The document discusses issues related to prostitution and human trafficking involving private military contractors in Afghanistan. It notes several cases where contractors from companies like ArmorGroup, Dyncorp, and Blackwater were accused of or admitted to trafficking women and underage girls for prostitution. Despite complaints, there have been no prosecutions. The document analyzes how concepts of masculinity and authority in military culture can enable the abuse and commodification of women in war zones with little oversight or enforcement of policies against human rights violations.
This document summarizes the 2012 Trafficking in Persons Report. It discusses how the promise of freedom from slavery remains unfulfilled for millions around the world despite laws prohibiting slavery. It emphasizes the importance of a victim-centered approach that focuses on prevention, prosecution, and protection. Protection efforts aim to restore victims' rights and provide services to help them recover from the trauma of being trafficked. The report examines promising practices and potential pitfalls in providing victim protection. It stresses the critical role of governments in punishing traffickers through law enforcement and ensuring victims' rights are restored through comprehensive protection services.
The document discusses human trafficking, particularly sex trafficking in the United States. It notes that the internet has become the primary platform for pimps, traffickers, and johns to buy and sell women and children for sex. Victims are often advertised online through sites like Backpage.com and Craigslist, made to appear as if they are working independently when they are actually being trafficked. One example is provided of a teacher who noticed signs a student was being trafficked and reported the situation after finding advertisements for the student online. The document outlines some of the common means traffickers use to control victims, such as physical abuse, confinement, isolation from family and friends, threats, and financial dependency. It
The following presentation discusses the issue of what sex trafficking is. Who does it effect? Then, the presentation talks about the Internet and how sex trafficking has now moved from the streets to the net. We are focusing on Craigslist because this is one of the main domestic sites used to for all types of trafficking. We will touch on the Craigslist Killer and how the victim trafficked herself sexually. As well, we are focusing on what you can do to prevent and stop sex trafficking on the net.
This document is a thesis submitted by Alice Browning examining how illicit relationships between legal and illegal industries perpetuate slavery. In three sentences:
The document argues that legal industries involved in illegal supply chains and profits from illegal industries transferred into legal sectors perpetuate slavery by exploiting vulnerable workers and laundering criminal money. Globalization has increased illegal industries like human trafficking by reducing accountability in global supply chains and increasing criminal networks that gain economic and political power. Unless governments and organizations work to separate legal and illegal industries, their overlap will continue normalizing exploitation and modern slavery as criminal influence comes to supersede legitimate authority.
Human trafficking occurs globally and is widespread in Asia, Eastern Europe, Russia, and parts of South America. An estimated 700,000 to 2 million people are trafficked across international borders annually. In the United States, as many as 50,000 women and children are brought in under false pretenses and forced into prostitution or labor. Reasons for human trafficking include money, as it is one of the most lucrative criminal enterprises, and weak law enforcement. Thailand and Brazil have severe problems with child sex trafficking. Trafficking takes many forms, including forced prostitution, slavery, sex acts in pornography production, debt bondage, and misleading victims. Several films have depicted human trafficking including Taken and Happy Endings. Governments
This document summarizes key information about child sex trafficking in the United States. It defines child sex trafficking as inducing a minor under 18 to engage in commercial sex acts. It outlines relevant federal laws and penalties. It provides statistics estimating 100,000 children at risk annually and the average age of entry being 12-14. It describes common forms of child sex trafficking including pimp-controlled prostitution and residential brothels. It also summarizes recent prosecutions and challenges victims face like criminalization, isolation, and lack of social services.
The document analyzes media coverage of modern day slavery by The Economist. It finds that across 20 articles on human trafficking published between 2013-2015: [1] The Economist consistently uses negative framing and language to portray human trafficking as a serious global problem and "modern day slavery". [2] The articles aim to persuade readers to join advocacy against human trafficking by using personal victim stories and first-hand sources. [3] The Economist concludes human trafficking is a disturbing crime that governments need to prioritize ending.
On Human Trafficking, Migration, and Sex Workimmigrantdoll
A presentation by a sex worker and undocumented immigrant. Includes citations and should work int the presentations. Email me if certain parts are not working! gildamerlot@fastmail.com
If the links don't work try these links instead https://drive.google.com/file/d/12PeKNfDondeE4YilV8AfGOZUgm4fvdDD/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PLwzVUK2lFB69UfL4RjQGtqH_XFS2jzD/view?usp=sharing
This document summarizes the 2012 Trafficking in Persons Report. It discusses how the promise of freedom from slavery remains unfulfilled for millions around the world despite laws prohibiting slavery. It emphasizes the importance of a victim-centered approach that focuses on prevention, prosecution, and protection. Protection efforts aim to restore victims' rights and provide services to help them recover from the trauma of being trafficked. The report examines promising practices and potential pitfalls in providing victim protection. It stresses the critical role of governments in punishing traffickers through law enforcement and ensuring victims' rights are restored through comprehensive protection services.
The document discusses human trafficking, particularly sex trafficking in the United States. It notes that the internet has become the primary platform for pimps, traffickers, and johns to buy and sell women and children for sex. Victims are often advertised online through sites like Backpage.com and Craigslist, made to appear as if they are working independently when they are actually being trafficked. One example is provided of a teacher who noticed signs a student was being trafficked and reported the situation after finding advertisements for the student online. The document outlines some of the common means traffickers use to control victims, such as physical abuse, confinement, isolation from family and friends, threats, and financial dependency. It
The following presentation discusses the issue of what sex trafficking is. Who does it effect? Then, the presentation talks about the Internet and how sex trafficking has now moved from the streets to the net. We are focusing on Craigslist because this is one of the main domestic sites used to for all types of trafficking. We will touch on the Craigslist Killer and how the victim trafficked herself sexually. As well, we are focusing on what you can do to prevent and stop sex trafficking on the net.
