further, the protocol also overcomes increased communication overheads and risks, hence leading to substantial improvement in the efficiency and practicality of the protocol. (2) The
protocol ensures fairness for all parties and provides an internal dispute resolution mechanism, thereby guaranteeing that none of the parties involved in the transaction suffer unfairly in case one of the entities disappears before the transaction is formalized. (3) The protocol consists of three messages exchanged between the buyer (customer) and the seller (merchant).
How Blockchain Can Revitalize Trade Finance (Part 1)Cognizant
As a new way to secure the transfer of value, blockchain technology promises to increase collaboration, automation and oversight in trade finance transactions.
The Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution ADR in Dispute Settlement of Logis...YogeshIJTSRD
The Alternative Dispute Resolution ADR provides a non litigation settlement mechanism for the parties of logistics activities. The advantages of ADR are highlighted in logistics dispute resolution due to the characteristics of logistics dispute and the difficulties faced in the litigation procedure. In the dispute resolution process, ADR means a simple, cost efficient, and convenient method for the parties involved to settle disputes quickly, flexibly, and friendly. With its legitimacy and rationality, ADR should be the preferred choice for the parties involved in logistics dispute resolution. Gao Quan "The Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Dispute Settlement of Logistics Activities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39925.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/39925/the-role-of-alternative-dispute-resolution-adr-in-dispute-settlement-of-logistics-activities/gao-quan
The document discusses shipping terms and processes. It defines shipping as the physical movement of goods from one point to another, controlled by a shipping or logistics company. When goods are shipped in containers, the sender works with shipping lines, freight forwarders, and customs brokers. A bill of lading is the key legal document that details the goods, nature, quantity and destination. It acts as a receipt and can determine ownership. Bills of lading can be negotiable or non-negotiable. INCOTERMS define important shipping terms like DDP, EXW that clarify responsibilities and costs between buyer and seller. The 2020 version of INCOTERMS includes changes like clarifying insurance requirements and costs for different terms.
New Eu Rules For E Invoicing By 2013, Equal Treatment With A TwistFriso de Jong
On Tuesday 16 March 2010, Ministers represented in the European Union Council for Economic and Financial Affairs approved the text of a new Directive supplementing VAT Directive 2006/112/EC.
The document discusses documentary credits (letters of credit) as the preferred method of payment in international trade and issues with the traditional process. It then summarizes TradeDoX, a software that aims to streamline the documentary credit process through collaboration features and automated document generation to reduce errors and delays. Key benefits outlined for exporters, importers, banks, and freight forwarders include accelerated payments, minimized discrepancies, saved time and costs, and improved collaboration.
The document discusses the benefits of using TradeDoX's documentary credit collaboration module compared to the traditional documentary credit process. The module allows importers and exporters to collaborate electronically on credit terms before a letter of credit is opened, reducing errors and discrepancies. It generates documents directly from the collaboration to ensure consistency and accelerate payment for exporters. The module benefits all parties in international trade by streamlining processes and eliminating inefficiencies.
The document discusses Incoterms, which are international commercial terms that define responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade. It defines the 11 current Incoterms, explaining what each means and when they are most appropriate. The terms determine responsibilities for delivery, risk, charges, and where goods possession transfers. The document recommends certain Incoterms like FCA as compromises for small businesses shipping internationally and notes Incoterms should align with other contract elements like payment and import duties. It concludes by providing contact information for the author and Nebraska Business Development Center for international trade consulting.
The document provides instructions for writing a 250-300 word paragraph analyzing a specific point from Okakura Kakuzō's essay "The Range of Ideals" to explain why his thesis that "Asia is one" is problematic. The paragraph should directly engage with one point Okakura makes, provide specific details on its logical or factual mistakes, acknowledge the diversity of Asian nations and cultures, and cite the specific page(s) being referred to.
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist and philosopher born in 1803 who is considered the father of American literature. He developed the philosophy of transcendentalism and emphasized nonconformity, self-reliance, and finding inspiration from nature. Emerson had a profound influence on writers like Thoreau, Whitman, Hawthorne, Poe, and Dickinson and developed a complicated relationship with Thoreau as his former student and friend.
More Related Content
Similar to Introduction International Trade law generally involves the trade between.pdf
Blockchain strategy depends on a company's market position. Followers should carefully consider and implement blockchain strategies, joining consortia to avoid being locked out. Short-term investment costs in blockchain are outweighed by long-term costs of being left behind. Barriers to blockchain adoption include regulatory issues, lack of standards, and short-term costs. Live use cases show blockchain can automate commercial logistics processes through smart contracts that resolve invoice disputes and reduce overpayments based on real-time shipment data.
