Introduction And History Of Langmuir Monolayers ( Lms )

Introduction And History Of Langmuir Monolayers ( Lms )
Introduction and History of Langmuir Monolayers
The study of Langmuir Monolayers (LMs) has greatly increased in the last few decades, which has
furthered our understanding as well as appreciation for these simple yet valuable structures. This is
partly due to LMs being recognized as extremely important tools in the study of complex subjects
such as, but not limited to: biochemistry, biomedical research, and polymerization. Although each of
these subjects is unique in its own discipline, they all gain further insight with development of new
molecular structures, to which LMs provide the perfect template. If LMs were able to form unique
structures on demand, this could greatly improve the biomedical field and possible lead to paradigm
shifts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Franklin decided to test this theory while on another trip with one of his colleagues (1). He and
colleague passed by a small pond which was producing waves on the surface (1). This gave the
water a rippled appearance, an ideal testing situation for Franklin. He dropped a small amount of oil
on the water surface and was shocked to find that the oil had an immediate calming effect on a large
portion of the water's surface(1). Additionally, he noted that the oil spread itself over a large area as
opposed to staying in one isolated spot (1). What Franklin had documented was the creation of what
can now be referred to as a LM as well as noting the effects of hydrophobicity on a hydrophilic
surface. Other great scientists who continued Franklins work in this field were Lord Raleigh and
Agnes Pockels, both of who came from vastly different backgrounds, but recognized the importance
of being able to calculate a molecules thickness (1). They later discovered methods of calculating
the thickness of the oil that was dispensed on water by examining the drop–in surface tension when
a certain volume of oil was deposited on a water surface (1). Lastly, the most notable scientist in the
field of surface science and the founding expert of Langmuir Monolayers, Irving Langmuir. He was
a famous American chemist and physicist and another Nobel Laureate. The Langmuir Monolayer
and Trough is named after him.
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Essay On Lipid Based Carry System
As of late, a lot of intrigue has been focussed on lipid based carries systems. The most prevalent
approach is the fuse of the active poorly water dissolvable part into inert lipid vehicles, for example,
oils, surfactant dispersions, solid dispersions, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions, micro emulsions,
Nano emulsions, self–emulsifying plans (SEF), micro/nanoemulsifying formulations, and
liposomes.
The essential component of activity by which a lipid formulation prompts enhanced bioavailability
is typically avoidance of a slow dissolution process which constrains the bioavailability of
hydrophobic drugs from solid dose frames (Shweta Gupta, 2013). Ideally the plan enables the drug
to stay in a dissolved state all through its travel in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regardless of the extensive potential that these lipid excipients offer, not very many lipids based
Formulations have achieved the pharmaceutical commercial place. This might be because of the
inadequate data with respect to the generally complex physical science of lipids and worries about
figured drugs substance and physical stability. In addition to these concerns, the interaction of a
lipid–based formulation with the GI condition and its effect on drug absorption is also important.
For example, edible lipids have been appeared to be extensively more productive enhancers of
poorly soluble drug ingestion, as compared to nondigestible lipids (e.g., liquid paraffin).
Unsaturated fat chain length of the lipid likewise impacts drug absorption. Both long and medium
chain triglyceride oils with various degrees of saturation have been utilized for the design of self–
emulsifying formulations.
2. Surfactants: The self–emulsifying properties require the incorporation of moderately a lot of
surfactant in the formulation notwithstanding the oily drug carrier vehicle. The surfactants may
improve the affinity between lipids and intestinal membrane or increase the permeability of the
intestinal membrane (Gershanik T, 2000). Surfactants increment the

Contact Angle Experiments On Self Assembled Monolayers
Student's Name
Institution
Course Name
Instructor's Name
Date of Submission
Contact Angle Experiments on Self–Assembled Monolayers
Aim
The aim of this experiment was to measure the angle between a metal surface and a liquid droplet
using a CCD camera and optics. This experiment also investigated how metal surfaces coated with
single–molecule layers of functionalized alkanethiols and alkanethiols alter the wetting behavior and
metal surface energy.
Introduction
Whenever a monolayer is attached to a metal surface, the wetting properties and behavior can be
significantly affected (Yuan & Lee, 15). In practice, densely–packed self–assembled monolayers
(SAMs) can be used to modify the macroscopic properties of a solid surface (Dilimon et al. 202).
Changes in wetting properties occur due to changes in the angle made by a liquid droplet whenever
it is in contact with the surface. This phenomenon is significant in several contexts for example, in
industrial contexts: this property is used to evaluate the cleanliness of semiconductor wafers. In such
contexts, contact angles measurements are widely used. Control of this property is also useful during
penetration of insecticides or pesticides into plants, and waterproofing of materials (Yuan & Lee,
25). While the former focuses on maximization of wetting, the latter case seeks to minimize liquid–
induced wetting (Yuan & Lee, 28). When monolayers aggregate spontaneously on a surface, they are
termed as

Analysis Of Fences By August Wilson
"Jesus be a fence all around me every day. Jesus, I want you to protect me as I travel on my way"
(Wilson 1.2.21). The play Fences follows the journey of an African American family, the Maxons,
and their struggle to handle the appearance of both physical and metaphorical fences. Fences shows
the difficulties that the Maxons face in an attempt to balance love, loss, and laughter. The Maxson
family lives in Pittsburgh during the 1950's, and they meet tensions when searching for equality
within their relationships and in their larger community. Throughout the play, tension builds
between characters. To portray this tension, the author, August Wilson utilizes the narrative elements
of parallel plots through storytelling, developing characters ... Show more content on
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Additionally, it shows that Cory is facing that same issue regarding having a father that was too
much for him to handle and having to piece together the critical aspects of their fathers and the
world. The use of parallel plots allows the readers to see how the past has influenced every character
and how their resulting actions build tension with others.
In the opening of the play, the main characters are developed to be very stereotypical archetypes.
Troy is the money earning, hard–assed, head of the house and Rose is the gentle and caring mother.
Through metaphors, Wilson can contradict these initial character developments and reveal the
character 's true intentions. In the opening of the play, Troy 's character is "... fifty–three years old, a
large man with thick, heavy hands; it is this largeness that he strives to fill out and make an
accommodation with" (1.1.1). His appearance implies that Troy has an ego larger than himself and
strives to fill up the missing space in every way possible, but is not showing his struggles. In a
heated argument with Rose Troy says, "It's not easy for me to admit that I been standing in the same
place for eighteen years" (2.1.70). In other words, Troy is perceived to be a self–sufficient and
progressive man, until now. He reveals his vulnerabilities and says that although he puts on a front
of accomplishment, he has felt

How The Concrete Formed After Hydration Essay
INTRODUCTION
When cement is mixed with water in order to prepare concrete, the
hardened concrete formed after hydration is not a solid mass but a porous
material. There is formation of pores due to water which is initially added.
Water occupies some fraction of the total initial volume and after the
hydration of cement water is held physically, chemically or is adsorbed on
product after hydration. This leads to formation of different types of pore
structure inside the hydrated cement.
CLASSIFICATION OF PORES STRUCTURES IN HYDRATED
CEMENT
1. Capillary pores:–The hydration of cement leads to formation of a
network of hydrated solid product with the left empty spaces between
the hydrated products that are occupied by water left after hydration.
These residual spaces are known as capillary pores. The capillary porosity
of the cement paste depends on the original water–cement ratio and on
the amount of cement that has become hydrated. Capillary pores volume
reduces with time by precipitation of hydrates, into originally water filled
space. Capillary pores have high irregular shapes. Capillary pores are

assumed to have a major effect on transportation process but only minor
effect on hydration rates. These pores represents about 18.5% of the
original volume of dry cement. Further classification of capillary pores are
a) Large capillary pores: – These are pores with large space and they
b) Medium capillary pores: – These are medium pores