This document is a thesis submitted by Alice Browning examining how illicit relationships between legal and illegal industries perpetuate slavery. In three sentences:
The document argues that legal industries involved in illegal supply chains and profits from illegal industries transferred into legal sectors perpetuate slavery by exploiting vulnerable workers and laundering criminal money. Globalization has increased illegal industries like human trafficking by reducing accountability in global supply chains and increasing criminal networks that gain economic and political power. Unless governments and organizations work to separate legal and illegal industries, their overlap will continue normalizing exploitation and modern slavery as criminal influence comes to supersede legitimate authority.
Human trafficking occurs globally and is widespread in Asia, Eastern Europe, Russia, and parts of South America. An estimated 700,000 to 2 million people are trafficked across international borders annually. In the United States, as many as 50,000 women and children are brought in under false pretenses and forced into prostitution or labor. Reasons for human trafficking include money, as it is one of the most lucrative criminal enterprises, and weak law enforcement. Thailand and Brazil have severe problems with child sex trafficking. Trafficking takes many forms, including forced prostitution, slavery, sex acts in pornography production, debt bondage, and misleading victims. Several films have depicted human trafficking including Taken and Happy Endings. Governments
This document summarizes key information about child sex trafficking in the United States. It defines child sex trafficking as inducing a minor under 18 to engage in commercial sex acts. It outlines relevant federal laws and penalties. It provides statistics estimating 100,000 children at risk annually and the average age of entry being 12-14. It describes common forms of child sex trafficking including pimp-controlled prostitution and residential brothels. It also summarizes recent prosecutions and challenges victims face like criminalization, isolation, and lack of social services.
The document analyzes media coverage of modern day slavery by The Economist. It finds that across 20 articles on human trafficking published between 2013-2015: [1] The Economist consistently uses negative framing and language to portray human trafficking as a serious global problem and "modern day slavery". [2] The articles aim to persuade readers to join advocacy against human trafficking by using personal victim stories and first-hand sources. [3] The Economist concludes human trafficking is a disturbing crime that governments need to prioritize ending.
On Human Trafficking, Migration, and Sex Workimmigrantdoll
A presentation by a sex worker and undocumented immigrant. Includes citations and should work int the presentations. Email me if certain parts are not working! gildamerlot@fastmail.com
If the links don't work try these links instead https://drive.google.com/file/d/12PeKNfDondeE4YilV8AfGOZUgm4fvdDD/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PLwzVUK2lFB69UfL4RjQGtqH_XFS2jzD/view?usp=sharing
Sex Trafficking Power Point presentation. You should view this if your interested in what is really going on. Children are prostituted everyday. Many are tortured and beaten and raped repeatedly. Victims of sexual abuse and human trafficking.
Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery where people, mostly women and girls, are forced into labor or commercial sex acts against their will. Sex trafficking generates $32 billion in revenue annually and takes various forms like prostitution, pornography, and sex tourism. Poverty, violence, and false promises of good jobs are among the root causes that leave many vulnerable to trafficking. Victims subjected to abuse, debt bondage, and health risks. Corruption in governments and among UN officials also enables trafficking. National and international efforts aim to support victims and combat trafficking through hotlines, benefits, investigations, and awareness programs.
This document is a research paper on child prostitution in America. It discusses how an estimated 300,000 children in the US are at risk of exploitation through commercial sex. Root causes include lack of secure home environments, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. Pimps recruit children by promising love and money, then control them through isolation and deprivation. Johns create the demand. While laws aim to help victims, authorities often unjustly prosecute children as criminals. The paper argues for amending laws to protect victims, increasing social services and awareness to curb runaways, and punishing pimps and johns rather than children exploited in the trade.
The Triangular Trade and Prison Slavery, by Neelam Sharma and Jalil Abdul Mun...RBG Communiversity
This document discusses the growth of the private prison industry in the United States and compares it to the historical triangular slave trade. It notes that while black people make up around 12.5% of the US population, they comprise 48% of the prison population. The private prison industry is growing rapidly and lobbying for tougher criminal justice policies to ensure higher incarceration rates and maintain high occupancy levels at private prisons. The document raises concerns about the use of torture and control techniques in prisons, including restraint chairs, stun belts, prolonged solitary confinement, and pepper spray. It argues that the exception clause in the 13th Amendment has allowed a new form of slavery to develop through mass incarceration.
Human trafficking is a significant problem in Hawaii. An estimated 2,652,000 commercial sex exchanges occur annually in the state, with over 1,500 sex workers active per year. Over half of sex workers are underage, with the average age being only 12 years old. While Hawaii has no specific laws against sex trafficking, it criminalizes prostitution. Without proper identification of trafficking victims, many are punished rather than helped. There are believed to be over 150 brothels operating on Oahu alone, housing between 3 to 15 girls each, as pimps use violence and coercion to control the women. The illegal underground nature of sex work also undermines the ability of women to protect themselves from harm.
This document summarizes a paper that examines police brutality against African Americans. It discusses several cases of unarmed black men being killed by police and finds that police are more likely to use force against black men. It argues that implicit racial bias permeates the criminal justice system and causes disproportionate policing and incarceration of African Americans. Statistics show black people are more often stopped and arrested for minor crimes. The document traces these issues back to slavery and Jim Crow laws and argues systemic racism remains deeply entrenched in the criminal justice system.