The document analyzes the effectiveness of electronic bills of lading for international trade law in Sri Lanka. It discusses how electronic bills of lading provide a new trend over paper bills in the 21st century by offering benefits like speed, reduced costs and paperwork. However, electronic bills of lading still face challenges in Sri Lanka like developing a proper legal framework, lack of trader trust and technical barriers. The document concludes that while electronic bills present advantages, Sri Lanka needs to overcome these challenges to fully utilize electronic bills of lading and develop its international trade law.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE DOCUMENTS used in Export and Import Procedures are Commercial Invoice, Packing List, Certificate of Origin, Irrevocable Letter of Credit, Bill of Lading and CMR Document.
1) David Hesketh is leading a four-year project to demonstrate that improved supply chain visibility can help British businesses save money, be more responsive to markets, and increase innovation through greater confidence.
2) Currently, international supply chains often lack accurate and timely data about goods as they move through complex global systems, resulting in uncertainties and increased costs for businesses.
3) Hesketh's project is piloting a system to capture supply chain data at key points like the Port of Felixstowe to create an integrated electronic pipeline, with the goal of increasing visibility, control, and trust within supply chains.
Presentation of liner trade multimodel tranportationAMIR KHAN
This document summarizes a presentation given by Amir Khan and Rahul Raskar on liner trade and multimodal transport operators. The key points covered include:
1. The major players in liner trade such as ship owners, charterers, ship brokers, and shipping agents. The top 6 container shipping lines by TEU capacity are also listed.
2. The roles and liabilities of a multimodal transport operator in coordinating different modes of transportation to transport goods from origin to destination.
3. The types of cargo and equipment used for handling, including gas, liquid bulk, dry bulk, refrigerated, and unitized cargo. Equipment includes empty container handlers, reach stackers, forklifts,
Information technology in international businessDanish Shoukat
The use IT in the field of international business especially in business trade of import and export. It is very valuable for commerce chamber with all the documentation and e clearance of goods
Information technology in international businessDanish Shoukat
The need for IT in international trade this will very valuable in this field because the in export and import world the toughest hurdle are documentation and clearance of goods.
This document provides a legal and practical analysis of TradeTrust-enabled electronic bills of lading (TT eBLs). It addresses the lack of interoperability between existing electronic bill of lading platforms, which has hindered wider adoption. TradeTrust provides a solution by enabling any party to issue TT eBLs using blockchain technology, allowing them to function similarly to paper bills of lading. This achieves both technical and potential legal interoperability without requiring all parties to use the same platform. The document analyzes how TT eBLs comply with the Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records and the laws of Singapore, England, and several US states. It provides guidance to industry on using TT eBLs and addresses considerations
This document discusses the definition, essential elements, and validity of e-contracts under Indian law. It defines an e-contract as any contract formed through electronic means like email. The key points are:
1. The Indian Contract Act and Information Technology Act recognize the validity of e-contracts and electronic communications/records as legally binding.
2. Essential elements of a valid contract like offer, acceptance, consideration must be present in e-contracts for them to be enforceable.
3. E-contracts can be formed via websites through clickwrap/browsewrap/shrinkwrap agreements or via email exchange. The postal rule of acceptance applies to email.
4. Electronic records and digital signatures have evidentiary
20130911 oid dumortier_draft regulationJos Dumortier
The document discusses a draft EU regulation related to e-identification and trust services. It questions whether signatures will still be needed given digital processes produce evidence by registering what happens rather than exchanging signed documents. Specifically:
1. The draft regulation proposes mutual recognition of e-IDs across EU member states for online government services.
2. It also aims to define trust services like electronic signatures, seals, time stamps, and delivery services and grant them legal presumptions of integrity, accuracy, and authenticity.
