This 1 sentence document contains a quote but does not provide any context or attribution for the quote. It is unclear what the quote is referring to or who said it.
L1.INTRODUCTION to ENDOCRINOLOGY MEDICINE.pptxDr Bilal Natiq
Endocrinology concerns the synthesis, secretion and action of hormones. These are chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that coordinate the activities of many different cells. Endocrine diseases can therefore affect multiple organs and systems.
The thyroid gland is the body's largest single organ specialized for endocrine hormone production. Its function is to secrete an appropriate amount of the thyroid hormones, primarily (thyroxine, T4) , and a lesser quantity of triiodothyronine (T3) , which arises mainly from the subsequent extrathyroidal deiodination ofT4.
L6-8.Disorders of the reproductive system.pptxDr Bilal Natiq
In the male, the testis serves two principal functions: synthesis of testosterone by the interstitial Leydig cells under the control of luteinising hormone (LH), and spermatogenesis by Sertoli cells under the control of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (but also requiring adequate testosterone).
L11-14. Disorders of the pituitary gland and adrenals.pptxDr Bilal Natiq
Hypopituitarism describes combined deficiency of any of the anterior pituitary hormones. The clinical presentation is variable and depends on the underlying lesion and the pattern of resulting hormone deficiency.
Chest pain is one of the most common reasons patients present for medical attention and can be challenging to diagnose. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the cause, which could include ischemic heart disease, pulmonary issues, gastrointestinal problems, or other non-cardiac causes. The characteristics of cardiac chest pain often involve pain that builds up over minutes rather than seconds, may radiate to the arm or jaw, and is commonly accompanied by symptoms like sweating, nausea, and shortness of breath. Proper diagnosis requires considering risk factors, symptoms, and test results such as ECG, cardiac enzymes, stress testing, and imaging to correctly identify the source and manage appropriately.
1. Diarrhea is defined as having more than 3 loose or liquid stools per day. It can be acute (lasting less than 2 weeks) or chronic (lasting more than 4 weeks).
2. Acute diarrhea is often infectious and can be classified as watery, bloody, or dysentery. Evaluation is needed if bloody, associated with fever or infection, or not resolving. Chronic diarrhea often has non-infectious causes like IBS.
3. History and symptoms help determine the cause and guide testing/treatment. Infectious acute diarrhea may require antibiotics while watery diarrhea often resolves on its own with rehydration. Chronic diarrhea distinguishes organic from functional causes.
Fever is a common symptom that requires understanding the pattern and timing to determine the potential cause. Not all fevers are due to infections, and infections do not always present with fever. Careful examination of factors like time of rash appearance can help identify specific disorders as the source of the fever.
L1.INTRODUCTION to ENDOCRINOLOGY MEDICINE.pptxDr Bilal Natiq
Endocrinology concerns the synthesis, secretion and action of hormones. These are chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that coordinate the activities of many different cells. Endocrine diseases can therefore affect multiple organs and systems.
The thyroid gland is the body's largest single organ specialized for endocrine hormone production. Its function is to secrete an appropriate amount of the thyroid hormones, primarily (thyroxine, T4) , and a lesser quantity of triiodothyronine (T3) , which arises mainly from the subsequent extrathyroidal deiodination ofT4.
L6-8.Disorders of the reproductive system.pptxDr Bilal Natiq
In the male, the testis serves two principal functions: synthesis of testosterone by the interstitial Leydig cells under the control of luteinising hormone (LH), and spermatogenesis by Sertoli cells under the control of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) (but also requiring adequate testosterone).
L11-14. Disorders of the pituitary gland and adrenals.pptxDr Bilal Natiq
Hypopituitarism describes combined deficiency of any of the anterior pituitary hormones. The clinical presentation is variable and depends on the underlying lesion and the pattern of resulting hormone deficiency.