Globalisation has contributed to green crime becoming a global issue for two reasons. First, environmental destruction in one area impacts all life worldwide as the planet is an interconnected ecosystem. Second, green crime is often committed by powerful transnational corporations working with governments to harm the environment for profit. These manufactured risks threaten the planet through issues like greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. However, policing green crime is difficult as international laws are weak or non-existent due to lack of agreement between nations. Radical criminologists argue for an expanded definition of green crime that considers any environmental harm a crime, while critics say this is a subjective rather than objective view. Green criminology recognizes the importance of environmental issues but is accused of bias in focusing on
Human trafficking is a $32 billion global criminal industry, second only to drug trafficking. It takes many forms including sex trafficking and forced labor. Los Angeles is a major entry point for human trafficking victims into the US. Sex trafficking victims are often recruited from foster care systems. An estimated 27 million people worldwide are enslaved, with millions trafficked internationally each year, including thousands trafficked into the US. Ending human trafficking will require greater awareness, prioritizing related law enforcement, and enforcing anti-trafficking laws.
Protective Protocals for Sheepdog ProfessionalsStanley White
This document outlines protective protocols for law enforcement officers and other "sheepdog professionals" who protect society. It describes three types of personas - wolves who seek to harm others, sheep who are vulnerable members of society, and sheepdogs who protect the sheep from wolves. Recent attacks targeting law enforcement are summarized, showing increased threats against police from both foreign and domestic actors. The document recommends simple protocols for sheepdog professionals to implement to enhance their safety, such as keeping personal information private and securing electronic devices.
The document discusses human trafficking, which it defines as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons through force, fraud or coercion for the purposes of sexual exploitation or forced labor. It provides details on human trafficking situations in Cambodia, Burma, Thailand and the United States, including statistics on numbers of trafficked individuals. It also discusses the physical and mental health impacts on trafficking victims and campaigns that have been established to help address the issue.
Sex trafficking exploits women, children, and other vulnerable groups through force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of commercial sex. Each year, hundreds of thousands of victims are trafficked within and across borders. Victims include women, children, LGBTQ individuals, and those facing discrimination or abuse. Traffickers use false promises and manipulation to lure victims into trafficking situations. Sex trafficking occurs in various locations and industries. Victims often face trauma and challenges overcoming social stigma. Addressing this issue requires awareness, supportive services for victims, and legal reforms.
Sex trafficking is a modern form of slavery where people are forced into sexual acts against their will. It is estimated that millions of people, mostly women and children, are victims of sex trafficking globally each year. Traffickers use tactics like deception and abuse to lure and trap victims, controlling them through violence, threats, debt bondage and isolation. Rescue organizations work to identify and help victims while pursuing legal action against traffickers, but more needs to be done to address the complex social and economic factors that allow trafficking networks to continue operating.
Human Trafficking As An International Tradetranceking
This document discusses human trafficking as an international trade and provides strategies for its prevention and control. It defines human trafficking and notes its causes such as globalization, poverty, and the status of women. It presents a case study of a Moldovan woman trafficked into sexual exploitation and shares statistics on trafficking victims and types of exploitation. It advocates an integrated prevention-protection-prosecution approach and discusses strategies like sting operations, profiling of victims, and a true/false quiz on trafficking.
Sex Trafficking is one of the leading problems in the U.S and the world. This project was created initially for my internship and presented this to Chatham University.
Human trafficking the issue versus propaganda & its ultimate solutionYolanda Michelle Martin
This document provides an overview of human trafficking. It begins by stating the objective is to provide insight into modern-day slavery, dispel myths, and propose solutions. It then defines human trafficking as the recruitment and transportation of people for forced labor like sex work or domestic servitude. Statistics are presented showing it is a large global issue, especially affecting women and children. Causes include poverty, discrimination, organized crime, and corruption. Tactics used by traffickers to recruit victims are described, along with the dynamics of trafficked children. Myths that downplay the issue are addressed. The document concludes by presenting terminology related to human trafficking.
Domestic sex trafficking involves U.S. citizens who are forced into commercial sex acts within the U.S. Pimps use elements of force, fraud, and coercion to control victims. They establish rules and quotas that victims must follow, inflicting physical and emotional abuse. Pimps make tens or hundreds of thousands annually by trafficking multiple victims. Victims are reluctant to seek help due to threats of violence, debt bondage, and manipulation by pimps. Service providers must build trust with victims and be aware of barriers that prevent victims from self-identifying or escaping.
This document provides an overview of organized crime and discusses key concepts. It begins by summarizing a famous organized crime case involving John Gotti. It then notes that organized crime is becoming more transnational and poses a global threat. The document identifies attributes of organized crime such as being hierarchical, having exclusive membership, using violence, and having a division of labor. It also discusses various models that have been used to represent organized crime syndicates, including Cressey's cosa nostra model and Block's enterprise and power syndicate models. The challenges of defining and understanding organized crime are also mentioned.
Human trafficking, or modern slavery, involves exploiting a person through force, fraud or coercion for labor, sex or other services against their will. The document discusses human trafficking issues in North Carolina, including that several cities have been identified as having trafficking concerns. It also outlines North Carolina laws that have been passed to address trafficking and provide support to victims.
Human trafficking specifically focusing on sex trafficking in Australia. A research base presentation conducted in November 2010 to highlight the issues and raise limitations. Provide useful resources, reference and how to's.
Emotional intelligence refers to noncognitive skills that influence one's ability to cope with environmental pressures, including managing oneself and interacting with others constructively. It involves perceiving, expressing, assimilating, understanding, and regulating emotion in oneself and others. High emotional intelligence is linked to better decision making, motivation, leadership, conflict resolution, and reduced deviant workplace behaviors. It comprises five dimensions: self-awareness, self-management, self-motivation, empathy, and social skills.