Internal Stress In Law Enforcement
There are many stress categories that law enforcement will face when it comes to performing their
occupational duties. The first stress category is internal or individual stress. Stress can happen at any
time especially on the internal side as there is always a chance of an "officer worrying about the
competency to handle an assignment. "If the assignment they are working on is causing individual
stress the feelings of 'helplessness and vulnerability" starts to happen when they feel the pressure of
trying to finish an assignment. Officers start to feel the internal stress that everyone is counting on
them to get the assignment they are working on in perfect working order. Since crime never sleeps
the assignments that make officers internally stress over each assignment critical which can lead to
more time being spent on–duty rather than off–duty. "The dearth of time for personal development
can translate into divorce, suicide, alcoholism, or burnout". The stress of the job and having a family
takes its toll but those who can cope with the internal stress of their job and family are the one that
can have both at the same time. Although there are some factors of internal stress that can lead
officers to eventually "end their career with no family, no friends –other than a few cops–and no
outside interests" Officers that have internal stress can have feelings that their "trapped in their
profession" because the internal stress of being a law enforcement officers is just to

What Is The Cheerios Effect
Have you ever noticed how Cheerios (and other light breakfast cereal) seem to aggregate, forming
clumps while floating on the milk in your breakfast bowl? What is it that makes these cereal pieces
such good friends? Some described it as 'sugaring.' Soaking in milk causes the sugars and starches
that coat the cereal to become sticky. Physicists have given it a name: the "Cheerios effect".
In fluid mechanics, the Cheerios effect is the phenomenon that occurs when floating objects that
don't normally float attract one another.
At the root of the Cheerio Effect are basic physics concepts such as buoyancy, surface tension,
gravity, and the meniscus effect.
Buoyancy or density of an object compared to the liquid or air surrounding it, determines whether
an object submerged in water or surrounded by air will sink, float, or stay put. Buoyancy is what
keeps objects afloat. If an object is less dense than the liquid or air surrounding it, the object floats.
Likewise, if the object is denser, it sinks. When an object floats on water, the water will not remain
horizontal, but will instead form a bump or dimple, depending on the object's weight. The change is
more noticeable when two identical objects float close together as two ... Show more content on
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At the interface which is between liquid and air, water molecules at the surface experience a strong
inward pull from water molecules beneath them but only a weak outward pull from the air
molecules above. This results in the surface of the water caving in slightly. Due to the surface
tension between the milk and the air, the air–milk interface does not like to be deformed (just like an
elastic sheet resists deformation) but at the same time, gravity is pulling on the individual Cheerios.
At some deformation of the interface, the two effects cancel resulting in a deformed interface while
the single object remains in

Rapping Tin Foil
To begin, did you know tin foil can float with pennies? Rapping tin foil like a boat and putting
pennies in the boat. I can see how strong tin foil is and what brand is the best. Buoyancy the ability
or tendency to float in water or air or some other fluid. Buoyancy the ability or tendency to float in
water or air or some other fluid. I will tell you about an upward force of the fluid which resists the
weight of immersed objects. The density of the atmosphere depends on the altitude. Can you tell me
about buoyancy in simple words? It tells you about the ability of an object to float on the water or
liquid. You can determine whether the object will float or not by checking the relation between the
weight of the water and the weight of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not very hard to shape a boat in such a way that the weight of the boat has been displaced before
the boat is completely underwater. So very little of the boat actually has to submerge into the water
before it has displaced the weight of the boat. So if a boat weighs 1,000 pounds (or kilograms), it
will sink into the water until So very little of the boat actually has to submerge into the water before
it has displaced the weight of the boat. It has displaced 1,000 pounds (or kilograms) of water. That
can show that boats can sink.Kinetic fountains In fact, it is a very formulaic system for balancing
and attracting positive energy (known a qi or chi) into the home or the office. Before leaping to the
conclusion that adding a fountain will bring the kind of benefits desired it is significant to note that
proper placement is vitally important for success.The map has regions dedicated to family, career,
wealth and much more, and putting a water feature in the wrong location can be disastrous. For
example, there are parts of any room or home that are dominated by the energy connected to the
element of fire and if you happen to hang wall fountains within such an area, the necessary energy
will be smothered by the water

The Causes Of Managing Stress In College Students
College life can be extremely stressful, especially for freshmen. However, it's not just freshman that
can be can be affected by stress, no one on earth is immune to stress. Stress is the body's way of
reacting to physical demand around it. Stress occurs when the bodies tension levels rise, exceeding
one's tension level causing the person to feel stressed and overloaded. Stress can be caused by many
things, and college students have been known to be more susceptible to stress; especially in their
first year. Often times, first–year students struggle with managing all the new responsibilities they
have to take on. They often struggle with the stress that comes along with being independent
academically and financially. As easy as it is to quickly become stressed, it's also just as easy to
manage stress. A student could manage stress by ensuring that they're not overloaded by managing
their time well, taking time out of their day to relax, and making sure that they have good, solid,
emotional support. First, for a student to manage stress, he must ensure that he doesn't overload
himself; he can do this by using time management skills. To do this, he should schedule an
appointment to meet with an advisor, in order to plan out a well balanced, structured, course load for
the semester. More than likely if something isn't planned out properly, chances are that it won't work
out. So, by balancing out his course load, the student is ensuring that he won't be overwhelmed by
his courses. After meeting with an advisor, the student should start to evaluate his own life and the
various activities that he may be involved in like sports. He should figure out what he can keep in
his schedule, and what he needs to remove from his schedule. After all, time management is a big
part of college and being unorganized can cause disastrous events to occur. After deciding what he's
able to fit into his college life the student should acquisition a planner. The planner doesn't have to
be big or extravagant, something as small as a pocket calendar could work, so long as it's able to fit
assignment due dates in the margins. After obtaining a planner, the student should review the
syllabus for his courses and record quizzes and

Essay On Lipid Based Delivery System
In recent years, a great deal of interest has been focussed on lipid based carrier systems. The most
popular approach is the incorporation of the active poorly water soluble component into inert lipid
vehicles such as oils, surfactant dispersions, solid dispersions, solid lipid nanoparticles, emulsions,
micro emulsions, Nano emulsions, self–emulsifying formulations (SEF), micro/nanoemulsifying
formulations, and liposomes.
The essential component of activity by which a lipid formulation prompts enhanced bioavailability
is typically avoidance of a slow dissolution process which constrains the bioavailability of
hydrophobic drugs from solid dose frames (Shweta Gupta, 2013). Preferably the formulation allows
the drug to remain in a dissolved ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regardless of the extensive potential that these lipid excipients offer, not very many lipids based
Formulations have achieved the pharmaceutical commercial place. This might be because of the
inadequate data with respect to the generally complex physical science of lipids and worries about
figured drugs substance and physical stability. In addition to these concerns, the interaction of a
lipid–based formulation with the GI condition and its effect on drug absorption is also important.
For example, edible lipids have been appeared to be extensively more productive enhancers of
poorly soluble drug ingestion, as compared to nondigestible lipids (e.g., liquid paraffin).
Unsaturated fat chain length of the lipid likewise impacts drug absorption. Both long and medium
chain triglyceride oils with various degrees of saturation have been utilized for the design of self–
emulsifying formulations.
2. Surfactants: The self–emulsifying properties require the incorporation of relatively large amounts
of surfactant in the formulation in addition to the oily drug carrier vehicle. The surfactants may
improve the affinity between lipids and intestinal membrane or increase the permeability of the
intestinal membrane (Gershanik T,