Chest pain is one of the most common reasons patients present for medical attention and can be challenging to diagnose. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the cause, which could include ischemic heart disease, pulmonary issues, gastrointestinal problems, or other non-cardiac causes. The characteristics of cardiac chest pain often involve pain that builds up over minutes rather than seconds, may radiate to the arm or jaw, and is commonly accompanied by symptoms like sweating, nausea, and shortness of breath. Proper diagnosis requires considering risk factors, symptoms, and test results such as ECG, cardiac enzymes, stress testing, and imaging to correctly identify the source and manage appropriately.
1. Diarrhea is defined as having more than 3 loose or liquid stools per day. It can be acute (lasting less than 2 weeks) or chronic (lasting more than 4 weeks).
2. Acute diarrhea is often infectious and can be classified as watery, bloody, or dysentery. Evaluation is needed if bloody, associated with fever or infection, or not resolving. Chronic diarrhea often has non-infectious causes like IBS.
3. History and symptoms help determine the cause and guide testing/treatment. Infectious acute diarrhea may require antibiotics while watery diarrhea often resolves on its own with rehydration. Chronic diarrhea distinguishes organic from functional causes.
Fever is a common symptom that requires understanding the pattern and timing to determine the potential cause. Not all fevers are due to infections, and infections do not always present with fever. Careful examination of factors like time of rash appearance can help identify specific disorders as the source of the fever.
This document provides an approach to jaundice written by Dr. Bilal Natiq Nuaman, an assistant professor of medicine at Al-Iraqia Medical College. It discusses obstructive jaundice and thanks the reader.
This document provides an introduction to internal medicine, including:
- Internal medicine deals with preventing, diagnosing, and treating non-surgical diseases affecting adults. Doctors in this field are called internists or physicians.
- Internal medicine has many subspecialties including cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, and others focused on specific organ systems.
- The diagnostic process in internal medicine involves taking a history, performing an examination, and ordering relevant investigations to arrive at a diagnosis and guide treatment. Accurately diagnosing patients' conditions is crucial for determining the correct management approach.
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can occur spontaneously or due to injury. It is classified as primary, occurring without lung disease usually in young, tall smokers, or secondary, affecting those with lung diseases like COPD. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Examination may find reduced or absent breath sounds on the affected side. Chest x-ray shows the lung edge and any mediastinal shift. Small, asymptomatic primary pneumothoraces may resolve without treatment while larger ones often require chest tube drainage. Surgery is recommended after recurrent episodes to prevent future occurrences.
The 2018-2019 school year was a successful one for our district. Enrollment increased slightly to over 5,000 students across our 10 schools. Academically, our students performed well with above average test scores and graduation rates. Several of our schools received state recognition for narrowing achievement gaps among student groups.
Lung consolidation is caused by pneumonia, malignancy, or infarction and results in the accumulation of solid and liquid material in the air spaces of the lung. Pneumonia is the most common cause and presents with symptoms like fever and productive cough. Malignancy like lung cancer often presents with cachexia, clubbing, and productive cough. The document discusses the diagnosis, causes, and types of pneumonia and lung cancer. Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancers. Pneumonia can be classified by pathogen, anatomy, or presentation as lobar, bronchial, or atypical.
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary arteries usually caused by blood clots. It can be diagnosed based on risk factors, symptoms, and tests like a D-dimer blood test, CT scan, or lung scan. Treatment depends on severity but generally involves blood thinners like heparin or warfarin to prevent further clots. For severe cases, thrombolysis can dissolve clots while a vena cava filter may be placed for recurrent clots or if blood thinners are contraindicated.
This document discusses a medical case involving a patient presenting with yellow, brittle nails and a triad of pleural effusion, bronchiectasis, and lymphedema.
This very short document does not contain enough substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It is a single date with no other context provided.
This document provides information about COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). It defines COPD as a preventable and treatable lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation. The primary cause is cigarette smoking. COPD is the 4th leading cause of death and is expected to rise to 3rd by 2020. The document discusses the clinical presentation, diagnosis through spirometry testing, and management through smoking cessation and bronchodilator medications.