3. However, the document argues that in a digital context, evidence is produced through digital records of processes rather than exchanging signed documents. Manual signatures and their digital equivalents could now be removed from some
This document discusses the legal validity of electronic contracts (e-contracts) in India. It begins by stating that the general principles of contract formation and the Indian Contract Act of 1872 govern e-contracts in the same way they govern traditional paper contracts. The Information Technology Act of 2000 provides statutory recognition of electronic records and digital/electronic signatures, allowing the authentication of electronic records. E-commerce and e-contracts have expanded significantly in India over the last decade due to the increased use of information technology. The document goes on to classify contracts into traditional paper contracts and electronic contracts, which include those executed through electronic data interchange and cyber contracts online.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF A NEW FAIR EXCHANGE PROTOCOL BASED ON AN ONLINE TTP IJNSA Journal
Security protocols in e-commerce are required to manage the transactions between buyers and sellers. In order to engage customers in e-commerce, these protocols should be well formulated and secured; they should protect both parties from fraudulent users and subsequently promote the growth of e-commerce. There are some protocols, known as fair exchange protocols, in e-commerce that are designed to guarantee fairness between the customer and the merchant so that neither party gains any advantage over the other. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a new fair exchange protocol for trading products online between a buyer and a seller. The items to be exchanged in this protocol are a digital product and a payment. The following are the characteristics of this new protocol: (1) Dependency on a trusted third party is greatly reduced; further, the protocol also overcomes increased communication overheads and risks, hence leading to substantial improvement in the efficiency and practicality of the protocol. (2) The
protocol ensures fairness for all parties and provides an internal dispute resolution mechanism, thereby guaranteeing that none of the parties involved in the transaction suffer unfairly in case one of the entities disappears before the transaction is formalized. (3) The protocol consists of three messages exchanged between the buyer (customer) and the seller (merchant).
How Blockchain Can Revitalize Trade Finance (Part 1)Cognizant
As a new way to secure the transfer of value, blockchain technology promises to increase collaboration, automation and oversight in trade finance transactions.
The Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution ADR in Dispute Settlement of Logis...YogeshIJTSRD
The Alternative Dispute Resolution ADR provides a non litigation settlement mechanism for the parties of logistics activities. The advantages of ADR are highlighted in logistics dispute resolution due to the characteristics of logistics dispute and the difficulties faced in the litigation procedure. In the dispute resolution process, ADR means a simple, cost efficient, and convenient method for the parties involved to settle disputes quickly, flexibly, and friendly. With its legitimacy and rationality, ADR should be the preferred choice for the parties involved in logistics dispute resolution. Gao Quan "The Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in Dispute Settlement of Logistics Activities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39925.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/39925/the-role-of-alternative-dispute-resolution-adr-in-dispute-settlement-of-logistics-activities/gao-quan
The document discusses shipping terms and processes. It defines shipping as the physical movement of goods from one point to another, controlled by a shipping or logistics company. When goods are shipped in containers, the sender works with shipping lines, freight forwarders, and customs brokers. A bill of lading is the key legal document that details the goods, nature, quantity and destination. It acts as a receipt and can determine ownership. Bills of lading can be negotiable or non-negotiable. INCOTERMS define important shipping terms like DDP, EXW that clarify responsibilities and costs between buyer and seller. The 2020 version of INCOTERMS includes changes like clarifying insurance requirements and costs for different terms.
New Eu Rules For E Invoicing By 2013, Equal Treatment With A TwistFriso de Jong
On Tuesday 16 March 2010, Ministers represented in the European Union Council for Economic and Financial Affairs approved the text of a new Directive supplementing VAT Directive 2006/112/EC.
The document discusses documentary credits (letters of credit) as the preferred method of payment in international trade and issues with the traditional process. It then summarizes TradeDoX, a software that aims to streamline the documentary credit process through collaboration features and automated document generation to reduce errors and delays. Key benefits outlined for exporters, importers, banks, and freight forwarders include accelerated payments, minimized discrepancies, saved time and costs, and improved collaboration.
The document discusses the benefits of using TradeDoX's documentary credit collaboration module compared to the traditional documentary credit process. The module allows importers and exporters to collaborate electronically on credit terms before a letter of credit is opened, reducing errors and discrepancies. It generates documents directly from the collaboration to ensure consistency and accelerate payment for exporters. The module benefits all parties in international trade by streamlining processes and eliminating inefficiencies.
The document discusses Incoterms, which are international commercial terms that define responsibilities of buyers and sellers in international trade. It defines the 11 current Incoterms, explaining what each means and when they are most appropriate. The terms determine responsibilities for delivery, risk, charges, and where goods possession transfers. The document recommends certain Incoterms like FCA as compromises for small businesses shipping internationally and notes Incoterms should align with other contract elements like payment and import duties. It concludes by providing contact information for the author and Nebraska Business Development Center for international trade consulting.