1. The document discusses organizational behavior (OB) and defines it as a field of study that investigates how individuals, groups, and organizational structure impact behavior in organizations in order to improve effectiveness.
2. OB draws from multiple contributing disciplines including psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science. It uses systematic study rather than intuition to understand relationships and attribute causes and effects.
3. The document outlines challenges and opportunities for OB, such as responding to globalization and workforce diversity, improving quality, productivity, and customer service. It also discusses dependent variables like productivity, absenteeism and turnover, and independent variables that influence them.
Sex Trafficking Power Point presentation. You should view this if your interested in what is really going on. Children are prostituted everyday. Many are tortured and beaten and raped repeatedly. Victims of sexual abuse and human trafficking.
Human trafficking is a form of modern slavery where people, mostly women and girls, are forced into labor or commercial sex acts against their will. Sex trafficking generates $32 billion in revenue annually and takes various forms like prostitution, pornography, and sex tourism. Poverty, violence, and false promises of good jobs are among the root causes that leave many vulnerable to trafficking. Victims subjected to abuse, debt bondage, and health risks. Corruption in governments and among UN officials also enables trafficking. National and international efforts aim to support victims and combat trafficking through hotlines, benefits, investigations, and awareness programs.
This document is a research paper on child prostitution in America. It discusses how an estimated 300,000 children in the US are at risk of exploitation through commercial sex. Root causes include lack of secure home environments, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. Pimps recruit children by promising love and money, then control them through isolation and deprivation. Johns create the demand. While laws aim to help victims, authorities often unjustly prosecute children as criminals. The paper argues for amending laws to protect victims, increasing social services and awareness to curb runaways, and punishing pimps and johns rather than children exploited in the trade.
The Triangular Trade and Prison Slavery, by Neelam Sharma and Jalil Abdul Mun...RBG Communiversity
This document discusses the growth of the private prison industry in the United States and compares it to the historical triangular slave trade. It notes that while black people make up around 12.5% of the US population, they comprise 48% of the prison population. The private prison industry is growing rapidly and lobbying for tougher criminal justice policies to ensure higher incarceration rates and maintain high occupancy levels at private prisons. The document raises concerns about the use of torture and control techniques in prisons, including restraint chairs, stun belts, prolonged solitary confinement, and pepper spray. It argues that the exception clause in the 13th Amendment has allowed a new form of slavery to develop through mass incarceration.
Human trafficking is a significant problem in Hawaii. An estimated 2,652,000 commercial sex exchanges occur annually in the state, with over 1,500 sex workers active per year. Over half of sex workers are underage, with the average age being only 12 years old. While Hawaii has no specific laws against sex trafficking, it criminalizes prostitution. Without proper identification of trafficking victims, many are punished rather than helped. There are believed to be over 150 brothels operating on Oahu alone, housing between 3 to 15 girls each, as pimps use violence and coercion to control the women. The illegal underground nature of sex work also undermines the ability of women to protect themselves from harm.
This document summarizes a paper that examines police brutality against African Americans. It discusses several cases of unarmed black men being killed by police and finds that police are more likely to use force against black men. It argues that implicit racial bias permeates the criminal justice system and causes disproportionate policing and incarceration of African Americans. Statistics show black people are more often stopped and arrested for minor crimes. The document traces these issues back to slavery and Jim Crow laws and argues systemic racism remains deeply entrenched in the criminal justice system.
Globalisation has contributed to green crime becoming a global issue for two reasons. First, environmental destruction in one area impacts all life worldwide as the planet is an interconnected ecosystem. Second, green crime is often committed by powerful transnational corporations working with governments to harm the environment for profit. These manufactured risks threaten the planet through issues like greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. However, policing green crime is difficult as international laws are weak or non-existent due to lack of agreement between nations. Radical criminologists argue for an expanded definition of green crime that considers any environmental harm a crime, while critics say this is a subjective rather than objective view. Green criminology recognizes the importance of environmental issues but is accused of bias in focusing on
Human trafficking is a $32 billion global criminal industry, second only to drug trafficking. It takes many forms including sex trafficking and forced labor. Los Angeles is a major entry point for human trafficking victims into the US. Sex trafficking victims are often recruited from foster care systems. An estimated 27 million people worldwide are enslaved, with millions trafficked internationally each year, including thousands trafficked into the US. Ending human trafficking will require greater awareness, prioritizing related law enforcement, and enforcing anti-trafficking laws.
Protective Protocals for Sheepdog ProfessionalsStanley White
This document outlines protective protocols for law enforcement officers and other "sheepdog professionals" who protect society. It describes three types of personas - wolves who seek to harm others, sheep who are vulnerable members of society, and sheepdogs who protect the sheep from wolves. Recent attacks targeting law enforcement are summarized, showing increased threats against police from both foreign and domestic actors. The document recommends simple protocols for sheepdog professionals to implement to enhance their safety, such as keeping personal information private and securing electronic devices.
The document discusses human trafficking, which it defines as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons through force, fraud or coercion for the purposes of sexual exploitation or forced labor. It provides details on human trafficking situations in Cambodia, Burma, Thailand and the United States, including statistics on numbers of trafficked individuals. It also discusses the physical and mental health impacts on trafficking victims and campaigns that have been established to help address the issue.
Sex trafficking exploits women, children, and other vulnerable groups through force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of commercial sex. Each year, hundreds of thousands of victims are trafficked within and across borders. Victims include women, children, LGBTQ individuals, and those facing discrimination or abuse. Traffickers use false promises and manipulation to lure victims into trafficking situations. Sex trafficking occurs in various locations and industries. Victims often face trauma and challenges overcoming social stigma. Addressing this issue requires awareness, supportive services for victims, and legal reforms.