This document discusses the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of asthma. It notes that airway hyper-reactivity and inflammation are integral to asthma. Common allergens that can trigger asthma attacks include house dust mites, pets, cockroaches, and fungi. Aspirin can also trigger asthma attacks through its effects on leukotriene production. Clinically, asthma presents with wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a condition that can complicate asthma and cystic fibrosis through an allergic reaction to fungal spores, and is generally treated with oral corticosteroids and antifungal medications.
This medical document discusses a patient who experienced a unilateral pulmonary embolism in 2018-2019 and has a history of Wegener's granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodosa. The document lists these three conditions but does not provide any other context or details about the patient.
This document discusses an approach to interpreting an electrocardiogram (ECG). It examines the heart rate, identifies any premature atrial contractions, analyzes the axis of the heart, and checks for signs of ST elevation myocardial infarction.
This document discusses approaches to nutrition and appetite. It covers causes of loss of appetite like gastrointestinal issues, chronic diseases, and psychiatric illnesses. Increased appetite can occur with exercise, recovery from illness, mania, and hyperthyroidism. Perverted appetites like pica may be seen with iron deficiency or pregnancy. Obesity is categorized as generalized or central, and central obesity can be measured by waist circumference or waist-to-height ratio. Weight loss is also addressed.
1. Clubbing involves swelling of the fingers and toes, while edema refers more broadly to swelling caused by excess fluid in the tissues.
2. Edema is graded on a scale from 1-4 based on the pitting of the skin when pressed (pit recovery time), with higher numbers indicating more severe edema likely due to increased hydrostatic pressure like in heart failure.
3. Angioedema is episodic swelling of subcutaneous tissues, often affecting the face, and potentially causing respiratory or intestinal issues if the larynx, tongue, or intestinal mucosa is involved.
L 10.approach to orthostatic hypotension and shockDr Bilal Natiq
Orthostatic hypotension occurs more frequently in the elderly and frail, and is associated with lightheadedness after standing, increased falls risk, history of heart attack or stroke, and risk of future stroke. Shock is characterized by inadequate blood flow and tissue perfusion, usually with low blood pressure, though blood pressure may be maintained in early stages, especially in young fit individuals. During resuscitation, assessing causes of shock based on wide or narrow pulse pressure can provide a quick starting point. Stages of hypovolemia and septic shock are also outlined.
This document discusses cough and hemoptysis (coughing up blood). It defines cough and outlines its main causes such as infections, lung diseases, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. It classifies cough as either acute (less than 3 weeks) or chronic (more than 8 weeks) and discusses potential causes and diagnostic tests for each. The document also discusses hemoptysis, noting that any amount of blood in the cough requires medical attention, as it could indicate a serious condition like lung cancer, tuberculosis, or blood clots in the lungs. A history of the cough or hemoptysis can provide clues to identify potential causes.
This document discusses the approach to dyspnea, or shortness of breath. It defines dyspnea as a subjective feeling of breathing discomfort that can vary in intensity. Dyspnea is classified into four stages from exertional to resting. Common causes are then outlined for cardiac, pulmonary, and miscellaneous origins. The differential diagnosis process for acute versus chronic dyspnea is explained. Physical exam signs and investigations are also reviewed to help identify the underlying cause.
This document discusses the approach to evaluating chest pain. It begins by defining chest pain and noting that it is a common reason patients present for medical care. The causes of chest pain are then reviewed, with 14% being cardiac in origin. Key aspects of evaluating chest pain are discussed, including asking the patient 10 questions about the characteristics of the pain and differentiating ischemic from non-ischemic chest pain. Features that help determine if chest pain is cardiac-related are outlined. The differential diagnosis of chest pain is also reviewed, noting potential cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and other causes. Diagnostic testing is then discussed to help identify the underlying reason for a patient's chest pain.
1. Diarrhea is defined as an increase in stool frequency and decrease in stool consistency resulting in a stool weight exceeding 200g in 24 hours.