Physics : Particle Shape Distribution
3.2.3. Particle shape distribution Particle shape is the recognised pattern of relationships among all
of the points forming the external particle surface (Luerkens et al., 1987). Particle shape is one of
the most uncontrollable factors in powder technology. Different production techniques (e.g.
nonsolvent precipitation, spray drying, freeze–drying, etc.) for one material will practically
continuously lead to the production of particles of different shapes, and even particles that have
experienced similar treatments may exhibit different shapes. Most pharmaceutical solid particles are
diverged from the spherical shape (Hickey and Concessio, 1997). Nevertheless, all equations that
compute the interparticle forces (either van der Waals, capillary or electrostatic forces) are built on
the unrealistic situation, which assumes that particles of a predetermined shape interact under
theoretical conditions (i.e., an interaction between perfect spheres with perfectly smoothed
surfaces). Therefore, any effort to deduce an equation that accurately calculates the interparticle
forces between the real irregular–shaped particles would prove to be unrealistic. Nevertheless, a
qualitative assessment of the particulate interaction within a powdered system is possible using the
simple principles generated from perfect situations. Particle shape could have a significant effect on
powder charge (Murtomaa et al., 2004a). (Chakrabarty et al., 2008) argued that the possibility of a
particle

The Causes of Migraines
Migraines
Migraine, Medical condition that many people have to deal with. This is how to identify the signs of
a migraine, what a migraine simply is, what happens during a migraine attack, triggers and how to
diagnose it. The cause of a migraine could be many different things. This research paper could help
out a lot pf people who may have not yet experienced a migraine attack. A migraine attack is one of
the hardest illnesses to diagnose but a migraine could also lead to other things more severe.
A migraine? Migraines, severe painful headaches often proceeded or accompanied by sensory
warning signs such as flashes of light, blind spots, tingling in the arms and legs, nausea, vomiting,
and increased sensitivity to light and sound. Migraine headaches result from a combination of blood
vessel enlargement and the release of chemicals from nerve fibers that coil around the blood vessel.
This then causes the sympathetic nervous system to respond with nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting.
These migraine headaches are commonly misdiagnosed as tension–type headaches or sinus
headaches. During the headache, an artery enlarges that is located on the outside of the skull just
under the skin of the temple. This causes a release of chemicals that cause inflammation, pain, and
further enlargement of the artery. (http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine)
What triggers a migraine? A person physically or emotionally under stress can trigger a migraine.
The cent of a cigar is very strong for a

How The Different Mixing Methods Affected The Final Volume...
Figure one shows how the different mixing methods affected the final volume of the mayonnaise. It
is expected that as the mixing methods gained speed and applied more shear force, the mayonnaise
would have more volume. This was seen in the data. The biggest volume of mayonnaise achieved
was done by a blender and by a homogenizer. The blender that yielded a low volume product was
because the emulsion broke, which explains why a large volume was not seen. The high speed
homogenizer also had problems with the mayo, which explains their low volume yield. A
mayonnaise made with a lot of shear force is expected to have a greater volume because the higher
the sheer force, the smaller the oil droplets would be. This means that there were smaller oil droplets
which allowed more total droplets to be incorporated into the mayonnaise. More droplets leads to a
higher volume because there is more surface area in the mixture of the internal and external phase.
The emulsion also remained stable due to the smaller droplets, which will be looked at in detail
later. Since the mayo was more stable, none of the emulsion broke during the time between
preparing the mayonnaise for analysis and when it was actually analyzed. Overall, the results seen in
figure one were generally expected.
Figure two shows the effect of different mixing methods and their effect on various texture
indicators of the mayonnaise. These indicators were thickness, viscosity, and separation. It is
expected that the higher

The Effect Of Temperature On Surface Chemistry
3. Theoretical Background
3.1 Surface Chemistry
Weather a surface is hydrophobic or hydrophilic largely depends upon surface chemistry. Each and
every surface has energy which is proportional to area .For liquids surface tension is identical to
surface energy. And we know everything moves towards reducing its energy therefore drops tend to
be spherical. But what about droplets on a solid surface. Drops form an inverted cup like structure
and the angle made by drop surface with the solid surface is called the contact angle. Every surface
has Surface Energy. There is surface energy or surface tension between air–solid–liquid. Contact
angle is defined as the equilibrium angle made by liquid surface with the solid surface.Young's
equation describes the force balance between the interfacial tensions formed at the solid–liquid–
vapor contact line.
3.2 Contact Angle
When a drop of liquid is placed onto a solid surface, it forms a so–called contact angle (θ). The
Young's equation for the contact angle of a liquid can be applied only to a flat surface and not to a
rough one. The contact angle of a liquid on a perfectly smooth and chemically homogeneous solid
surface is given by Young's equation : cos θ = ( σsg – σsl )/ σlg where σsg, σsl and σlgare the
interfacial tensions of the solid–vapor, solid–liquid and the liquid–vapor interface respectively .
From the above Youngs equation we can find the angle which the liquid

Use Of Small Volume Fluids On Scale Of The Field Of...
ABSTRACT
Microfluidics biochips are revolutionary devices in the field of clinical diagnostics, DNA analysis
and molecular biology. Biochips involve various fields of science and engineering i.e., physics,
chemistry, biochemistry, nanotechnology, fabrication technology and computer science. It uses small
volume fluids on scale of micro to nano liter for automatically carrying out the reactions needed for
some biochemical assays. In this report I have covered basic overview of biochips, kinds of
biochips, areas of research, existing problems and finally presented work done till now in area of
sample preparation specifically dilution and mixing Algorithms for Digital Microfluidics Biochips.
INTRODUCTION
Microfluidics biochips are emerging devices for analysis of biological assay, and have its potential
application in the field of healthcare because of its point–of–care diagnostic capability. These chips
are of very small size typically of few centimeters [4]. These chips also have its application in
Biological computing it can be used as sample preparation primitive which reduces the operations
time. DNA hybridization can be reduced to 4min from 24hrs [2] by using it. Due to its small size
and low cost it feasible to use in place of bulky convention diagnosis devices.
These biochips also used to monitor toxicity of air and water. It has many advantages such as micro
liter fluids amount required for assay operation, high speed analysis, less cost in