Sex trafficking is a modern form of slavery where people are forced into sexual acts against their will. It is estimated that millions of people, mostly women and children, are victims of sex trafficking globally each year. Traffickers use tactics like deception and abuse to lure and trap victims, controlling them through violence, threats, debt bondage and isolation. Rescue organizations work to identify and help victims while pursuing legal action against traffickers, but more needs to be done to address the complex social and economic factors that allow trafficking networks to continue operating.
Human Trafficking As An International Tradetranceking
This document discusses human trafficking as an international trade and provides strategies for its prevention and control. It defines human trafficking and notes its causes such as globalization, poverty, and the status of women. It presents a case study of a Moldovan woman trafficked into sexual exploitation and shares statistics on trafficking victims and types of exploitation. It advocates an integrated prevention-protection-prosecution approach and discusses strategies like sting operations, profiling of victims, and a true/false quiz on trafficking.
Sex Trafficking is one of the leading problems in the U.S and the world. This project was created initially for my internship and presented this to Chatham University.
Human trafficking the issue versus propaganda & its ultimate solutionYolanda Michelle Martin
This document provides an overview of human trafficking. It begins by stating the objective is to provide insight into modern-day slavery, dispel myths, and propose solutions. It then defines human trafficking as the recruitment and transportation of people for forced labor like sex work or domestic servitude. Statistics are presented showing it is a large global issue, especially affecting women and children. Causes include poverty, discrimination, organized crime, and corruption. Tactics used by traffickers to recruit victims are described, along with the dynamics of trafficked children. Myths that downplay the issue are addressed. The document concludes by presenting terminology related to human trafficking.
Domestic sex trafficking involves U.S. citizens who are forced into commercial sex acts within the U.S. Pimps use elements of force, fraud, and coercion to control victims. They establish rules and quotas that victims must follow, inflicting physical and emotional abuse. Pimps make tens or hundreds of thousands annually by trafficking multiple victims. Victims are reluctant to seek help due to threats of violence, debt bondage, and manipulation by pimps. Service providers must build trust with victims and be aware of barriers that prevent victims from self-identifying or escaping.
This document provides an overview of organized crime and discusses key concepts. It begins by summarizing a famous organized crime case involving John Gotti. It then notes that organized crime is becoming more transnational and poses a global threat. The document identifies attributes of organized crime such as being hierarchical, having exclusive membership, using violence, and having a division of labor. It also discusses various models that have been used to represent organized crime syndicates, including Cressey's cosa nostra model and Block's enterprise and power syndicate models. The challenges of defining and understanding organized crime are also mentioned.
Human trafficking, or modern slavery, involves exploiting a person through force, fraud or coercion for labor, sex or other services against their will. The document discusses human trafficking issues in North Carolina, including that several cities have been identified as having trafficking concerns. It also outlines North Carolina laws that have been passed to address trafficking and provide support to victims.
Human trafficking specifically focusing on sex trafficking in Australia. A research base presentation conducted in November 2010 to highlight the issues and raise limitations. Provide useful resources, reference and how to's.
Emotional intelligence refers to noncognitive skills that influence one's ability to cope with environmental pressures, including managing oneself and interacting with others constructively. It involves perceiving, expressing, assimilating, understanding, and regulating emotion in oneself and others. High emotional intelligence is linked to better decision making, motivation, leadership, conflict resolution, and reduced deviant workplace behaviors. It comprises five dimensions: self-awareness, self-management, self-motivation, empathy, and social skills.
1. The document discusses organizational behavior (OB) and defines it as a field of study that investigates how individuals, groups, and organizational structure impact behavior in organizations in order to improve effectiveness.
2. OB draws from multiple contributing disciplines including psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science. It uses systematic study rather than intuition to understand relationships and attribute causes and effects.
3. The document outlines challenges and opportunities for OB, such as responding to globalization and workforce diversity, improving quality, productivity, and customer service. It also discusses dependent variables like productivity, absenteeism and turnover, and independent variables that influence them.
Web conferencing allows for conferencing events to be shared across geographically dispersed locations in near real-time. It began in the late 1980s with real-time text chat and evolved to include capabilities like slide presentations, video, audio, and screen sharing. There are three deployment models - hosting services, software, and appliances. While it enables real-time communication and access to remote individuals, there can be issues with bandwidth, compatibility, time zones, support, and administration. Major providers of web conferencing software and services are listed.
1. The document discusses organizational behavior (OB) and defines it as a field of study that investigates how individuals, groups, and organizational structure impact behavior in organizations in order to improve effectiveness.
2. OB draws from multiple contributing disciplines including psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science. It uses systematic study rather than intuition to understand relationships and attribute causes and effects.
3. The document outlines challenges and opportunities for OB, such as responding to globalization and diversity, improving quality, productivity, and customer service. It also discusses dependent variables like productivity, absenteeism and turnover, and independent variables that influence them.
The document defines and discusses merchant banking. Merchant banks originated in medieval Italy as family-owned businesses that financed trade using excess capital. They facilitate business processes and transferring capital funds. In India, merchant banking provides non-fund based services like managing securities issuance, providing corporate advisory services, and mobilizing resources. The objectives of merchant banks are to provide guidance, raise capital, diversify companies, and help with projects, modernization, and working capital. Their activities include project counseling, feasibility studies, licensing assistance, and advice on mergers and acquisitions.
Knowledge management (KM) refers to a multi-disciplinary approach to achieving organizational objectives by effectively utilizing knowledge. KM involves people management, process management, information management, and explicit and tacit forms of knowledge. The key components of a KM system include knowledge generation, identification, delivery, and storage as well as a supportive culture, skills, leadership, structure, and technology. Benefits of KM include increased collaboration, reduced loss of intellectual capital, decreased costs, improved productivity, and greater innovation.