The document provides instructions for writing a 250-300 word paragraph analyzing a specific point from Okakura Kakuzō's essay "The Range of Ideals" to explain why his thesis that "Asia is one" is problematic. The paragraph should directly engage with one point Okakura makes, provide specific details on its logical or factual mistakes, acknowledge the diversity of Asian nations and cultures, and cite the specific page(s) being referred to.
Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist and philosopher born in 1803 who is considered the father of American literature. He developed the philosophy of transcendentalism and emphasized nonconformity, self-reliance, and finding inspiration from nature. Emerson had a profound influence on writers like Thoreau, Whitman, Hawthorne, Poe, and Dickinson and developed a complicated relationship with Thoreau as his former student and friend.
Raising Minimum An explanation of the its.docxbkbk37
This document discusses the key components of an essay arguing for or against raising the minimum wage. The essay would provide an explanation of the controversy around raising the minimum wage, including the background and current state of the issue. It would articulate a clear position and support that position with reasons backed by evidence from research. The essay would also have to address counterarguments and refute them with detailed rebuttals. It would conclude by restating the main argument and possibly suggesting a solution or policy. Sources would need to be cited in MLA style and include at least 5 non-internet sources.
Rail Project A goal of the Obama administration.docxbkbk37
The Obama administration promoted high-speed rail projects across major US states to adopt more environmentally friendly transportation initiatives and improve infrastructure. California accepted billions in federal grants to begin developing a high-speed rail line, though critics argue the projected ridership and costs make the project economically unfeasible, especially given California's budget issues. Supporters counter that large public works projects can have broader economic and social benefits beyond just transportation.
Racism toward Indigenous peoples in Canada.docxbkbk37
The document outlines requirements for an 8-page research paper examining racism toward Indigenous peoples in Canada. It must be in Chicago style with footnotes and bibliography, and discuss the prevalence of racism today, key contributing factors, and the concepts of meritocracy and white privilege in developing the thesis. Specifically, it should consider how beliefs about meritocracy factor into racist attitudes, the lack of understanding of white privilege and its impact, and how understanding these concepts could foster more inclusive attitudes. Five sources are required including the article by Brockham and Morrison.
This document provides instructions for a social issue paper on class, race and gender. Students must write a thesis statement and support it using at least 3 sources from the provided additional material. The paper must be formatted in MLA style and clearly relate to topics covered in the course.
The document discusses whether the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine could justify international intervention in Syria. Some argue multilateral attacks on Syria could be legitimate under R2P based on the requirements being met. However, many UN member states remain suspicious of R2P due to concerns it could be used to justify improper unilateral military action.
This article discusses racial disparities in hospital segregation in Jackson, Mississippi in the 1960s. It describes how the city's black community organized protests and filed lawsuits to desegregate white hospitals and gain equal access to healthcare. While progress was made through these efforts, racial inequities still persisted in the quality of facilities and treatment between black and white patients. The article provides insights into the political and social challenges of promoting desegregation and reducing healthcare disparities during the Civil Rights era.
Race alone is an inadequate category for studying labor histories because it does not account for other factors like gender. When telephone operator jobs transformed from predominantly white to black workers, African American women faced discrimination and stereotyping in their roles. Bell System's hiring policies and perceptions of black women were guided by wider societal racism and sexism. Bell publications portrayed African Americans in stereotypical, demeaning ways. The New York Telephone Company initially refused to hire African Americans in 1920 due to concerns about customer prejudice, and again in the 1930s during a period of high unemployment that exacerbated racial tensions. Prior to 1940, AT&T had very limited hiring of African American women for telephone operator jobs. The Civil Rights era prompted changes to Bell
QuickBooks uses windows API to follow orders to get updates.docxbkbk37
QuickBooks uses the Windows API to connect to Intuit servers to receive updates and data. Error code 12057 can occur if QuickBooks is unable to connect to the Intuit servers. This error may be caused by issues with the internet connection, outdated SSL settings, or incorrect date/time settings. The document provides steps to resolve this error such as checking internet options settings, updating the system date and time, installing Windows and QuickBooks updates, repairing the QuickBooks installation, and running QuickBooks as an administrator. Customer support should be contacted if the error persists after trying these troubleshooting steps.
Questions What are the purposes of Just.docxbkbk37
Offenders' cognitions serve to both make themselves feel better and balance their interactions with others and environments. Childhood trauma can influence offenders' distorted views of social reality. The psychological source of mental conflicts is examined. Prejudice is discussed as influencing criminal behavior, and whether one is prejudiced towards sex offenders. The main assessment activities and issues in correctional counseling are outlined. Issues in the termination stage and types of questions to avoid in assessment are identified. The importance of helping clients with feelings and defining beneficence vs. nonmaleficence are discussed. The benefit of motivational interviewing is also examined.