Descriptive Essay
The fresh grass tickled his sticky body as he crushed the living daylights out of them. Beneath the
sun's gaze, he laid still while absorbing the beauty of the outside world. It was perfect.
"Run," an elderly man shouted at his students, interrupting his photosynthesis moment.
"Off the ground, Junho." Junho's eyes unlocked, his vision flooded with the cotton clouds and baby
blue sky. The lively looking grass unfolded as Junho hustled to his rowdy coach. The day was too
perfect.
Preparing himself to run off with much confidence, rain broke out, abruptly stopping him as he
made his first step to sprint. Junho took his eyes off the finish line and fixed his stare upon the
upsetting clouds. Keeping his stare upon the gray clouds, he tilted ... Show more content on
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Within a few minutes, Junho reached into his stiff pocket and piled a blue and white deck of cards
on top of his books along with his white bulky headphones. His headphones shielded rounded ears
from the rambling students.
"As time goes by,
I only let out sighs.
Always blaming the heavens
Pounding the floor in regret.
Isn't that why
I couldn't fly or walk?"
Consciously stacking card after card, Junho had formed a house of cards. It was perfect. Finishing
his masterpiece, he looked back to the rain, building more sighs and the tear–shaped rain fell
constantly. Song after song, his view was filled with the house of cards. Three layers of cards,
stacked upon one another. Without the bottom, the tower is unstable. Without the bottom, the whole
house falls and is no longer one. Without the bottom, the house is nothing. At that very moment, the
bell rang and interrupted his gaze. His eyes shifted as the bell rang throughout the school startling
him. But he wasn't the only one startled, the cards collapsed. Junho stared at the fallen cards as the
faint beeping rang once more.
The bus stop was in full view from where Junho stood. He had to run. The bus wasn't too far away
from it's designated destination. With such little thought, he prepared himself once more to run. As
soon as he met contact with the concrete floor a drop of water targetted him. Rain. Drip drop. One
fell right after another like a cycle. The perfect day had been ruined again by the drizzling rain.

The Chemistry Of A Heating Bath
A heating bath is used in the laboratory to allow the chemical reaction to occur at an elevated
temperature around 1000C. The beaker is a glass vessel which contains the chemical solutions for
the purpose of coating. It is placed in the electroless bath where the chemicals are being heated up.
The glass rod is used to stir the chemical where the magnetic stirrer is not necessary. The tongs are
used to lift the bath after the coating is completed. Tri–sodium citrate and thallium acetate are the
chemicals used during coating process which acts as a stabilizer for the bath. It stabilizes the
reaction occurring in the bath. Laboratory grade distilled water is used for the cleaning process and
also to mix up with the chemicals. Nickel chloride acts as the source for the coating process as the
nickel is being coated upon the surface of the substrate. Ethylene di amine is used as a complexing
agent which creates a bond between the nickel and aluminium and causes the coating. Thallium
acetate is used as the stabilizer. Sodium borohydride is the reducing agent which removes the
hydrogen ions which are being formed up inside the bath during the coating process. Fig.1 Zincate
pre–treatment process Table.1 Composition of Zincate Sodium hydroxide 400 g/l Zinc sulphate 120
g/l Sodium potassium tartarate 6 g/l Temperature Room Temperature Immersion time 3 mins Table.2
Nickel phosphorous and Nickel boron composition and conditions S.No Chemicals Used &
Conditions

Descriptive Essay
The fresh grass tickled his sticky body as he crushed the living daylights out of them. Beneath the
sun's gaze, he laid still while absorbing the beauty of the outside world. It was perfect.
"Run," an elderly man shouted at his students, interrupting his photosynthesis moment.
"Off the ground, Junho." Junho's eyes unlocked, his vision flooded with the cotton clouds and baby
blue sky. The lively looking grass unfolded as Junho hustled to his rowdy coach. The day was too
perfect.
Preparing himself to run off with much confidence, rain broke out, abruptly stopping him as he
made his first step to sprint. Junho took his eyes off the finish line and fixed his stare upon the
upsetting clouds. Keeping his stare upon the gray clouds, he tilted his head.
"It was supposed to be a perfect day," he breathed.
Junho flinched as a raindrop struck back by intruding his eye. His quick reflexes resulted in him
shifting his head towards a puddle in front of him. The puddle reflected the upper half of himself;
damp, jet black hair, dark brown eyes, smooth pale skin, the bottom half of his body was irrelevant.
The small body of water ruined it's perfect surface as droplets of rain poured down. Leaving the
watered–downed field, Junho heard a faint constant beeping as he rushed inside the academic
building.
Changing out of his wet clothes, Junho re–entered his classroom wearing his gray school uniform.
Taking a seat at his wrinkled wooden desk, he stared at the window with his head cradled in

Determination Of Solubility Of Fenoprofen
RESULTS
Determination of solubility of fenoprofen The solubility data is shown in Table I and it is presented
in Figs.1, 2 and 3. The solubility of fenoprofen amongst various oils investigated was found to be
highest in oleic acid (198.93±2.91mg/ml) followed by triacetin, labrafil M1944, capryol 90. The
solubility of drug was insignificantly different between labrafac lipophil, IPM, and labrafac PG.
Amongst surfactants, labrasol showed maximum solubility (129.17±1.4mg/ml) followed by tween
80, and span 20. Propylene glycol showed highest solubility among the cosurfactants
(210.5±1.57mg/ml), followed by glycerol, plurol oleique, and lauroglycol 90.
Preliminary screening of surfactants for emulsification ability The % transmittance values of
dispersions are given in Table II. These studies indicated that tween 80 had good ability to emulsify
oleic acid followed by labrasol, while span 20 failed to emulsify oleic acid.
Preliminary screening of cosurfactants The % transmittance values of surfactant/cosurfactant
combinations are given in Table III. These studies revealed that no significant difference between
propylene glycol and glycerol ability to improve nanoemulsification of tween 80. However,
propylene glycol was selected because it showed better drug solubility than glycerol.
Construction of pseudo–ternary phase diagrams The transparent to translucent microemulsion region
for each investigated system are presented in phase diagram with one axis representing

The Properties of Hydrostatics
Three containers are filled with water to the same height and have the same surface area at the base:
hence the water pressure and total force on the base of each is the same. Yet the total weight of the
water is different for each. Explain this "hydrostatic paradox"
The key to this problem is that the force on a container due to the hydrostatic pressure is always
perpendicular to the surface of the water. According to Newton's 3rd law, the container will push
back on the water in the exact opposite direction, also perpendicular to the surface of the container
Consider what happens when you push both a pin and the blunt end of a pen against your skin with
the same force. Decide what determines whether your skin is cut. The net force ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Will an empty balloon have precisely the same apparent weight on a scale as a balloon filled with
air? Explain.
If air is incompressible, then yes.The full balloon will have more weight (more downward force),
due to the mass of the air in the balloon. The full balloon will also have an upward buoyant force on
it, equal to the weight of the air displaced by the balloon. Since the balloon is both containing air
and floating in air, the weight of the air inside the balloon is the same magnitude as the buoyant
force. Filled balloon has a higher apparent density compared to empty balloon.
IF you dangle 2 pieces of paper vertically a few inches apart and blow between then, how do you
think the papers will move?
The papers will move toward each other. Bernoulli's principle says that as the speed of the gas flow
increases, the pressure decreases (when there is no appreciable change in height). So as the air
passes between the papers, the air pressure between the papers is lowered. The air pressure on the
outside of the papers is then greater than that between the papers, and so the papers are pushed
together.
Children are told to avoid standing too close to a rapidly moving train because they might get
sucked in under it. Is this possible? Explain.
It is possible. Due to viscosity, some of the air near the train will be pulled along at a speed
approximately that of the train. By Bernoulli's principle, that air will be at a lower pressure than air
further