This document provides an overview of computer networks including:
- Defining a computer network as interconnected hardware and computers that allow sharing of resources and information.
- Describing the main types of transmission in networks as simplex (one-way), half duplex (one direction at a time), and full duplex (two-way simultaneous communication).
- Discussing common network transmission media like twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless; outlining their advantages and disadvantages.
1. Interview on Prostitution in Afghanistan: Masculinity and the Sex Trade Heather ReaSOC 235Erica DixonAugust 16, 2010
2. I was interested in researching this subject because it has had an effect on my family.I believe it is important to discuss this issue because of the prevalence of human trafficking and human rights violations associated with military actions.I believe that by bringing out into the open the practical policies regarding prostitution and sex trafficking in effect in war zones where the U.S. is active, we can make better informed decisions on how to enact foreign policy based on human rights concerns.I believe that our society is highly militarized, and that those at the pinnacle of idealized masculine military power—mercenaries—are afforded privileges such as legal immunity for human rights abuses.I also believe that this speaks volumes as to the disparity of power that our society continues to reproduce between the masculine and feminine.
3. In fall of last year, scandal erupted after photos of drunken parties and sexual hazing involving security contractors employed by ArmorGroup, the company tasked with providing security to the U.S. Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan, reached the public eye. Soon after, more serious allegations against employees of this company began to surface--including not only the frequenting of brothels known to house trafficked women, but also direct involvement in the trafficking and prostitution of women--after former ArmorGroup employee James Gordon filed suit against the company September 9, 2009. Similarly, employees of another mercenary company, Dyncorp International, were accused of trafficking women and underage girls for the purpose of prostitution and household help--Dyncorp was then working for the U.N. Police Task Force in Bosnia. One employee, retained by the company, claimed to own a 12-year old sex slave; another man who was fired admitted to buying an Uzi and a Moldovan woman from a local bartender with connections to the Serbian mafia. (Isenberg, 2009) Blackwater International, perhaps the most famous military contracting company, was accused earlier this year of directly billing the U.S. Government for “Morale Welfare Recreation” for the travel expenses and monthly salary of a woman from the Philippines brought to Iraq in the company‘s employ. Despite mounting complaints against these mercenary companies in regard to their violations of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, there have been no prosecutions in any of these cases. Often there is ambiguity as to which law enforcement entity has jurisdiction over these international workers. This suggests that, although supposedly strict guidelines are in place to prevent private military security companies (PMSC) from engaging in trafficking and forced prostitution, the general policy is no enforcement. Further, it calls into question how a nation involved in various peacekeeping missions, such as the U.S., does and will negotiate the subjects of prostitution, trafficking, and human rights. It has long been accepted that military endeavors and prostitution go hand-in-hand. Cultural lore has it that the services of prostitutes are necessary to protect local populations of women from the supposedly uncontrollable masculine urges of military personnel; further, it may be said that accessing these services is regarded as a particular perk of, especially foreign, military service. However, it is difficult to pin down specific policies in regard to prostitution set out by the military, and now, military contracting companies. This may be because the attitudes and practical policies toward prostitution are implicit rather than explicit. Cynthia Enloe (2000) describes the difficulty of “unraveling” these politics in the face of vested interest: …Military policy makers’ attempts to construct a type (or a particular array of types) of masculinity that best suits their military’s mission are exposed by taking seriously their prostitution policies. (p.51) Certainly, returning to the ArmorGroup scandal, the pictures present a view of a certain type of masculinity at play--a sort of hyper-masculine overindulgence (with the Spartan shipping container/housing units of Camp Sullivan in the background.) In Kabul, however, this manly culture perpetrates not just alcohol abuse and hazing, like some post-apocalyptic fraternity, but a very real violence, and oppression of women used to provide sex. Making the relationship between the military, national and private, explicit in the case of the war in Afghanistan is particularly problematic given the cultural opposition to prostitution on religious grounds that permeates the country. This opposition gives rise to “hidden” brothels fronting as restaurants that serve primarily foreigners rather than locals (who are often barred from such establishments), as well as to the trafficking of non-Afghani women brought into the country to work as prostitutes. Debra McNutt (2007) describes a similar situation in Iraq, where culture and security concerns influence prostitution, driving the practice underground and into the hands of crime syndicates. Further, the trafficking of women also directly relates to the disempowerment of prostitutes, as they work away from their support networks at home and are more vulnerable to violence, coercion, and the withholding of pay and personal documentation by employers--or who may not even be aware that the work that they going to get is sex work in the first place.