2. Acute diarrhea lasts less than 2 weeks and is usually infectious in origin such as viral gastroenteritis, while chronic diarrhea lasts over 4 weeks and is often non-infectious such as irritable bowel syndrome.
3. A thorough history relating the diarrhea to the patient's medical history, medications, travel, diet and symptoms is important to determine the cause and guide evaluation and treatment.
Fever is a common symptom of infection but not all fevers are caused by infections and some infections do not present with fever. Certain febrile illnesses present with a rash at a predictable time relative to the onset of fever, which can help identify the specific condition.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
This document provides an approach to jaundice written by Dr. Bilal Natiq Nuaman, an assistant professor of medicine at Al-Iraqia Medical College. It discusses obstructive jaundice and thanks the reader.
This document provides an introduction to internal medicine, including:
- Internal medicine deals with preventing, diagnosing, and treating non-surgical diseases affecting adults. Doctors in this field are called internists or physicians.
- Internal medicine has many subspecialties including cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, and others focused on specific organ systems.
- The diagnostic process in internal medicine involves taking a history, performing an examination, and ordering relevant investigations to arrive at a diagnosis and guide treatment. Accurately diagnosing patients' conditions is crucial for determining the correct management approach.
Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space and can occur spontaneously or due to injury. It is classified as primary, occurring without lung disease usually in young, tall smokers, or secondary, affecting those with lung diseases like COPD. Symptoms include chest pain and breathlessness. Examination may find reduced or absent breath sounds on the affected side. Chest x-ray shows the lung edge and any mediastinal shift. Small, asymptomatic primary pneumothoraces may resolve without treatment while larger ones often require chest tube drainage. Surgery is recommended after recurrent episodes to prevent future occurrences.
The 2018-2019 school year was a successful one for our district. Enrollment increased slightly to over 5,000 students across our 10 schools. Academically, our students performed well with above average test scores and graduation rates. Several of our schools received state recognition for narrowing achievement gaps among student groups.
Lung consolidation is caused by pneumonia, malignancy, or infarction and results in the accumulation of solid and liquid material in the air spaces of the lung. Pneumonia is the most common cause and presents with symptoms like fever and productive cough. Malignancy like lung cancer often presents with cachexia, clubbing, and productive cough. The document discusses the diagnosis, causes, and types of pneumonia and lung cancer. Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancers. Pneumonia can be classified by pathogen, anatomy, or presentation as lobar, bronchial, or atypical.
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary arteries usually caused by blood clots. It can be diagnosed based on risk factors, symptoms, and tests like a D-dimer blood test, CT scan, or lung scan. Treatment depends on severity but generally involves blood thinners like heparin or warfarin to prevent further clots. For severe cases, thrombolysis can dissolve clots while a vena cava filter may be placed for recurrent clots or if blood thinners are contraindicated.
This document discusses a medical case involving a patient presenting with yellow, brittle nails and a triad of pleural effusion, bronchiectasis, and lymphedema.
This very short document does not contain enough substantive information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It is a single date with no other context provided.
This document provides information about COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). It defines COPD as a preventable and treatable lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation. The primary cause is cigarette smoking. COPD is the 4th leading cause of death and is expected to rise to 3rd by 2020. The document discusses the clinical presentation, diagnosis through spirometry testing, and management through smoking cessation and bronchodilator medications.
This document discusses the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of asthma. It notes that airway hyper-reactivity and inflammation are integral to asthma. Common allergens that can trigger asthma attacks include house dust mites, pets, cockroaches, and fungi. Aspirin can also trigger asthma attacks through its effects on leukotriene production. Clinically, asthma presents with wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis is a condition that can complicate asthma and cystic fibrosis through an allergic reaction to fungal spores, and is generally treated with oral corticosteroids and antifungal medications.
This medical document discusses a patient who experienced a unilateral pulmonary embolism in 2018-2019 and has a history of Wegener's granulomatosis and polyarteritis nodosa. The document lists these three conditions but does not provide any other context or details about the patient.