The Human Body is An Example of Amazing Efficiency Essay
The way our body works is an amazing thing. Millions of different actions come together so that our
bodies can function the way that they do. If you really think about it, it is amazing how we can
survive day to day. There are certain laws and forces that are the reason behind the human body can
function as efficiently as it does. Gas laws help us understand certain aspects of human anatomy
such as pressure. Laplace's Law is one gas law that helps explain distending pressures within the
body. Terry Jardins explained in his book, Cardiopulmonary Anatomy & Physiology Essentials of
respiratory care that "Laplace's law describes how the distending pressure of a liquid bubble is
influenced by (1) the surface tension of the bubble and (2) the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We can apply this to respiratory therapy because in cases of pulmonary edema, the greater the
pressure of the liquid the greater the force inside the alveoli will be. This could lead to collapse of
the alveoli (Gardenhire). As stated previously the human anatomy is an amazing and complex work
of art. Laplace's law helps us to understand just a small part of how the human body works. It is now
understood that Laplace's law can be applied to the lungs because the alveoli are in constant contact
causing them to have only one surface area. Also in the case of pulmonary edema, the pressure of
the liquid outside of the alveoli will cause greater pressure within the alveoli which can cause then
to collapse.
Summary
In our Anatomy textbook Laplace's law describes how the distending pressure of a liquid bubble is
influenced by (1) the surface tension of the bubble and (2) the size of the bubble itself. If the sphere
only has one liquid–gas interface then the equation is written as P= 2ST/r .In this equation P
represents the pressure difference which will be measured in dynes/cm2. ST will be the variable for
surface tension and will also be measured in dynes/cm2. R equals the radius and will be measured in
centimeters. Our Pharmacology textbook describes it a little differently by saying that Laplace's law
the physical principle describing and quantifying the relationship between the internal pressure of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Membrane Contactors
Abstract –
Since the advent of membrane contactors as means of separation alternative to conventional
techniques of separation, such as distillation towers, packed bed towers, research has been done on
membranes so as to industrialize the whole process for large plants. The membrane contactors
provide significant advantage over the more traditional separation tools and hence, are being
increasingly used. The researchers have, though, realized a major disadvantage associated with
membrane contactors. The membrane used for liquid–gas or liquid–liquid contact undergoes a
phenomenon, referred to as wetting, which primarily involves the liquid entering the pores of the
membrane in the gas–liquid separation (or either of the two liquids in the case ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The traditional mass–transfer equipment has been known to have several disadvantages such as
flooding, weeping, entrainment, channeling, etc. Further, the above mentioned operational problems
were in addition to the technical scale up problems that were faced while the installation of such
equipment. The preparation prior to industrial set–up generally required designing, appropriate small
scale testing, pilot plant testing and finally industrial scale test, before the system went into
operation. Such elaborate preparations required large amount of capital as well as physical space as
the separation equipment, is most generally extremely large and occupies huge area. The
introduction of membrane separators was a major breakthrough as the membrane separation
techniques do away with all such problems. The membrane separators generally have a very high
selectivity for a particular component (which is aimed to be separated) in the absorption process, as
well as they are compact and modular, which essentially means that the scale–up is not an issue with
the membrane separators. Their other advantages include very high surface to volume ratio, which
can also be calculated (whereas in columns, such as distillation or packed column, contact surface
area is unknown and cannot be estimated), and are flexible in operation as they separate gas liquid
flows which can be independently controlled as well as

Meniscal Tear
Speech 101
10/24/11
Topic – My meniscus injury and the processes in which I went through
Intro – About a year and a half ago I was training pretty hard to get into shape for the fire academy
here at rio hondo. I would run atleast 5 miles a day to keep good cardio, haha I don't do much of any
running any more. Well, One of those days I went on an uphill run with a 20lb weight pack and
experienced some pain in my left knee, about a month later It still hurt so i went to the doctor and
after an MRI it was determined that I may have torn my meniscus and I would not be able to attend
the academy until it healed. Today im going to go over some knowledge I gained about these types
of injuries by experiencing one first hand.
Body – 1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Works Cited
"Meniscal Tears – Your Orthopaedic Connection – AAOS." AAOS – Your Orthopaedic
Connection. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00358>.
The Center of Orthopaedic Surgery. "KNEE JOINT – ANATOMY & FUNCTION." THE
CENTER FOR ORTHOPAEDICS AND SPORTS MEDICINE. Nucleus Communications.
Web. 24 Oct. 2011.

The Thermodynamics Of Solidification Process
THERMODYNAMICS
PROJECT
Prof: Srinivasan G. Srivilliputhur
Thermodynamics of Solidification.
– Finally Draft –
Chun–Yu Lin and Yiyang Wan
University of North Texas
Material Science and Engineering department
Denton, TX 76207
Oct 30 2014
Outline
1. Introduction of Solidification
2. Principle of Solidification Process
a. Nucleation
b. Growth of solid
c. Alloy's phase diagram
d. Alloy Solidification
3. Real Application of Solidification Process
a. Eutectic Solidification Process
b. Peritectic Solidification Process
4. Conclusion
Introduction
Solidification is process through which crystalline materials, such as metals and alloys, transform
from non–crystallized state into crystallized state. This process is a basic technique used in alloy
casting, growth of single–phase semiconductors, welding and etc. We need to understand what's
happening during solidification and how it affect the structure of final materials, which directly
determines the properties of products. Besides, a proper set of solidification parameters also helps to
improve energy efficiency.
Principle of solidification process
1. Nucleation

The whole process begins with the creation of a combination of atoms randomly, followed by
stabilization of these tiny cores (homogeneous nucleation). Thermodynamics plays an important role
because it determines if the liquid continues to solidify or remains in equilibrium.
When the environment temperature is below the melting

Stress Essay
Stress is the combination of psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions that people have
in response to events that threaten or challenge them. Stress can be good or bad depending on the
situation which someone is facing. Sometimes, stress can be helpful, providing people with the extra
energy or alertness they need. This type of stress is called eustress. Unfortunately, most stress does
not fall under that catagory and can become harmful when not managed effectively. This is known
as distress and is what most people are referring to when they mention stress. Distress can increase
the risk of developing health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and anxiety disorders. Stress
can be thought of in terms of stressors and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can cause twitching, trembling, muscle tension, headaches, sweating, irritability, fatigue, and
even dry mouth. I deal with this by just having a positive additude, by knowing that I can complete
the task in front of me and following a few simple rules for myself. By following these a student that
scored high on the stress test can do many things to lower their level of stress. First off, when
dealing with stress a student's physical well being and the attitude of that student need to be
improved. To start this, the student must think positive. Positive thinking not only decreases the
stress level in the body, but it also acts as a confidence builder. Making an effort to stop negative
thoughts and think more towards positive ones changes the total mindset of that student. Instead of
thinking negative thoughts about a test, the student needs to focus on doing well instead. Secondly,
you're encouraged to start an exercise program. Exercise is a major stress reliever. It frequently is
one of the best physical stress–reduction techniques available. It not only improves health and
reduces stress caused by unfitness, but it also relaxes tense muscles and helps to sleep; a much
needed benefit for many students. Exercise has a number of other positive benefits such as: it
improves blood flow to the brain, bringing additional sugars and oxygen, which may be needed
when a student is thinking