4. While the official stance on prostitution is put forth as a “zero tolerance” policy--i.e., contractors are officially forbidden from frequenting brothels according to National Security Presidential Directive 22--the practice is not secret. (Schwellenbach 2010) The State Department’s own report on human trafficking states “Women and girls from Iran, Tajikistan, and possibly Uganda and China are forced into prostitution in Afghanistan. Some international security contractors may have been involved in the sex trafficking of these women.” Why is this connection between military contractors and trafficked prostitutes so pervasive? I believe there are several reasons. First there are factors such as poverty and culture that cause women to become involved in prostitution, or enmeshed in a trafficking ring, in the first place. Areas of high conflict are particularly impoverished. But quite importantly, there is a culture of hegemonic masculinity at work that propagates the sexual politics of armed, highly-paid men in a position of authority in relation to relatively low-paid women, who may have no authority or autonomy, in a subordinate position. Kimmell (2008) states that we “come to know what it means to be a man or woman in our culture by setting ourselves in opposition to a set of others…For men, the classic “other” is, of course, women.” (p. 10) Kimmel also makes reference to the work of sociologist R. W. Connell, calling the hegemonic definition of masculinity a ‘particular variety of masculinity to which others--among them the young and effeminate as well as homosexual men--are subordinated.” (Kimmel, p. 116) In the case of mercenaries in Afghanistan, this definition of “other” could be expanded to include nearly everyone but themselves: the local population, non-Western company employees, and women. The “pay for play” nature of prostitution and the power structure this engenders converges neatly with the masculine ideals of mercenary culture as one of dominance. In short, the kind of man who is a mercenary is thought to be the kind of man who advantages himself of prostitutes, or who perhaps “owns” a few himself. In an official company document responding to trafficking allegations, ArmorGroup manager Nick Duplessis words it this way: “Some members of the workforce had violated the MWR (Morale, Welfare, and Recreation) policy for the purpose of seeking out prostitutes, but this represented only a minority against the overall net benefit of having a ‘light-touch’ MWR policy.” (Isenberg) Apparently, there is a net benefit for advantaging themselves of trafficked women against the upholding of human rights laws. What this benefit is, perhaps, may be one of the advantages of being a part of a dominant group of men. Another factor is the relationship between the authoritarian structure of military forces and the proclivity to condone antisocial behavior. In their article “Attitudes Toward a Military Enforcement of Human Rights,” DetlefFetchenhauer and Hans-Werner Bierhoff describe the results of their correlation study between authoritarianism and antisocial behavior: (T)he question arises whether military enforcement of human rights is--from a psychological point of view--more related to prosocial or antisocial personality, respectively. Our data indicate that it is more related to antisocial personality than to prosocial personality because we found significant correlations with authoritarianism and aggressive sanctioning but not with social responsibility and constructive sanctioning. In addition, the higher endorsement of military enforcement of human rights by men compared with women points in the same direction. (p. 90-1) Here, a gendered social construct--authoritarianism--comes into play. Not only is this correlation a prime explanation for the sorts of criminal activities engaged in by security contractors on all fronts, but it also exemplifies the incongruencies at work: peacekeeping troops participating in human rights violations--exactly the kind of societal ills we are told they are there to prevent. Combine this with little to no oversight and zero risk of prosecution, and employees of PMSCs are abroad in a legal and ethical no-man’s-land.
5. Hypothesis The prevalence of masculine hegemony inherent in the practice of the war in Afghanistan supports the commodification and abuse of women, including violations of human rights and anti-trafficking laws.
6. My research focused on the case study of one man, Travis Roberts, a former security contractor with Global Risk Strategies, in Kabul, Afghanistan. I interviewed Travis about his experiences in Afghanistan, particularly those involving prostitution. Travis is now 34 years old. He has been married five times. His military odyssey began at the age of twenty when he enlisted with the U.S. Army. He was schooled in Arabic and Middle Eastern culture at the Defense Language Institute in Monterrey, California, and served with a peacekeeping mission in Egypt. After the end of his Army involvement, Travis attended the University of New Mexico, majoring in peace studies. However, he was soon drawn back into military life as he took a job as a security contractor working on a military base in Kosovo, where he eventually completed three one-year contracts. Travis spent a year in Kabul, part of which time he was worked as a guard at the U.S. Embassy. After the termination of his employment, Travis partnered with a Chinese prostitute to open a restaurant and brothel. This business was designed to cater to the burgeoning population of Nepalese migrant workers employed in Kabul by security contracting firms, as well as Westerners. The brothel also employed six Nepalese women, as well as Chinese, who had been trafficked into the country through organized crime networks. Today he is retired from the military industry, and has devoted much of his time to peace activism, including a personal music project. I found Travis was a good subject for interview because of his intimate knowledge of the culture of prostitution and trafficking in Kabul, because of his education involving human rights, his long participation in military culture, and his willingness to speak on the subject. Other possible interview subjects available to me were either unable or unwilling to interview. I attempted to ask the subject questions which might shed light on the cultural and social aspects of mercenary society and its relationship to prostitution, especially forced prostitution.
7. Results The subject’s answers to interview questions show a widespread support in mercenary company culture for engaging in prostitution. “Almost all of us were engaging in prostitution. The company supported it off the books, but in plain sight, “ he states. Security details used to escort personnel to brothels on days off, however, were billed to the Department of Defense. He describes a company demographic consisting of ex-military personnel from countries where English is the language of dominance--U.S., U.K., New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe--who supervised a contingent of Third Party Nationals (TPNs) from places such as Nepal, Peru, and the Philippines. TPNs, he states, were expected to do most of the work for about one-tenth the pay. Recreation was a bonding mechanism in this society, and was achieved “by consuming large amounts of alcohol, smoking hash, going down to a brothel for a shag, and shooting things up.” Kabul, he said, was dotted with brothels fronting as restaurants, employing mostly Chinese prostitutes. Travis also referred to the trafficking scandal involving Dyncorp employees in the Balkans, stating that he knew many other contractors there to be involved in the human trade. He stated that for two to four hundred U.S. dollars, one could buy “a nice-looking Moldovan or poor Bosnian girl and her passport.” he goes on to say that there is a connection between trafficking crimes between the war zones of the Balkans and Afghanistan in that “many of the people (contractors) are the same, just moved to the next contract.” This mobile culture carries with it a “wild-west” atmosphere, as he put it. When questioned as to the nature of the prostitutes work, in regard to their willingness, as trafficked persons, to work as prostitutes, and to the common knowledge of forced prostitution, he stated: “We were all aware that these women came from somewhere else. As to how many came willingly to work as prostitutes and how many were forced into sexual slavery is a mystery…I also knew hookers who I believed were there against their will.” Travis also opened and operated his own brothel while in Kabul. He procured women for his operation through governmental departments: the Afghan Investment Support Agency and the Departments of Labour and Interior. The women were Nepalese nationals; they earned “room and board for the duration.” When questioned about their willingness to work as prostitutes, the subject stated “Only two of the women were opposed to working as prostitutes, however (they) changed their minds after some persuasion.” When pressed as to the nature of this persuasion, the subject initially declined to elaborate. Later, a note from the subject clarified this example of the practical aspects of trafficking women:
8. “I think that the best way to describe the method of convincing the two females…is coercion. Threats of physical violence were used and in some cases physical violence and rape. Fear was used as a tool to manipulate the girls. Fear of debt, fear of violence, fear of embarrassment…were used against the women. Women who chose not to fuck were subjected to excessively long hours of hard labor with little to eat. Women who chose not to fuck were denied access to personal hygiene and even clean drinking water, forcing them to drink from the sewer. Women who chose not to fuck were driven deep into Taliban country and given the option of remaining there in the desert, or coming back to fuck.”