This document discusses an approach to interpreting an electrocardiogram (ECG). It examines the heart rate, identifies any premature atrial contractions, analyzes the axis of the heart, and checks for signs of ST elevation myocardial infarction.
This document discusses approaches to nutrition and appetite. It covers causes of loss of appetite like gastrointestinal issues, chronic diseases, and psychiatric illnesses. Increased appetite can occur with exercise, recovery from illness, mania, and hyperthyroidism. Perverted appetites like pica may be seen with iron deficiency or pregnancy. Obesity is categorized as generalized or central, and central obesity can be measured by waist circumference or waist-to-height ratio. Weight loss is also addressed.
1. Clubbing involves swelling of the fingers and toes, while edema refers more broadly to swelling caused by excess fluid in the tissues.
2. Edema is graded on a scale from 1-4 based on the pitting of the skin when pressed (pit recovery time), with higher numbers indicating more severe edema likely due to increased hydrostatic pressure like in heart failure.
3. Angioedema is episodic swelling of subcutaneous tissues, often affecting the face, and potentially causing respiratory or intestinal issues if the larynx, tongue, or intestinal mucosa is involved.
L 10.approach to orthostatic hypotension and shockDr Bilal Natiq
Orthostatic hypotension occurs more frequently in the elderly and frail, and is associated with lightheadedness after standing, increased falls risk, history of heart attack or stroke, and risk of future stroke. Shock is characterized by inadequate blood flow and tissue perfusion, usually with low blood pressure, though blood pressure may be maintained in early stages, especially in young fit individuals. During resuscitation, assessing causes of shock based on wide or narrow pulse pressure can provide a quick starting point. Stages of hypovolemia and septic shock are also outlined.
This document discusses cough and hemoptysis (coughing up blood). It defines cough and outlines its main causes such as infections, lung diseases, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. It classifies cough as either acute (less than 3 weeks) or chronic (more than 8 weeks) and discusses potential causes and diagnostic tests for each. The document also discusses hemoptysis, noting that any amount of blood in the cough requires medical attention, as it could indicate a serious condition like lung cancer, tuberculosis, or blood clots in the lungs. A history of the cough or hemoptysis can provide clues to identify potential causes.
This document discusses the approach to dyspnea, or shortness of breath. It defines dyspnea as a subjective feeling of breathing discomfort that can vary in intensity. Dyspnea is classified into four stages from exertional to resting. Common causes are then outlined for cardiac, pulmonary, and miscellaneous origins. The differential diagnosis process for acute versus chronic dyspnea is explained. Physical exam signs and investigations are also reviewed to help identify the underlying cause.
This document discusses the approach to evaluating chest pain. It begins by defining chest pain and noting that it is a common reason patients present for medical care. The causes of chest pain are then reviewed, with 14% being cardiac in origin. Key aspects of evaluating chest pain are discussed, including asking the patient 10 questions about the characteristics of the pain and differentiating ischemic from non-ischemic chest pain. Features that help determine if chest pain is cardiac-related are outlined. The differential diagnosis of chest pain is also reviewed, noting potential cardiac, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and other causes. Diagnostic testing is then discussed to help identify the underlying reason for a patient's chest pain.
1. Diarrhea is defined as an increase in stool frequency and decrease in stool consistency resulting in a stool weight exceeding 200g in 24 hours.
2. Acute diarrhea lasts less than 2 weeks and is usually infectious in origin such as viral gastroenteritis, while chronic diarrhea lasts over 4 weeks and is often non-infectious such as irritable bowel syndrome.
3. A thorough history relating the diarrhea to the patient's medical history, medications, travel, diet and symptoms is important to determine the cause and guide evaluation and treatment.
Fever is a common symptom of infection but not all fevers are caused by infections and some infections do not present with fever. Certain febrile illnesses present with a rash at a predictable time relative to the onset of fever, which can help identify the specific condition.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.