Echo 550
Echo 550 and Acoustic Liquid Handling Technology
High throughput screening (HTS) is essential in the process of finding a potential drug candidate,
and automation is key for a good screen both in terms of robustness and reproducibility.
Since the day I joined Perlara, I kept hearing about the Echo machine on one of our benches back
there but it is only a couple of weeks back that I actually got to learn and use it. I knew that the Echo
550 from Labcyte Inc. was one of the most prized possession of Perlara's automation pathway. I was
truly amazed at the fact that it transfers small amounts of compounds from our drug library source
plates on to destination plates using sound energy. It was fascinating that the transfer was made
without any physical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ADE can be used to transfer a range of solvents with viscosity ranging from 0.3 to 10 centipoise.
The technology is also capable of working with volatile liquids such as ethanol and acetone which
have low viscosity and surface tension. The ADE technology can effectively transfer a range of
solvents with varying viscosity effectively with low coefficient of variation (CV). The CV is as low
as <8% when the plate has unknown water and/or DMSO compositions. Since transfer by ADE
technology does not involve any physical contact, it minimizes the risk of contamination and/or
cross–contamination. This technology also proves to be cost–effective in the long run because it
does not involve the use of pipette tips. In conclusion, the Echo 550 using ADE technology is a very
effective tool in the drug screening automation

Assessment of Therapeutic Effects of Subcutaneous...
Background and Objective: Neurologic literatrure about therapeutic effect of subcutaneous
corticosteroids in patients with migrainous chronic daily headache is scare. Aim of this research is
assessment of therapeutic effects of this management in the patients.
Methods: Consecutive patients with migrainous chronic daily headache in our headache clinic
enrolled a prospective before and after therapeutic study during 2010–2013. Fourty mg
Metylprednisolone was divided in four subcutaneous injection doses. Two injections were done in
right and left suboccipital area exactly at retromastoid cervicocranial junction and two injections
were performed in lower medial frontal area exactly at medial right and left eye brow limit. A
headache daily was filled out by the patient before and one month after intervention. The severity of
pain was classified based on the Pain Intensity Instrument, using a 0–to–10 point numeric rating
scale. Paired t test and Chi–square served for statistical analysis.
Results: 504 patients (378 females, 126 males) with migrainous chronic daily headache underwent
the study. Dramatic, significant, moderate and mild or no improvement constituted 28.6%, 33.3%,
23.8%, and 14.3% of the post treatment courses respectively. Therapeutic effect of intervention on
mean pain scores was significant; t=7.38, df=20, p=.000. Two cases developed subcutaneous fat
atrophy in frontal injection site and 3 cases experienced syncope during injection.
Conclusion: Subcutaneous

The Importance Of Environments In The Environment
environment. Another advantage of this machinery is that it is low–cost and eco–friendly. Recycling
of spilled oil and regeneration of the Me–CNT sponges is done primarily by heat treatment. After
use, the sponges are gathered by magnets, collected and heated (to 493K to release the gasoline
vapour or 573 °C to release diesel). After regeneration, the sponge can be reused multiple times for
oil sorption. In fact it can be recycled more than 1000 times. [Xuchun Gui, Zhiping Zeng, Magnetic
and Highly Recyclable Macroporous Carbon Nanotubes for Spilled Oil Sorption and Separation,
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/am4015007?journalCode=aamick] 8. NATURAL
ABSORBENTS There are several absorbents in our environment as well. These include but ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here the TiO2 should be coated onto inexpensive, hollow glass microbeads (averaging 125 pm
diameter) which float on sea water and immediately separate. These oleophilic TiO2` photosensitiser
coated beads are capable of cleaning up small–scale oil spills by  Stripping and aggregating the
oil, which is then followed by mechanical clean–up  The TiO2 fastening the rate of oxidation of
the oil  The beads controlling the combustion of the oil films on water 10. POLYDOPAMINE–N–
DODECYL MERCAPTAN MESH OR PDA–NDM MESH A stainless steel mesh is initially
covered with the adhesive film by immersion in a concentrated aqueous solution of polydopamine
(PDA). Then N–Dodecyl mercaptan (NDM) was then conjugated with the PDA film on the mesh
through the Michael addition reaction. Now the Polydopamine–N–Dodecyl Mercaptan mesh is
capable of attracting various molecules to be introduced onto the surface. The mesh can be used to
specifically isolate water from oil/water mixtures with high efficiency, and the mesh can be
effortlessly cleansed, stored, and reused. The mesh has been weaved using stainless steel wires. It
has a large number of nanostructured papillaes on its surface. the nanostructured papillaes get more
intensive after the conjugation between n–dodecyl mercaptan present in the oil, and the PDA mesh.
The holes has an average diameter of 40 μm which is why oil can flow easily though the mesh. The
basic

How Different Chemicals Affect Surface Tension
The aim of my experiment was to figure out how different chemicals affect surface tension. I chose
this experiment because I have always wondered how a drop of water stays together as it falls
through the air. My independent variable was the different chemicals used. My dependant variable
was which liquid stayed on the penny best. The control in this experiment was pure water. My
hypothesis was; if water mixed with salt and water mixed with detergent is tested, then detergent
will cause the surface tension to weaken the most. By definition, "Surface tension is the property of
the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its
molecules" (USGS). Molecules in a drop of water cling to each other. This is why they can stay
together as they fall through the air (Wick 9). In addition, water molecules at the surface of a liquid
form stronger bonds (USGS). This is because they have no adjacent molecules on top of them so
they exert more powerful forces to molecules on and below the surface of a liquid (USGS). For
example, water striders can glide on the surface of water because their mass is not strong enough to
break the surface tension (USGS). The dependent variable in this experiment was, which liquid
stayed on the penny best. The independent variable was the different chemicals used.
Water droplets form spheres because they are pulled by the cohesive forces of the surface layer
(USGS). A drop of water in its smallest size is a

Essay on Dating Anxiety
Dating Anxiety
Have you ever been really stressed about something? Think of the time when you have been the
most stressed out. Multiply that to the 10th power and you have me before a date. It seems to me
dating and stress are like salt and pepper; you almost never have one without the other. Endless
anticipations flood your mind, making it almost impossible to keep a continuous train of thought.
The worst thing about dating is that you get seriously stressed out for one lousy night. It's enough to
turn a sane mind into a basket case. So much energy is put into preparing for a night that ends up
being pretty lame. One thing is for sure; dating is not worth the stress it brings. Here are some
examples of typical stresses you are faced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tension is filling the house so you decide to wait outside.
While waiting for your date you get ambushed by mosquitoes. Now your arms are covered in itchy
red bumps that will be nagging at you the entire evening. By the time your date finally arrives, your
hair has turned into a frizzy rat's nest from waiting in the humidity, not to mention you are in the
worst mood possible. You get in the car trying to fake a genuine smile and just when you start to
chill out and relax the next issue is faced: where to go.
Of course your date leaves this crucial decision entirely up to you. After thinking through all of the
spots you like to go to, you pick one that seems to suit you both. Unfortunately, you picked the place
where your date's ex–girlfriend likes to go. So you spend the whole evening trying to spark a good
conversation as your date jealously eyeballs all the guys his ex is flirting with. After you realize the
night is not going to get any better, you get the tab and ask your date for a ride home. Just when you
think it's over and you're in the clear, you arrive at the most awkward situation of the evening:
saying goodnight.
Tradition says that there must be a kiss before the night is officially over, but there is absolutely no
physical attraction between