9. The data gained by this case study proved difficult to quantify. I chose to look at the expressed ideas recurring two or more times in the subjects answers to twenty-four questions. Although the questions themselves may lead into these subjects, they are also the subject’s own explanation of the cultural phenomena that give rise to expressions of mercenary culture. The scope of the topic is so far reaching, that it was impossible to discuss in a completely objective manner, and it is difficult to abstract the aspects of hegemonic masculinity because they are so inherently involved in so much of reportable activities in Afghanistan. A better study, preferably involving many subjects, might use an intensive survey of mercenaries and their attitudes and experiences. Recurring themes were: Money/Greed-- mentioned seven answers Violence--mentioned/implicit in four answers Sex--mentioned/explicit in two answers Opposition to mission in Afghanistan--mentioned/implicit in five answers Expression of regret--mentioned twice Instance of traditionally hyper masculine social expression--results arguable. I counted eight including work-related and recreationally related expressions.
10. Conclusion It seems that my research supports the hypothesis of the prevalence of masculine hegemony, supporting the commodification and abuse of women, including violations of human rights and anti-trafficking laws. However, I would go on to say that it is but one of many facets of the sex trade-military relationship that needs to be addressed before a real understanding of the situation is reached. For example, the subject describes how his brothel operation mirrored the greater corporate interest in Afghanistan--economic and cultural considerations convolute this issue. Further, there seem to be a variety of social aspects of the military culture and its relation to masculinity that need to be explored, as well as a much more thorough understanding of the women who are working in the sex trade servicing these men. This study is but the tip of a gendered iceberg, and much more work will be needed before we can gain a clear sociological perspective on this increasingly complex, but timely, issue. It is important that this subject be studied and brought into the arena of academic and political criticism. As our nation becomes more embroiled in conflicts across the globe, particularly in Southwest Asia, these issues will have effect not only on foreign countries, but on the shaping of our own culture as well. I expect that in the future, the forms prostitution is taking place in the peacekeeping-mercenary world will become mythologized much as those of the wars in Southeast Asia. It will become a part of our history and cultural background as Americans; the political will become personal as the cultural reverberations from this through our society. By rooting out the facts, and bringing attention to the human rights violations being committed, we can bring the issue into public debate on foreign policy. Also, it is important that there be serious repercussions to this kind of activity in order to maintain any sort of credibility as in our foreign policy--and credibility is something we are losing every day in regard to the war in Afghanistan. Perhaps this issue, among other crimes being committed by peacekeeping forces, brings into question the legitimacy of such “nation-building” policies. It certainly casts doubt on the way these wars are packaged and sold to the American body politic. Also, the cultural glamorization of mercenaries in regard to masculinity will continue to reproduce this kind of behavior as such expressions of masculinity are tied to the heroism afforded military servicemen, and such masculinities are tied to money, power, and immunity to censure or prosecution.
11. I believe that through education and access to information we may be able to make policy decisions that reflect truly humanitarian views. As the subject stated: ‘I am learning from my mistakes.’ However, this will take a strong commitment of political pressure to end government and international inaction on ending sex trafficking practices in war zones, a breaking down of the masculine elite’s privileges of immunity, and the casual acceptance of a militarized society. Truly, this is one case in which women’s issues must be recognized in opposition to the reproduction of hypermasculine military culture both at home and abroad.
12. References Fetchenhauer, Detlef and Bierhoff, Hans-Werner. 2004. “Attitudes Toward a Military Enforcement of Human Rights.” Social Justice Research. Enloe, Cynthia. 2000. Maneuvers: The International politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives. Berkeley, California. The University of California Press. Kimmel, Michael. 2008. The Gendered Society, Third Edition. New York, New York. Oxford. Isenberg, David. (October 6, 2009). Sex and security in Afghanistan. Asia Times Online. Retrieved from: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KJ06Df04.html McNutt, Debra. (July 11, 2007). Military Prostitution and the Iraq Occupation: Privatizing Women. Counterpunch. Retrieved from: http://www.counterpunch.org/mcnutt07112007.html United States Department of State. Offices to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons. Trafficking in Persons Report 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142759.htm Scwhellenbach, Nick, and Leonig, Carol D. (July 17, 2010.) Despite allegations, no prosecutions for war zone sex trafficking. The Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved from: http://www.publicintegrity.org/articles/entry/2231/
13. Timely News: HamidKarzai Bans Contractors from Afghanistan! See: http://www.newsweek.com/blogs/declassified/2010/08/17/officials-karzai-blindsided-u-s-embassy-with-contractor-ban-announcement.html Perhaps this piece of news will make more sense in light of the kinds of things my project mention.