Questions to Each group you read about is.docxbkbk37
Several immigrant groups in 19th century America felt anxiety over changes brought by new immigrants. Mexicans/Tejanos, Texans, and Americans feared losing land and political power to increasing numbers of newcomers. Irish, German, and Chinese immigrants also faced xenophobia and fears that they would take economic opportunities and alter American culture. These documents from the Age of Expansion show prevalent fears and distrust of foreigners among native-born Americans.
Questions that must be answered in your plus other.docxbkbk37
This document outlines 4 questions to answer in a book report: 1) The 4 big ideas in the book. 2) How the book got its title. 3) What happens to the main character at the end. 4) What is liked most about the book. It provides guidance on the content to include in the writeup.
This woman finds meaning and purpose in her family and faith. She draws strength from her family, friends, and faith in God. She believes things happen for a reason and has hope for the future. She serves on the board of her church and a cemetery organization, which she finds rewarding as it allows her to help others and make a positive difference. Her most important belief is her faith in God, and she prays daily and is thankful for her blessings. She has tried to pass on her faith and values to her daughter.
Question Libya recently announced that it is claiming a.docxbkbk37
Libya claimed a 200-mile territorial sea zone, placing armed ships to enforce the claim and calling it a "line of death." The UN Security Council condemned Libya's actions as violating international law, which only recognizes 12 nautical miles of territorial waters. Authorized by Congress, the US sent ships and jets to patrol the 200-mile zone. After a Libyan ship fired at a US jet, US forces returned fire and destroyed two Libyan ships.
Question Use the Internet or the IGlobal Resource.docxbkbk37
This document provides instructions for two questions. Question 1 asks the reader to research scientific testing procedures and write the steps to provide evidence for a scientific claim. Question 2 asks the reader to watch a NASA video about detecting methane on Mars, discuss the challenges of collecting data on Mars, and how NASA is working to overcome these challenges. The reader is instructed to submit their responses in a Word document before a deadline.
Question Please define motivation and discuss why it is.docxbkbk37
Motivation is an important factor in educating adult learners because it influences their willingness to learn. Sociocultural factors like cultural conditions can impact adult learners' needs, with some conditions more significant than others. Adults choose to learn based on access and opportunity, which influence their learning along with enhancing formal and non-formal learning activities. Neuroandragogy and andragogy are approaches to adult learning, with neuroandragogy incorporating brain research which is important to understanding adult learning and development.
Question share your perspective on personal data as a.docxbkbk37
Personal data has become a product that is collected and sold by companies, but individuals should maintain ownership over their own data. While data collection can enable useful services, people should give informed consent and have transparency about how their information is used. There are ongoing debates around balancing corporate interests, individual privacy and control, and developing policies that ensure data is handled ethically.
The document asks the reader to write a 1000+ word paper in APA format that supports the death penalty for certain crimes like rape of children, kidnapping, and torture. The paper must use at least 3 academic sources and include a word count. The reader is asked to argue that they agree with using the death penalty in cases involving those severe crimes.
Question In your what are the main workforce.docxbkbk37
The main workforce challenges facing the United States are adequate healthcare staffing and shortages of skilled professionals. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated longstanding shortages and strained hospital resources. A future model of care delivery in the US must ensure adequate financing and a skilled mobile healthcare workforce. Mobile health clinics and teams of clinicians and health coaches could help increase access to affordable, tailored care that responds to community needs. However, this requires sufficient training and funding support to be successful.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Introduction International Trade law generally involves the trade between.pdf
1. Answers: Introduction International Trade law generally involves the
trade between
Answers:
Introduction
International Trade law generally involves the trade between two countries on
international basis that includes transportation of the goods through various modes,
international trade law often includes the rules and customs which includes often governs
the trade between countries beyond international boundaries. International transport as
part of the trade also includes the role of contracts as a part of legal functions in the form of
contract between the seller and buyer which is conducted in the form of documentation in
the form of Bill of lading, which becomes the evidence of the delivery of the goods through
the carriers in case of international transportation. In international trade the proper
documentation gives a validity to file a legal claim in case the goods are being lost or
destroyed in case of transit so that the rights of the seller and buyer are both intact. The
following paper highlights on the role of electronic bill of lading in international trade law,
usefulness of the e-bill of lading, benefits of the e-bill of lading, limitations of using the same
as well as risks associated with the e-bills, their contribution to the international trade law
by providing protection against default on payment or perpetration of fraud. and followed
by conclusion.