Laundry Detergents As A Cleansing Agent
Introduction
Laundry detergents are a cleansing agent that is widely used in the industry to clean laundry. The
term "detergent" refers to mixtures of chemical compounds including Alkyl Sulphonates, which are
similar to soap but less affected by hard water (Farlex, 2014). Like soap, detergent increases the
ability of water to penetrate fabric and break down greases and dirt, however they are derived from
organic acids rather than fatty acids (Mifflin, 2005). A detergent is an ion or molecule that contains
both polar and nonpolar components. The polar component allows the detergent to dissolve in the
water, whereas the nonpolar component solubilizes greasy materials that are the usual target of the
cleaning process. Their molecules then surround the particles of grease and dirt, allowing them to be
carried away thus leaving your clothes clean. This EEI explores the performance of two different
laundry powders (Fab and Woolworths select Home brand) in different types of water; ranging from
soft to hard. These detergents were compared and analysed in different types of water from varying
locations to determine whether water hardness has an effect on the cleaning ability of detergents,
and whether products should be specifically formulated depending on the type of water.
Basic laundry powders
Laundry detergents such as Fab and Woolworths Select Home brand are composed of many
elements that each play important roles in the laundry process depending on the cleaning tasks

Use Of Waste Plastic On Flexible Pavements Essay
Department of Civil Engineering, Major Project, December–2016
USE OF WASTE PLASTIC IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS
Sr.
Sr. Name of the Project
Name of the Students Roll No. Signature Supervisor/Joint Designation of The Supervisor
No. No.
Supervisors
1 1
2 2
3
Certificate Project work qualifies for submission
4
Approval of the Supervisor Approved/Rejected/Needs Revision
5
Signature of the Supervisor/s
Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
Abstract
We are familiar with the problems that our environment face due to plastics, as these consumes
massive energy and other natural resources, depleting the environment in various ways. Moreover,
their disposal has always been a constant headache and problem for the society. But plastic's usage
can't be completely ostracized as it will result in depletion of other natural resources like paper,
wood at great extent. The light weight, cost effectiveness and strength of plastics can be put in to
various good uses. The softening point of plastic is achieved at about 160 degrees Celsius. These
properties of plastics will play a good role in construction of roads. The softened plastic can be
laminated over hot aggregates and can be used as an alternative to the very costly bitumen used as a
binder in road construction.
The main objective of this paper is to discuss the significance of plastic use in road construction in
terms of strength and cost reduction.
Key words
Aggregates, Flexible Pavement, Shredded

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Seddi
6. PREPARATION OF SEDDS
Method of preparation may vary according to the dosage form of the formulation. The techniques
can be implemented accordingly to the stability, sensitivity and adaptability of the drug excipients to
self–emulsified form. In olden days, SEDDS are prepared in the form of liquid state where it will be
enclosed by hard or soft gelatin capsules. By this, it helps to enhance oral administration and later
on it is known to burden in the formulation. Main disadvantages are low drug incompatibility and
stability, drugs leakage and precipitation, capsule ageing and it is very costly. Besides, addition of
large quantity of surfactants in this formulation tend to induce gastrointestinal irritations. To
overcome this problem, solid–SEDDS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ii) Involves simple addition of liquid on the carriers by mixing in blender
7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SEDDS
7.1 Advantages
As SEDDS is formulated, it carries a major advantage over delivering efficiently as it has improved
the stability of highly lipophilic drugs. The major advantages of SEDDS are:
 Enhances the dissolution rate and bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs
 Acts as substitute for traditional oral formulation of lipophilic drugs
 Better consistent of temporal profiles of drug absorption
 Helps in selective drug targeting towards a specific site in GIT
 Protects drug molecule from the hostile environment of GIT
 No influence of lipid digestion process
7.2 Disadvantages
The advancement of SEDDS in the novel drug delivery system has its weakness as improvisation is
being made to rectify the flaws. However, certain unavoidable factors may divert the invention
process which wholly depends on the environmental factor of the GIT. Disadvantages of SEDDS
are:
 Presence of high surfactant concentrations increases chances of instabilities of drugs
 High content of surfactants irritates the GI

Literary Analysis Of Blessing By Imtiaz Dharker
The poem, "Blessing" by Imtiaz Dharker, shows what life would be like without water. It is so
special that it is like a "kindly god". The author uses various literacy devices to convey her subject.
The poem opens with the statement "there is never enough water", sharply piercing the readers with
a reality that lacks water. The poet wants us to stop and imagine just for a second what it would be
like without water, and realise how much we are dependent on this "god". She then draws a scene of
what it would be like when this "kindly god" enters into the water–deprived reality. They are filled
with euphoria, elated that such a blessing has entered into their lives. The contrast between these
two scenes, the two emotions of despair and elation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The author applies vivid verbs like "crack" and "crashes" to emphasize the following technique. For
example, the vivid verb "crack" in the quote "the skin cracks like a pod" aids the simile "like a pod"
in describing the pod drying out and "cracking" so loudly that we can hear it happening right next to
our ears. Another example of a vivid verb is "crashes" in the quote "The municiple pipe bursts,
silver crashes to the ground...". The vivid verb helps the visual imagery of water "bursting" out of
the pipe in "crashing" onto the ground like the powerful, fierce "voice of a...god". The sibilance in
"the small splash" vibrates in our minds as we hear the "drip of [water]" splish–splashing into the
"tin mug". The drop of water is so small that Dharker uses the onomatopoeia of "echo" to convey
what it sounds like when the drop of water hits the bottom of the tin mug. The sound bounces off the
walls of the mug it is held captive in. It also conveys that water is scarce that only a drop can be
found to fill an entire tin mug. The heavy sibilance in "sometimes, the sudden rush of fortune"
imitates the roar of water as it crashes and smashes onto the streets. This show of power of water
exhibits that it can really be like a "god". It is no wonder that a the religious diction of
"congregation" is used to depict the people that comes out to worship this deity – "roar of tongues"
to sing hymns to glorify this divine being.
In addition to descriptive and language techniques, Dharker also uses structure to communicate with
her readers about the subject of water. She uses enjambment in stanza two to copy the movement of
the drop of water on its way to the bottom of the mug. Additionally, she applies enjambent in stanza
three to mimic the water bursts out of the pipe and flows along the

Personal Narrative: A Day At Six Flags In Mexico City
It was a windy, late morning of June 2016 as I was standing with my family in a massive line at Six
Flags in Mexico City to get in the park. As the wind blew, the hairs on my arms started to rise and I
got goosebumps. It was our turned to get our tickets and go in; inside me the sensation of me
butterflies flying in my stomach started. The feeling people get when they get scared of doing
something new started to fall upon me. While walking to the ticket booth the scent of freshly made
breakfast welcomed us at the gate. As we entered the tall, green gates it was too late to go back; we
were inside the park I had no choice, but to remain inside until darkness took over the sky. "Do not
worry Julie, you will be fine," I said trying to comfort ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The moment I believed would mark one of the best summer day of my life. As I got on the ride I
slowly buckled up and my hands immediately grabbed on tightly the metal harness. While waiting
on the people to start the machine I was closing my eyes and imaging how it would feel. Suddenly
my feet were off the ground and I found myself looking up. At first I did not dare look down, for I
thought I would start panicking. I quickly looked down and saw lights then looked back up. While it
arrived to the highest point I said "This is a precious moment in your life, just take the time to look
at the beauty in front of you." I started to look down and got to see the whole park. It was like seeing
Christmas lights, it was bright with different colors. Instantaneously the ride dropped, I felt as if my
heart was going to come out of my body. I screamed so hard that I could feel my veins in my head
accumulating the blood from the pressure of the ride and from me screaming. It stopped half way
and it took us up again. This time it did not go all the way, but it slowly went up and once again it
quickly went down. At the end of the ride, as my feet touched the ground I was so thankful to God
that I made it through without having a heart attack or panic

