This document provides an introduction to the course "Introduction to Psychology" which will cover topics like sleep, pain, temperature regulation, and maternal and sex motives. It defines sleep and discusses the purposes and mechanisms of sleep. It also introduces secondary motives that are social or learned motives that influence human behavior, such as achievement, affiliation, aggression, power, and curiosity motives.

1. Introduction to
PSYCHOLOGY
CREDIT HOURS: 3(3-0)
INSTRUCTOR: MS. MARYAM SHAHZADI
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
GCWUF

2. In this lecture
we’ll learn:
Sleep
Pain
Temperature Regulation
Bowl and Bladder Movements
Maternal and Sex Motives
introduction to secondary motives

3. SLEEP
Sleep drive occurs usually at regular
intervals for a person. Lack of sleep or
inadequate sleep over long periods
can result in confusion, attention
deficit, muscle tremors and increased
sensitivity to pain. The metabolism
rate drops during sleep regenerating
energy.

4. SLEEP
Sleep is a naturally recurring state of
relatively suspended sensory and motor
activity, characterized by total or partial
unconsciousness and the inactivity of
nearly all voluntary muscles.
In humans, other mammals, and a
substantial majority of other animals
regular sleep is essential for survival.

5. SLEEP
 The purposes and mechanisms of sleep are
only partially clear and are the subject of
intense research.
Homeostatic sleep propensity (the need for
sleep as a function of the amount of time
elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode)
must be balanced against the circadian
element for satisfactory sleep

6. FATIGUE
 We take rest to restores
body’s energies.
 to reduce level of Lactic acid.

7. AIR or Oxygen
Need for air is inborn and
universally needed.
Continuous supply of air is
requiring keeping one healthy
and alive. This need is fulfilled by
oxygen.

8. AIR
 Oxygen is the most important
requirement in the human body.
We inhale air to fill up our lungs
with oxygen and distribute it to
every part of the body arteries.

9. AIR
Our respiratory system constantly
inhales oxygen and exhales carbon
dioxide.
 Shortage of oxygen can affect the
individual’s activities, emotional life,
and circulatory system by making him
restless, mentally confused, physically
imbalance and unconscious.

10. SEX DRIVE
Sex drive is considered a biological
drive since it is dependent on
physiological conditions.
Unlike hunger and thirst, sex is not
essential for survival of the
individual but is necessary for the
survival of the species.

11. DRIVE FOR ELIMINATION OF WASTE
When the bladder or intestine
becomes distended with waste
material, they cause pressure
and discomfort. The person
becomes restless until the waste
materials are eliminated and
pressure relieved.

12. MATERNAL DRIVE
Maternal behavior is instinctive in
nature. It is unlearned.
Physiological drive causes
maternal behavior. Maternal drive
is caused by prolactin, a hormone
secreted by pituitary.

13. Secondary Motives
Social/Learned/Secondary
Motives:
Human life has not only just
biological aspect but also social
aspect. Hence human behavior is
activated by the following social
motives.

14. 1. Achievement motives
2. Affiliation motives
3. Aggression motives
4. Power motives

15. 5. Curiosity motives.
6. Social Approval
7. Self Esteem

17. 1. Achievement motives:
They refer to a drive towards
some standards of
excellence. People with high-
level achievement motives
prefer tasks that would
promise success and are
moderately difficult.

18. David C McClelland has found that while
high achievers tend to succeed, low
achievers tend to avoid failures. High
achievers challenge failures and work harder
while low achievers accept failures and go
for less difficult tasks. High achievers prefer
personal responsibility and like to get
feedback about their works.

19. Quiz/Questions
Define oxygen motive?
Define secondary motives and
enlist names?

20. References
1. Shahnaz, R. (2010). An Approach to Psychology
Vol. 1. Caravan Book House Lahore.
2. Feldman, S. R. (10th Ed) Understanding
Psychology.
3. Bruno, J. F., Psychology A self-Teaching Guide .
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New
Jersey
4. https://www.verywellmind.com/psychology