Usefulness Of E-Bill Of Lading In International Trade Law
In the International trade law, the legality of the contract is often formed through the
contract in the form of Bill of lading, it is often used by the carrier while transporting the
goods in order to acknowledge the receipt of cargo for the shipment purposes. These are
the most important documents which are often used in the international trade in order to
ensure the receiving of the payments and merchandise by the exporter and the seller. Bill of
lading ensures both the policy and an invoice and is a kind of negotiable instruments. It is
acts as the conclusive receipt of the transaction and is also considered as an evidence in
case of contract of carriage. Since with the Bill of lading being on paper there is a possibility
of fraud being done, so with the modernization of the trade practices on an international
level and the world turning into digitization the e-Bill of lading is being introduced by the
government of United Kingdom through which the transactions are being considered on an
2. international as well as domestic level. The United Kingdom also ratified the e-CMR Protocol
which has enabled both the transactions using digital waybills, it ensures to conduct the
safe transit and payment of the transactions, the very purpose the digitization is to improve
the channels of synchronisation and communications between both the parties through
automatic processing and decision making on the basis of fact. Since there can be fraud
which can be done through the bill of lading in the paper form so ensuring it as the
electronic transaction can be beneficial and safer for safe transaction. Besides that, the
COVID Pandemic has also made the shipping and transaction industry to adopt electronic
bills of lading and making it another accepted option in the shipping industry. Moreover, the
obligations undertaken by the career to ensure that the goods have been delivered safely,
completely depends upon the terms of the Bill of Lading, the same has been held in the case
Glyn Mills & Co and west India Dock Co. court held: nature and extent of the obligations
undertaken by the ship owner to consider a safe delivery of the goods to the contracted
destination totally depends upon the terms of bill of lading which have been previously
decided in the contract with the shipper where the assignee of the bill of lading has notice
of the same and thus is considered to be bounded by the which have been introduced in to
the stipulations mentioned in the contract in order to protect his rights against any kind of
loss of fraud. The main purpose of the bill of lading be it either in paper form of in the form
e- bill of lading is to protect the rights of both the parties also to provide damages or
compensation in case of failure to deliver the assignment on time. The same has been held
in the case Gard Shipping AS- v- Clearlake Shipping Pte Ltd (Comm)Grade shipping, a
voyage charter party agreed to let crude oil tanker to Clearlake shipping Pte Ltd. From one
safe port to another safe port, no formal document was ever drawn up but a fixture recap
was decided to be paid up upon breach, the charter party varied to deliver a second voyage
which gave rise to the dispute. Court held: in the present case the owners were entitled to
only the ordinary rate of demurrage which was set in the fixture recap as opposed to the
escalated rate. Moreover, the bill of lading also ensures the completion of contract as well as
the safe transit of the goods upon handing over the documents relating to the bill of
lading. The same was held in the case of MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company S.A. -v-
Glencore International AG, court in this case considered what could be the safe point where
effective delivery of the goods through the electronic bill of lading can be made and whether
or not an electronic system of pin codes can be considered to be sufficient substitute for bill
of ladings or not. Glencore made the shipment of Cargo which was carried through the
Mediterranean Sea, the cargo was supposed to deliver three containers which were lost by
the carriage, which was contracted on the eBill of lading and thus pin code was provided.
Court held, while adopting the new technologies for the purpose of international trade,
every company should ensure itself of the legal implications of the same and the companies
must protect themselves contractually upon the adoption of the new technologies. Benefits
of using eBills of lading With the liberalization and privatization many markets are
emerging along with various buyers and sellers which often lack government support, so
without any proper authorization and maintenance of records it can be difficult to keep a
check on the on-going activities which could result in the increase of frauds and risks in
trading of the goods with the fraudulent delivery of the bill of lading in the paper format, so
3. with the globalization in the international trade the system of electronic bill of lading in the
form of eBill if lading has been introduced, which have its own benefits if using the same.