Cuo Nanoparticle Lab Report
The morphology of pristine CuO nanoparticles are determined by TEM micrograph as shown in
figure 3 (a), the exhibits stacking of small flakes broken of CuO nanostructures giving leafy profile
which had agglomeration. The leaf–like flakes have small width with an average size of the flakes is
500–600nm and thickness ~20–30nm. The corresponding SAED pattern (Fig. 3b) clearly shows that
the CuO flakes are polycrystalline. Similar observation has obtained by SEM results (Fig. 3c),
which demonstrates that the particles have rough surface and possesses flakes like morphology.
EDX spectrum of confirms the presence of Cu and O elements alone (Fig. 3d).
SEM images of Na–doped CuO nanostructures in 20,000X magnification are given in Figure 4a–d
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The peaks centered at 502 cm–1, demonstrate red shift and the peak at 591 cm–1 shows the blue
shift compared with the pristine CuO values (429, 502, 591 cm–1). with the doping of Na. The
observed red and blue shifts due to Na–doping may be related to the surface defects. The broad peak
at about 3450 cm–1 is related to the O–H stretching of hydroxyl group present on the surface of the
samples, which is further confirmed by the band at about 1628 cm–1. Notably, in CuO:Na5mole%
and CuO:Na7mole% samples, low feature band of pristine Na2O were found. Furthermore, the
stretching vibrations were clearly different from the value of Na–O in pristine sodium oxides. It
might be attributed to the presence of the Na–Cu–O stretching vibrations. Conclusively, we
successfully prepared CuO:Na+ nanostructures with different Na doping concentration.
3.4. Optical properties
3.4.1. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS)
The optical properties are very important to select the materials for use in a particular application.
The band gaps were determined from diffused reflectance spectroscopic, Figure 8 exhibits the
typical UV–vis–DRS spectra of CuO:Na+ nanoparticles compared with pristine CuO nanoparticles.
The spectra were recorded between 700 and 1100 nm wavelength region at room temperature. The
Kubelka–Munk (K–M) theory was used to convert reflectance data to absorption mode

The Viscosity of Liquids
39. The Viscosity of Liquids
After studying the present lecture, you will be able to
Define viscosity and viscosity coefficient
Outline the method to measure viscosity using Ostwald viscometer
Determine the average molecular weight of a polymer
Determine the surface concentration of 1–butanol in aqueous solution
Measure the distribution coefficient of a solute betweenn two solvents
39.1 Introduction
Viscosity, one of the transport properties, arises because of intermolecular attractive and relatively
long–range forces. Viscosity coefficient ([pic]), a specific constant characteristic of a liquid could be
expressed by the following equation of Poiseuille.
[pic] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The constant a is sensitive to the shape and varies from zero for hard sphere or 0.5 for random coils
to 2.0 for rigid rods.
Variation of specific viscosity of a solution [pic] (specific viscosity or reduced viscosity) is defined
as [pic], where [pic] is the viscosity of solution i and [pic] the viscosity of pure solvent) with the
concentration of solute is given by the equation:
[pic] (39.7)
where, c is concentration of the polymer in g/mL and K is a constant.
The determination of average molecular weight of polyvinyl acetate in acetone and methanol uses
the following Procedure:
Prepare solution of polyvinyl acetate in acetone containing approximately 1 mg/ mL. From this
prepare four more solutions of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg/ mL by dilution. Measure the specific viscosity

of all the four solutions as described above.
Repeat the above experiment with solution of polyvinyl acetate in methanol.
Plot [pic] versus c and calculate [pic] and K from equation (2). Also, using the empirical formula (1)
and constant of K and a from the table given below, determine the molecular weight of polyvinyl
acetate in these two solvents.
|Solvent |K |a |
|Acetone |21.4 x 105 |0.68 |
|Methanol |38 x 10–5 |0.59 |
39.4 Excess Surface Energy

Understanding the Marangoni Effect
To understand the Marangoni effect it is essential to understand Rayleigh–Bénard instability. The
Rayleigh–Bénard convection instability occurs in a plane horizontal layer of fluid heated from the
bottom. The fluid develops a regular pattern of convection cells known as Bénard cells. The
convection patterns are the most carefully examined example of self–organizing nonlinear systems.
Gravity and hence Buoyancy, is the major driving force for the Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni
convection instability. The initial movement is the upwelling of lesser density fluid from the heated
bottom layer. This upwelling spontaneously organizes into a regular pattern of cells called Bénard
cells.
The dimensionless Rayleigh number (RaL), which essentially expresses the balance between gravity
and viscous forces is given by Where,
Tu is the Temperature of the top plate
Tb is the Temperature of the bottom plate
L is the height of the container.
g is the acceleration due to gravity.
ν is the kinematic viscosity.
α is the Thermal diffusivity
β is the Thermal expansion coefficient
The critical Rayleigh number (RC) is the threshold over which the convection cells appear. RC ~
1100.65 for a Marangoni set up with controlled boundary conditions.
Rayleigh–Bénard convection experiments used fluids heated from below with a confining plate on
the top surface. In case of Bénard–Marangoni convection arrangement, the top surface does not have
a confining plate and is free to move and deform.

The Effect Of Oil Recovery On The Economy
2.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery
Oil recovery is traditionally subdivided into three stages: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.
However, reservoir production operations are not always conducted in the specified order, for
example, the tertiary process may be applied at secondary stage instead of water flooding.
The term "tertiary recovery" is not widely used in petroleum engineering literature and the term of
"enhanced oil recovery" (EOR) became more accepted in today's industry. Another description
occasionally normally used is "improve oil recovery" (IOR), which includes EOR but also includes
a broader range of activities, such as reservoir characterisation, improved reservoir management,
and infill drilling.
2.1.1 Primary Recovery
Primary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is therefore vital to have a good understanding of these principles prior to moving forward with
this project. (Reference)
This can be expressed as the ratio of mobility of displacing fluid to that of displaced fluid. In a water
flooding system, if M>1, the displacing fluid moves faster than the displaced liquid that is, oil. This
is not desirable due to the displacing fluid overflowing displaced fluid. For M much larger than 1,
the displacing fluid will channel past the oil front. M should be less than or equal to 1 for maximum
displacement efficiency. Viscous/ polymer fluid is used in ASP project to achieve M being less than
unity. (Ref–bib) This is possible by:
Improving relative permeability (water and oil)
Increasing the viscosity of displacing fluid, Water
Decreasing the viscosity of displaced fluid, oil
2.3 Classification of EOR methods
Enhanced oil Recovery methods can be broken into two groups; Thermal and non–thermal. The
main focus of this project lies under non–thermal and in Chemical Floods. The most common global
form of EOR is non–thermal. 2.4 Chemical Flooding
Chemicals can be injected into reservoirs to improve oil recovery and efficiency. Surfactants like
alkaline have a tendency to alter the interfacial tension properties when injected which improves oil
production. The main challenge introduced while flooding with chemicals is the adsorption and

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