One of the benefits of using the e Bills is that it does not include the cost of transport which
is almost around 10 to 15% which may often result by the use of paper documents. One of
the main reasons for introducing the electronic bill of lading is that the cargo which is
represented in the bill usually reaches to the port prior to the bill of lading and in case of
absence of the proper bill of lading there may be chances that the carrier may face the
dilemma of delivering the goods without any proper bill of lading to the owner, which in
most of the case may increase the chances of committing the fraud, which can be avoided
now through the introduction of the eBill of lading. Another benefit of introducing the
electronic bill of lading can be that it would help in getting rid of those delays which are
often caused due to the paper bills of lading. Apart from that this eBill of lading would help
in reducing the delay caused in documents being transferred from one party to another as
the parties do not require to wait for long until they receive the bill of lading in the physical
form. Further, it would also minimise documentation cost and may maximize the efficiency
of the transactions.The introduction of the electronic bill of lading has now changed the way
the international trade takes place as eBL services have opened a modern and digital
approach towards the BL transactions, is often considered superior in case of paper, courier
in terms of speed cost and security. It also provides greater peace of mind and security as
well since these are stored and transferred in the secure cloud or through peer-to-peer
block chain platform and are in encrypted form and digitally signed without any risk of
being stolen, manipulated or being forged. Apart from that the eBill of trading also
addresses the flaws which the traditional paper system contains such as it results in
lowering the administrative burden of trade where the cargo is being subjected to the
multiple transfers of the ownership and if in case any amendments required to be done, it
can be done cost efficiently, moreover an electronic paper system makes the electronic form
of bill of lading more secured and systematic. It can also help in cutting the administrative
costs of trade and will help in reducing those situations where carriers often discharge their
cargo against any letter of indemnity. Limitations and Risks Associated with eBill
of lading Although the introduction of the e Bill of lading has been considered to be the
most beneficial one for the international trade and its transactions. The main purpose of the
e-bill of lading is that it must digitize the major functions of the Bill of lading in its paper
form namely its acceptance as a receipt in legal form and evidence of containing the carriage
contract as a document of title. Main purpose of bill of lasing remains the same as to provide
the title to the goods. The only problem with the eBill of lading remains is that of the
negotiability which it lacks and if its successfully implemented and is been accepted then it
is required to match up to the level of that of the paper bill of lading, which the e-bill of
lading somewhere fails. The challenges or limitations which could even bind or limit the
scope the eBill of lading firstly, it has to find a way to become equivalent in terms of the
paper bill of lading. Secondly, various amendments have to be done in order to replicate the
laws to suit the issuance of the and use of the electronic bill of lading. Lastly, the
transactions through electronic usage are required to popularise in those areas where the
goods are required to be transported through the usage of bill of lading. Apart from that due
4. to the complexities it contains the ebill of lading is often considered as an analogous
document of title if it is compared to the traditional bill of lading, it could negotiability of the
electronic bill of lading result into the endorsement of the bill. Moreover, with the e-bill of
lading it will though ensure the security functions to the conventional ways of transactions.
It is a well-known fact that the major drawback of the ebill of lading is its lack of
negotiability, and it is devoid of the same on the ground that it is intangible. Moreover, since
under the ebill of lading no endorsement can be made and it is a well-established fact that
under the electronic bill of lading notions of indorsement, delivery or possession do not fit
in. since the ebill is a tangible document than if it does not match with the word holder and
in case of loss of destruction of the data contained in the eBill. The problem that is mostly
encountered while introducing any eBill of lading that it can be easily forged in the
globalization world where the technology is very advanced in such a case it will be easier to
either transmit or forged the pin number of the e Bill of lading. While the encryption of the
messages can be an issue the decryption of the messages will not be an issue to breach the
documents and consider a misuse. For example, when a carrier surrenders its goods which
it’s supposed to transmit upon the presentation of the bill of lading he does not require to
prove the authentication of the such documents except in exceptional cases, where it’s a
precondition mentioned. With regard to the electronic bill of lading, whatever mechanism is
used for its storage, transmission and the generation the same kind of protection should be
provided to the carrier so that he is not suffered by any losses, and the failure to do the
same would result into the refusal by the cargos in the near future to take the delivery of the
goods as there will be a constant risk which is going to be associated in case of the e-Bill of
lading which could make the e-bill of lading system a complete failure. Conclusion
The above paper highlights on the functions of electronic bill of lading in international trade
law, usefulness of the e-bill of lading, benefits of the e-bill of lading, limitations of using the
same as well as risks associated with the e-bills and followed by conclusion. While the Bill of
lading is an important instrument which are required to be given by the carrier at the time
of delivery of the documents, so bill of lading merely do serve as a receipt of
acknowledgement that the goods have been uploaded on the cargo and are safely delivery
to the destination port. it is necessary to protect the documents associated with the same
from any kind of fraud or any further misuse by any third party. For this, the electronic bill
of lading has been introduced with the aim to provide the easer of the transactions to the
carriers and also to avoid any kind of delay, it has though become more reliable and speedy
form of alternative of documentation. With the introduction of the e-bill of lading the safety
and security can be the major reasons of using the electronic bill of lading in case of any
form of transaction but with the advancement of the technologies and the globalization in
the expanding form, the treat that is associated with the same is that of its being
counterfeited. Therefore, it has become important to introduce a proper infrastructure to
protect the transactions as well as the electronic bill of lading in order to ensure its
continuity and safety.
References
5. Abdellatif N, 'An Ethereum Bill of Lading Under The UNCITRAL MLETR' (2020) 27
Maastricht journal of European and comparative law.
Casado J, Funes A, and Doncel J, 'Digital Transformation: Advantages and Opportunities of E-
CMR in International Cargo Logistics' (2021) 1 ESIC Digital Economy and Innovation
Journal.
Civelek M, and Özalp A, 'Blockchain Technology and Final Challenge for Paperless Foreign
Trade' (2018) 15 Eurasian Academy of Sciences Eurasian Business & Economics Journal.
Dai J, and Vasarhelyi M, 'Toward Blockchain-Based Accounting and Assurance' (2017) 31
Journal of Information Systems.
FERRIS, and HWAIDI, 'Switching from Paper to Electronic Bills Of Lading' (2019) 25 Journal
of International Maritime Law.
Gani A, 'The Logistics Performance Effect in International Trade' (2017) 33 The Asian
Journal of Shipping and Logistics.
Gong J, and Navimipour N, 'An In-Depth and Systematic Literature Review On The
Blockchain-Based Approaches For Cloud Computing' [2020] Cluster Computing.
Grahn R and others, 'Socioeconomic and Usage Characteristics of Transportation Network
Company (TNC) Riders' (2020) 47 Transportation.
Hamed A, 'Risk Management Techniques and Their Application to Documentary
Discrepancy In Letter Of Credit Transaction' (2017) 6 European Journal of Economic
Studies
Komarova N, and Velthuis O, 'Local Contexts as Activation Mechanisms Of Market
Development: Contemporary Art In Emerging Markets' (2018) 21 Consumption Markets &
Culture.
Kunawotor M, Barnor C, and Dziwornu R, 'The Income Redistributive Effects of Taxes In
Africa' (2019) 41 Economics Bulletin
Lee J, 'Limitation of Liability and Governing Law for Accidents Occurring Before Issuance Of
Bill Of Lading' (2018) 34 Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics.
Li L, and Zhou H, 'A Survey of Blockchain with Applications in Maritime and Shipping
Industry' (2021) 19 Information Systems and e-Business Management.
6. Matvieiev P and others, 'Public and Private Economic and Legal Interests in The Field of
International Transport In The Latest Edition Of Incoterms' (2021) 10 Amazonia Investiga.
Meral Y, Documentary Risk in International Trade (Springer, Cham 2018)
Piñeiro L, Mejia Jr M, and Ballini F, 'Beyond COVID-19: The Future of Maritime Transport'
(2021) 20 WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs
Plomaritou E, and Voudouris I, 'The Relationships of Bill of Lading, Charterparty And Other
Transport Documents' (2019) 24 Journal of Economics, Management and Trade.
Shope P, 'The Bill of Lading On The Blockchain: An Analysis Of Its Compatibility With
International Rules On Commercial Transactions' (2020) 22 Minn. JL Sci. & Tech.
Skopec A, 'PIN Chagrin: The Glencore Heist and EDI Through The Lens Of Delivery Orders'
(2017) 42 Tul. Mar. LJ
Todd P, 'Electronic Bills of Lading, Blockchains and Smart Contracts' (2019) 27
International Journal of Law and Information Technology.
Yang J, 'Applicability of Block chain Based Bill Of Lading Under The Rotterdam Rules And
UNCITRAL Model Law On Electronic Transferable Records' (2019) 23 Journal of Korea
Trade.
Yang J, 'Applicability of Blockchain Based Bill Of Lading Under The Rotterdam Rules And
UNCITRAL Model Law On Electronic Transferable Records' (2019) 23 Journal of Korea
Trade
Ziakas V, 'Challenges Regarding The Electronic Bill Of Lading (Ebol)' (2018) 4 International
Journal of Commerce and Finance.